vertebrate & human fossils

8/19/2019 Vertebrate & Human Fossils

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XII MOLLUSC, BRACHIOPODA

XIII. ARTHROPODA, ECHINODERMATA

II. FOSSILS AND FOSSILLIZATION/TAPHONOMY

V, SYSTEMATICS, CLASSIFICATION, TAXONOMY

XV. SANGIRAN EXCURSION

IX. PLANT KINGDOM

XIV. VERTEBRATE, HUMAN FOSSILS

X. PROTOZOA, PORIFERA

IV. USES OF FOSSILS STUDY

VII. EVOLUTION

III. AGE OF GEOLOGY AND INDEX FOSSILS

PALEONTOLOGY

XI. COELENTERATA, BRYOZOA

VI. ICHNOFOSSILS, BIOMETRICAL METHOD

I. INTRODUCTION

VIII. MID TEST

XVI. FINAL TEST

Umiya!", MT

E#iya"$, MT

D%. P%&m$"$'ai

T&a()i"* T&am+

GROUP

Premonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils)

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XIV. VERTEBRATE HUMAN FOSSILS


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Kelompok vertebrata atau bertulang belakangMemiliki tulang punggung yang menyatu dan tengkorak

(rongga otak).

Kelompok: Hidup di air dan daratan (udara).

Yang hidup di daratan memiliki 2 pasang paha (untuk

berjalan) dikelompokkan sebagai tetrapoda.

Kelompok Chordata bersiat simetri bilateral! memiliki

noto"hord dengan syara tulang belakang! "elah (lobang)

hidung.

Kerangka terdiri materi organik translusen yang dapat

meluruh! tersusun #$% mineral garam! keras dan resisten.

&igi! tersusun garam kalsium.

'ertebra atau tulang belakang sebagai pendukung

sepanjang punggung.

FILUM CHORDATA -VERTEBRATA


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Hidup di daratan! air dan udara! bernaas dengan paruparu!tungkai dengan % jari. ermasuk: *mibi! reptil! burung danmamalia.

+. ,kan (-is"es): hidup di air! bersirip! insang! suhu dingin.

2. *mibi (*mphibian)etrapoda paling sederhana dan klas tertua! berdarah dingin!

kulit yang lembab. Hidup di darat sesekali lalu kembali ke airuntuk kain dan bertelur.

#. /eptil (/eptile)etrapoda berdarah dingin! tubuh dilindungi oleh kulit kering!ber0at tanduk dan sering bersisik.Contoh: 1lar! uaya! 3inosaurus (Kelompok).

4. urung (*ves)etrapoda mampu terbang: 2 kelompok: -terosaurus danburung.

%. Mamalia

Memiliki bulu atau rambut! menyusui anaknya! suhu tubuhhangat.

VERTEBRATA -TETRAPODA


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IKANerdapat 4 klas:

+. *gnatha: tanpa gigi taring

2. -la"odermi: bertaring (telah punah).#. Chondri"hthyes: hiu

4. 5stei"hthyes: bertulang

Memiliki insang dan organ penyeimbang tubuhnya

dan sepasang sirip.

*gnatha

anpa taring dan sirip! namun beberapa lobang

bukaan.

,kan air taar dan payau. 1mur: 6ilur *khir 7 3evon

*khir!melimpah dalam sedimen 5ld /ed 6andstone

aah.

Contoh:

%. Cephalaspis (6ilur *tas 7 3evon engah).

8. 2. -teraspis (3evon aah) dan9. helodus (6ilur *tas 7 3evon aah).Premonowati (Vertebrate & Human

Fossils)5


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Ia" #&"*a" a%i"* #a" !"*ai-erkembangan ikan dengan sepasang paha dan paru

paru karena aktor lingkungan air! shg mun"ul

tetrapoda.

-la"oderm: memiliki taring primiti dan tungkai.Contoh:

+. itani"hthys: panjang meter! di air taar dan laut.

1mur: 3evonKarbon! tersebar meluas2. Co""osteus (5/6 engah*tas)

Hiu: dapat melun"ur dan kerangka berupa tulang raan!"elah hidung! gigi sangat tajam! kulit bersisik.

-redator! perenang handal sepasang sirip sebagai

kemudi.

erenang dengan tubuh dipipihkan! makanan utama

moluska.

