PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.Taxonomy

I. Class Agnatha (jawless fishes)

i. Ostracoderms oldest known vertebrates (Late

Cambrian) covered with bony dermal armor lacked jaws and paired fins largely lived in fresh or brackish water heterocercal tail like Paleozoic fishes

ii. Cyclostomes no paired fins no skeletal elements homologous with

vertebrate jaws no bones, dermal armor or scales, no

bony teeth exhibit adaptations for parasitism

(presences of buccal funnel and rasping tongue)

a. Order Petromyzontiformes (lampreys) Man larval traits are retained in adults Parasitic Seven pairs of gill pouches Petromyzon marinus marinus – an

anadromous species of lamprey. anadromous – live in sea, lay eggs in fresh water

Petromyzon marinus dorsatus – anadromous land-locked species of lamprey living in the Great Lakes between Canada and US.

b. Order Myxiniformes (hagfishes a.k.a slime eels) Marine Bottom feeding scavengers Parasitize slow-moving fishes NOT anadromous Myxine glutinosa – the Atlantic hagfish,

has six pairs of gill pouches Bdellostoma stouti – has 10 to 15 pairs

of gill pouches, live off coast of California

II. Class Acanthodii (extinct spiny “sharks”) Head and body protected by dermal

armor of bony plates and scales Skeleton made of bone and cartilage Had large operculum

Had paired fins supplemented by as many as 5 accessory pairs, which were supported by hollow spines

III. Class Placodermi (extinct armored fishes) Armored fishes Appeared later than ostracoderms and

acanthodians Had paired fins Predatorsi. Arthrodires (Coccosteus) had heavy

bony dermal shield covered the head and trunk

ii. Antiarchs (Bothrioplepis) small placoderms with atypical pectoral fins, dorsal eyes, and flattened ventral surface (suggesting they were bottom feeders)

IV. Class Chondricthyes (cartilaginous fishes) Have no bones except in teeth and

scales Mouth on ventral surface Have unique scales called placoid Pelvic fins of males form claspers Eggs are macrolecithal

a. Subclass Elasmobranchiii. Order Cladoselachii (Peleozoic

sharks)ii. Order Pleuracanthodii (Peleozoic

sharks)iii. Order Squaliformes (modern and

extinct sharks)iv. Order Rajiformes (skates, rays, and

sawfishes)

b. Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras)i. Lacks scales on most surfacesii. Have fleshy operculumiii. Spiracle closediv. Upper jaw fused with cartilaginous

braincasev. Instead of teeth, hard platy bony

plates on jaws

V. Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.a. Subclass Actinoptreygii (ray-finned) Slender fin rays support otherwise

membranous fins Lack internal nares

(@Paleozoic) bony dermal armor and scales were covered with enameloid called ganoin, Caudal fins are heterocercal

i. Superorder Chondrosteia. Sturgeon, spoonbills, etc.

ii. Superorder Holosteia. Garfishes, bowfin

iii. Superorder Teleosteia. 95% of all living fishes

b. Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned)i. Order Crossoptrygii

Latimeria only living left Most common fishes of Devoniana. Suborder Rhipdistia Freshwater Ancestor of amphibiansb. Suborder Coelacanthini Lack internal nares

ii. Order Dipnoi True “lung” fishes African and Brazilian species

aestivate during dry hot seasons

VI. Class Amphibia (amphibians)

a. Subclass Labryinthodontiai. Swamp-dwellingii. Named because of the dentin of their

teeth was infolded so it looks like a labyrinth at cross section

iii. As large as crocodiles or small as newts, and widely dispersed

iv. Had minute bony scales in their dermis, unlike many modern-tailed amphibians

v. Skull similar to Rhipdistiai. Order Icthyostegalia (oldest, Devonian)ii. Order Temnospondyli (Permian)iii. Order Anthracosauria (Paleozoic, direct

line to reptiles)

b. Subclass Lepospondylii. Salamander-like amphibiansii. Extinct but had several orders

c. Subclass Lisamphibiai. Order Anura (frogs, toads, etc.)ii. Order Urodela (tailed amphibians)

iii. Order Apoda (legless burrow-dwelling species)

VII. Class Reptilia (reptiles)a. Subclass Anapsida (cotylosaurs and

turtles)i. Order Testudinata or Chelonia – turtles

b. Subclass Lepidosauriai. Order Rhynchocephalia – lizard-like

reptiles but with different scalesii. Order Squamata1. Suborder Lacertilia – lizards2. Suborder Serpentes – snakes3. Suborder Amphisbaenia –

amphisbaenians (snake-like burrowing)

c. Subclass Archosauria – dominant land vertebrates of Mesozoic

i. Order Thecodontia – stem archosaursii. Order Pterosauria – flying reptilesiii. Order Saurischia – dinosaurs with

