vertebral column - fisiokinesiterapia
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Vertebral Column• Backbone consists of
26 vertebrae.• Five vertebral regions
– Cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck.
– Thoracic vertebrae (12) in the thorax.
– Lumbar vertebrae (5) in the lower back.
– Sacrum (5, fused).– Coccyx (4, fused).
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
SacrumCoccyx
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KyphosisLordosis Scoliosis
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Atlas (C1)
• Atlas- ring of bone, superior facets for occipital condyles.– Nodding movement signifies “yes”.
Posterior tubercle
Vertebral foramen
Superior articular facet
Transverseforamen
Transverse processFacet for dens
Anterior tubercle
Tubercle for transverse ligament
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Axis (C2)
• Axis- dens or odontoid process is body of atlas.– Pivotal movement signifies “no”.
Spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen
Odontoid process (dens)
Transverse processSuperior articular facet
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Typical Cervical Vertebra (C3-C7)
• Smaller bodies• Larger spinal canal• Transverse processes
– Shorter– Transverse foramen
for vertebral artery• Spinous processes of
C2 to C6 often bifid• 1st and 2nd cervical
vertebrae are unique– Atlas & axis
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Typical Cervical Vertebra
Lamina
Spinous process (bifid)
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Superior articular process
Pedicle
Body
Inferior articular process
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Thoracic Vertebrae(T1-T12)
• Larger and stronger bodies
• Longer transverse & spinous processes
• Demifacets on body for head of rib
• Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib
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Thoracic Vertebra- superior view
Spinous process
Transverse process
Lamina
Vertebral foramenSuperior articular processPedicle
Facet for tubercle of rib
Body
Superior demifacet for head of rib
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Thoracic Vertebra- lateral view
Superior articular process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Spinous process
Inferior articular process
Inferior notch
Superior notch
Superior demifacetfor head of rib
Inferior demifacet for head of rib
Body
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Lumbar Vertebrae
• Strongest & largest
• Short thick spinous & transverse processes
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Typical Lumbar Vertebra-superior view
Spinous process
Superior articular process
Transverse processVertebral foramen
Body
Pedicle
Lamina
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Typical Lumbar Vertebra-lateral view
Spinous process
Body
Pedicle
Transverse process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Superior notch
Inferior notch
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Sacrum
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Sacrum- ventral viewLateral mass
Body
Promontory
Anterior sacral foramen
Apex of sacrum
Coccyx
Superior articular process
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Sacrum- dorsal viewSuperior articular facet
Neural canal
Posterior sacral foramen
Intermediate sacral crest
Lateral massArticular surface
Coccyx
Hiatus
Median sacral crestLateral sacral crest
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Thorax• Thorax contains 25 bones• Bony cage flattened from
front to back• Sternum (breastbone)• Ribs
– 1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
– 8-12 are false ribs (vertebrochondral)
– 11-12 are floating• Costal cartilage
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Sternum
Manubrium
Clavicular notch Jugular notch
Body
Xiphoid process
Costal facets
First
Second
ThirdFourth
FifthSixth
Seventh
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Ribs
• Increase in length from ribs 1-7, thereafter decreasing• Head and tubercle articulate with facets• Body with costal groove containing nerve & blood vessels• Intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles
Fracture at site of greatest curvature.
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Rib
Ventral extremity
BodyNeck
Costal groove
Angle
Tubercle
Articular facet for a transverse process Head
Articular facets for bodies of vertebrae
Caudal border
Cranial border
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Rib Articulation
• Tubercle articulates with transverse process• Head articulates with vertebral bodies
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Intervertebral Discs
• Positioned between adjacent vertebrae • Absorb vertical shock• Permit movements of the vertebral column• Fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center
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Herniated (Slipped) Disc
• Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus
• Most commonly in lumbar region
• Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain
• Surgical removal of disc after laminectomy