vertebrate tissues omhs human anatomy and physiology class
TRANSCRIPT
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Vertebrate Tissues
OMHS Human Anatomy and Physiology Class
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Tissues
• Groups of cells that have specialized structural and functional roles.
• 4 basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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Classification of Tissues• Based upon shapes,
arrangements, and functions:
- Simple – single layer
- Stratified – many layers
- Cuboidal –cube shaped
- Columnar – elongated shape
- Squamous - flattened
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A. Epithelial Tissue
• Protects, secretes, absorbs.
• Cover body surfaces, cover and line internal organs, compose glands.
• Always has a free surface (an exposed surface).
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Epithelial Cont.
• Anchored to connective tissue by non-living layer called the basement membrane.
• Lack blood vessels.
• Readily divide (injuries heal rapidly).
• Cells are tightly packed to form a good barrier.
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SimpleSquamous Epithelium
•Single layer of thin, flat cells.
•Allows for rapid diffusion of substances; also filtration, osmosis.
• Found in alveoli of lungs and lines inside of blood vessels.
•Thin and delicate, easily damaged.
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SimpleSquamous Epithelium
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SimpleCuboidal Epithelium
• Single layer of cube-shaped cells.
• Absorption & secretion.
• Lines kidney tubules, etc.
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SimpleCuboidal Epithelium
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SimpleColumnar Epithelium
•Single layer of tall, narrow cells.
• Lines most organs of digestive tract.
•Secretes digestive fluids & absorbs nutrients from food.
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SimpleColumnar Epithelium
Often have microvilli and secrete mucous.
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
•Single row of cells- not all reach the free surface, but each cell borders the basement membrane.
•Protects, secretes, & moves mucous.
• Lines respiratory system - mucous traps dust, etc; cilia moves mucous out.
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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Cilia
Goblet Cells- secrete mucus
Basement Membrane
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
•Many layers of cells; cells divide in deeper layers and push older cells outward.
•Layering = protection (prevents water loss and entry of chemicals, micro-organisms, etc.).
•Forms epidermis; lines throat & mouth.
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Basement Membrane
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Transitional epithelium
• Changes in response to tension (can stretch).
• Inner lining of bladder.
• Protects – prevents contents of urinary tract from diffusing back into internal environment.
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Glandular Epithelium
• Cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances.
• Usually found within cuboidal or columnar epithelia.
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4 Basic Tissue Types
B.Connective Tissue– Supports, binds together, protects.
– Most widely distributed tissue in body.
– Usually well-vascularized.
– Has a matrix - material between cells
• Consists of fibers and a ground substance.
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• 2 types of fibers–Collagenous fibers - thick threads of protein (collagen); flexible; hold things together; white fibers.
–Elastic fibers - made of protein called elastin; weaker than c.f. but stretch easily; vocal cords; yellow fibers.
(continued)
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1. Loose connective tissue (Areolar Tissue)
• Cells are mainly fibroblasts (cells that produce fibers in the matrix).
• Matrix = gel-like ground substance and many collagen and elastin fibers.
• Binds skin to organs & fills space between muscles.
• Has many blood vessels that nourish nearby epithelial cells.
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Loose Connective Tissue
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2. Adipose Tissue (fat)
• Made up of cells that store fat.
• Beneath skin; between muscles; around kidneys; surface of heart; around joints.
• Cushions joints and organs.
• Insulates.
• Stores energy.
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Adipose Tissue
• Large, empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane.
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3. Dense Connective Tissue
• Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers (white) with only a few fibroblasts.
• Very strong; makes up tendons and ligaments.
• Low blood supply injuries slow to heal.
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Dense Connective Tissue
fibroblasts
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4. Cartilage• Cartilage cells = chondrocytes.
• Chondrocytes occupy small chambers called lacunae.
a. Hyaline Cartilage
• Very fine collagen fibers in matrix looks like glass.
• Found on ends of bones, soft part of nose, rings that support airway, fetal skeleton.
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Hyaline Cartilage
lacunae
Chondrocyte
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b. Elastic Cartilage
Chondrocyte
Lacunae
• Web-like mesh of elastic fibers.
• Provides flexible, elastic support.
• External ear and parts of larynx.
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c. Fibrocartilage
• Very tough, contains many collagen fibers.
• Absorbs shock.
• Found in meniscus of knee, intervertebral discs, etc.
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Fibrocartilage
lacunae
chondrocyte
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5. Bone
•Hardness due to mineral salts and many collagen fibers in matrix.
•Matrix deposited in layers called lamellae around tubes called Haversian canals.
•Haversian canals contain blood vessels.
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Bone (cont.)
• Bone cells are called osteocytes – located in lacunae (chambers) spread out between lamellae.
• Support, attachment for muscles, mineral storage, protection (cranial &thoracic cavities), forms blood cells.
• Found in skeleton.
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Bone
Haversian Canal Osteocytes in lacunae
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Bone
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
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6. Blood
•Transports materials throughout body; helps maintain homeostasis.
•Matrix is fluid (called plasma).
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Blood
Leucocytes
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
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C. Muscle Tissue• Made up of elongated cells
(muscle fibers) that can contract.• Functions in movement of body
parts.• 3 types:
–Skeletal Muscle–Smooth Muscle–Cardiac Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
•Multi-nucleated; striated – light and dark bands.
• Voluntary – can be controlled by conscious effort.
• Found: attached to bones.
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Skeletal Muscle
striations
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Smooth Muscle• One nucleus; unstriated.
• Found: walls of hollow internal organs- such as esophagus, intestines, stomach, blood vessels, etc.
• Involuntary.
• Move food through digestive tract, blood through blood vessels, etc.
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Smooth Muscle
Nuclei
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Cardiac Muscle
• Striated, one nucleus, branched.
• Has intercalated disks (where cells are connected).
• Involuntary.
• Found only in the heart.
• Pumps blood through heart chambers and into blood vessels.
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Cardiac MuscleIntercalated disc
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D. Nerve Tissue
• Sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses; allows for communication and coordination of body functions.
• Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves.
• Cells are called neurons.
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Nerve TissueCell Body
Axon
Dendrites
Nucleus
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How well do you know your body tissue types?
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Essay Questions
• What essay questions can you think of that would be a good assessment of your learning for this unit?– How would you………..?– What would result if…..?– Describe how……………– Compare and contrast…– Why do you think………?