5stei"hthyes (ikan bertulang).Premonowati (Vertebrate & Human

Fossils)6


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Fi0) $ Am1)i2ia"0

• Eusthenopteron looked and behaved a lot likemodern sh! but hidden within its ns were the"re#ursors o$ the arm and le% bones o$ $ourlimbed land animals'

• he later Tiktaalik took a $urther ste" toward

terrestrial li$e with earl wrist and n%er bonesthat allowed the animal to "ro" itsel$ u" and"oke its head $rom the water o$ the shallowswam"s it $avored' Tiktaalik *s skeleton indi#ates

that it "robabl breathed both throu%h %ills! likeEusthenopteron! and throu%h a lun%likestru#ture! like the later Ichthyostega andmodern am"hibians'

• Ichthyostega*s even stron%er limbs "robablPremonowati (Vertebrate & Human

Fossils)+


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Fi0) $ Am1)i2ia"0


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Reptil (Reptile) etra"oda berdarah din%in! tubuh dilindun%ioleh kulit kerin%! ber-at tanduk dan bersisik'.ontoh/ 0lar! buaa! (elom"ok) inosaurus'

Burung (Aves) etra"oda mam"u terban%' erdiri 2kelom"ok Pterosaurus dan urun%'

Mammaliaemiliki bulu atau rambut! menusui

anakna! suhu tubuh han%at'Premonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils)


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R&1i3&0 $ Mamma30

• es"ite its distin#tl li-ardlike a""earan#e! Dimetrodon

"ossessed a suite o$ traits more #ommon to latermammals than to its #lose relatives! the true re"tiles'

• ost notabl! the sail "rotrudin% $rom Dimetrodon*sba#k allowed the animal to "artiall re%ulate its bod

tem"erature! markin% what #ould have been a maor"oint in the transition to warmbloodedness'

• he later Thrinaxodon didn*t have a sail but was"robabl #overed in $ur and mi%ht have been warmblooded like the earl mammal Morganucodon'

• 7nother do#umented shi$t toward mammals took "la#ein the mouth/ Dimetrodon had di8erentiated teeth anda stron% bite! althou%h it %ul"ed its "re whole like truere"tiles do even toda'

• Thrinaxodon develo"ed a stron%er lower aw and #ouldPremonowati (Vertebrate & Human

Fossils)19


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R&1i3&0 $ Mamma30


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Dim&%$#$"

imetrodon was a sailba#ked! meateatin%animal that lived durin% the Permian Period!rou%hl 2,9 million ear a%o! lon% be$ore thedinosaurs evolved' :t was a so#alled mammallike re"tile! an an#estor o$ the mammals'

imetrodon was about 11'5 $eet (3'5 m) lon%and wei%hed rou%hl 559 "ounds (259 k%)' :thad a lar%e saillike ;a" o$ skin alon% its ba#k!dense with blood vessels' he sail was

su""orted b lon%! bon s"ines! ea#h o$ whi#h%rew out o$ a se"arate s"inal vertebra (a bonein the ba#k)'

he sail ma have been a thermore%ulatorstru#ture! used to absorb and release heat' he


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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinotemplates/Permianprintouts.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinotemplates/Permianprintouts.shtml


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H$m$3$*i


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R&1i3&0 $ Bi%#0• =>"erts don*t know what Archaeopteryx *s #losest

dinosaur an#estor looked like?$ossils haven*t et been

$ound?but the think it mi%ht have looked somewhatlike Velociraptor (hen#e our showin% it here! des"ite itsmu#h later a%e)'

• Archaeopteryx ! the rst known bird! did share a

#ommon an#estor with Velociraptor as well as traits thisan#estor would have had/ shar" #laws $or %ras"in% "reand lon% hind le%s and a stabili-in% tail $or runnin%! $ore>am"le' @et Archaeopteryx also had $eathers

indi#ative o$ earl ;i%ht! althou%h the orientation o$ itsshoulder oint and its la#k o$ a bon breastbone im"lthe animal was more o$ a %lider than man modernbirds?it #ouldn*t li$t its win%s above its ba#k or ;a"them $or e>tended ;i%ht' Archaeopteryx *s later bird

relative! Yanornis! had a bone stru#ture more #ondu#ivePremonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 14