reptilian pelvisiv. Order Ornithischia – dinosaurs with bird-

like pelvisv. Order Crocodilia – alligators, crocodiles,

etc. only one surviving

d. Subclass Euryapsida – marine and some terrestrial

i. Order Ichthyosauria – marine, fish-like with no visible neck

ii. Order Plesiosauria – marine, tiny head, long neck, paddle-like limbs

e. Subclass Synapsida – reptiles from which mammals evolved from

i. Order Pelysauria – earliest, reptilian features

ii. Order Therapsia – mammal-like

VIII. Class Aves (birds) Endothermic vertebrates with feathers

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O. Endothermy – ability to maintain a relatively

stable body temperature Retained reptilian scales on beak, legs, and

feet Feathers are structured keratinized

epidermal appendages, make flight possible Long bones are slender Most bones lost central marrow Teeth replaced with light-weight beak Wrist, palm, digit bones lessened and

reduced Large sternal keel or carinai. Subclass Archaeornithes

a. Archaeopteryx – had long reptilian tail, thecodont teeth on both jaws, feathers on wings and tail, skull more reptilian, no beak

b. Protoavis - might be closer to modern birdii. Subclass Neornithes

a. Order Odontognathae (Neornithes with teeth)

i. Hesperornis – a marine birdb. Order Neognathae (birds without teeth)

i. Ratites – small wings, powerful legsii. Carinates – large carina, most can fly,

some like penguins use powerful muscles to swim instead of fly

IX. Class Mammalia (mammals)a. Subclass Prototheria – lay eggs, have

cloacai. Order Monotremata – platypus, echidna

b. Subclass Metatheria – viviparous mammals that use yolk sac for a placenta

i. Order Marsupialia – kangaroos, wallabies. Young are born in almost larval state and are incubated and nursed after birth in a maternal abdominal pouch (marsupium)

c. Subclass Eutheria – have chorioallantoic placenta

i. Order Insectivora – moles, tree shrews, “flying” lemurs, hedgehog

ii. Order Chiroptera – batsiii. Order Primates

1. Suborder Lemuroidea – lemurs, lorises2. Suborder Tarsioidea - tarsiers3. Suborder Platyrrhini – primates whose

nostrils open at the sides4. Suborder Catarhini – primates whose

nostrils open downwards

a. Superfamily Cercopithicoideab. Superfamily Hominoidea

iv. Order Carnivora1. Suborder Fissipedia – terrestrial

carnivoresa. Family Felidae - Catsb. Family Viverridae - Civetsc. Family Hyaenidae - Hyenasd. Family Canidae - Doglike carnivorese. Family Ursidae - Bears & giant pandasf. Family Procyonidae - Raccoonsg. Family Mustelidae – Otters, weasels

2. Suborder Pinnipedia – marine carnivoresa. Phocidae - True sealsb. Otariidae - Walruses

v. Order Cetacea – aquatic marine mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.)

vi. Order Edentata – insectivorous mammals that are more specialized than those in Insectivora (tree sloths, South American anteaters, armadillos)

vii. Order Tubulidentata – special anteaters called aardvarks. Separate because teeth are peg-like cylinders and have shallow roots.

viii. Order Pholidota – toothless scaly anteaters or pangolins. Scales made of keratin and only has one genus Manis.

ix. Order Rodentia – have single pair of long, curved incisor teeth on each jaw that are used for gnawing. Teeth grow throughout life.

1. Suborder Sciuromorpha - squirrels, chipmunks, woodchucks, beavers, gophers, etc.

2. Suborder Myomorpha – mice-like rodents like rats, voles, hamsters, and lemmings, etc.

3. Suborder Caviomorpha – porcupines, cavys, nutria, chinchillas, etc.

x. Order Lagomorpha – have two pairs of incisors on their upper jaw (unlike Rodentia).

1. Family Ochotonidae – pikas

PROTACIO, JOSH CHRISTIAN O.2. Family Leporidae – rabbits

xi. Order Perissodactyla – ungulate with usually one or three but occasionally four toes, weight distributed to one toe. Have mesaxonic foot (weight dist. to one toe).

1. Family Equidae – horses and horse-like mammals

2. Family Tapiridae – tapirs3. Family Rhinocerotidae - rhinoceros

xii. Order Artiodactyla – ungulate where body weight is distributed to two toes but can have four or so even numbered toes. Have paraxonic foot. Includes pigs, hippopotamuses, peccaries, cattle, camels, llamas, deer, antelope, and girrafes. Most have stomachs divided into three or four; those who do are ruminants.

xiii. Order Proboscidea – subungulates that have proboscis, scanty hair, and thick wrinkled skin. Includes elephants, mastodons, and their relatives. Most of weight is supported by elastic pad on the back of each of the toes. Ungulates do not have this pad.

xiv. Order Hyracoidea – subungulates containing to genera of hyraxes. Have short ears, hunchbody at rest, harelip, incisors continually growing. Plantigrade but digits end in hooves (except for one). Have 4 fingers and 3 toes.

xv. Order Sirenia – sea cows, manatees and

dugongs, thought to be descendants of primitive ungulates. Scanty hair, paddle-like forelimbs, lack hind limbs, tails like whales.