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R&1i3&0 $ Bi%#0


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Nai$"a3 M!0&!m $4 Na!%a3 Hi0$%y

Pa%i0, F%a"(&


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http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=enhttp://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en


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I()y$0a!%!0


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La"# Mamma30 $ A5!ai( Mamma30

• Pakicetus ma have looked somewhat like a do% withhoo$s! but it was a#tuall an earl #eta#ean?a %rou"

that #om"rises the dol"hins! "or"oises! and whales' he "roo$! s#ientists sa! lies in Pakicetus*s ears! whi#hwere intermediate between those o$ terrestrial and $ullaBuati# mammals! and in its trian%ular! whalelike

teeth'• Pakicetus and its relatives were "ossibl sheatin%

s#aven%ers that ventured into the water to nd live"re' 7lthou%h the later Ambulocetus had tin hoo$s on

its hind le%s and #ould "robabl walk! its toes werewebbed like those o$ modern mammals ada"ted $orswimmin%' :ts $ossili-ed bones su%%est that

Ambulocetus undulated its s"ine verti#all in the waterlike the still later Basilosaurus (as well as modern otters

and whales) and not sidetoside like sh' 7lthou%hPremonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 1,


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Land Mammals to AquaticMammals


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6!a#%!1a3 P%ima&0 $ Bi1a3 P%ima&

• he earl a"e Dryopithecus was "robabl a #ommon

an#estor to humans and the other %reat a"es' 7lthou%hDryopithecus lived mainl in trees! $ossil eviden#eshows that the animal walked on all $ours whenever itdes#ended to the $orest ;oor'

• :n $a#t! humans* more re#ent an#estor! Australopithecusaarensis! retained some remnants $rom itsBuadru"edal "ast! su#h as hind toes suited $or #limbin%and a wrist oint indi#atin% it sometimes knu#kle

walked' ut Australopithecus "robabl stood u"ri%htmost o$ the time/ :ts $emur was sha"ed similarl to thato$ the later !omo erectus and #ould bear the stress o$habitual u"ri%ht movement'

• oth "rotohumans* $emurs were also an%led inward toan almost kno#kkneed "osition' his hel"ed


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6!a#%!1a3 P%ima&0 $ Bi1a3 P%ima&0


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H!ma" Tim& 3i"& a"# E7$3!i$"


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Mi00i"* 3i" i" H!ma" E7$3!i$"


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E7$3!i$" $4 H!ma" B%ai" Tim&3i"&

Dour#e/ Human=volutionhtt"/


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Na!%a3 S&3&(i$"

-C)a%3&0 Da%'i"

Da%'i"80 )&$%y $4 &7$3!i$" is based on five key observationsand inferences drawn from them. These observations and

inferences have been summarized by the great biologist Ernst

Mayr as follows:

1) !ecies have great fertility. They make more offs!ring than can

grow to adulthood.") #o!ulations remain roughly the same size$ with modest

fluctuations.

%) &ood resources are limited$ but are relatively constant most of

the time.&rom these three observations it may be inferred that in such an

environment there will be a struggle for survival among individuals.

')(n seually re!roducing s!ecies$ generally no two individuals are

identical. *ariation is ram!ant.

+) Much of this variation is heritable.Premonowati (Vertebrate & HumanFossils) 26


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To summarise ,arwin-s Theory of Evolution

1. *ariation: There is *ariation in Every #o!ulation.

". /om!etition: 0rganisms /om!ete for limited resources.

%. 0ffs!ring: 0rganisms !roduce more 0ffs!ring than can

survive.

'. enetics: 0rganisms !ass enetic traits on to their offs!ring.

+. 2atural election: Those organisms with the Most 3eneficial

Traits

are more likely to urvive and 4e!roduce.


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-m&"!%! 2&2&%a1a 1&"!3i0


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)$mi"i#0


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'i) )& A0ia" 4a!"a3 0!((&00i$"


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S!ma%a. A(($%#i"* SMIT SIBINGA -; a"# ;


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A%i4a( -A%()a&$3$*y

7n arti$a#t or arte$a#t is an obe#tmade or modied b a human #ulture!and o$ten one later re#overed b somear#haeolo%i#al endeavor'

:ndonesia/ Eunun% Dadahuri" (Earut)!Eunun% Padan% (abar)


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M&*a3i)i(!m


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vertebrate & human fossils

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