veterans may experience compounding traumas from the military context of their experience and...
TRANSCRIPT
Veterans may experience compounding traumas from the military context of their experience and exacerbation of stress symptoms from military culture that
encourages stoicism and symptom suppression. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) focuses on regulating emotions and tolerating distress. This workshop will illustrate
the usefulness and difficulties of utilizing DBT with veterans.
Healing the Warrior Within: Utilizing Dialectical Behavior Therapy to
Restore the Mind, Body, and Spirits of Our Veterans
Tweet us at #NASWIL
Introduction: Learning Objectives
• OIF/OEF/OND Treatment utilization• Risk of PTSD in the OIF/OEF/OND Population• Compounding factors of the military culture• Empirical evidence for DBT • Why DBT?
Tweet us at #NASWIL
OIF/OEF/OND Veterans and Treatment Utilization
• As of September 30, 2011 there are 2.6 million Operation Iraq Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation New Dawn (OND) Veterans
*12% of the Veteran population
• 38% access Mental Health Services at a VAMC
– -*More than any other era
OIF/OEF/OND Veterans and Treatment Utilization
• Recent conflict Veterans use of Mental Health Services has more than doubled since 2006– 4% to 12%
• Of those that access Mental Health Services over half access some type of PTSD-related service
• Very unlikely to complete full treatment protocol– 9.5% complete recommended number of sessions
Why does this matter?
• Higher risk for suicide• Alcohol and drug use• Mental health problems continue to increase• Relationship issues• Family consequences• Isolation from community• Vocational consequences
PTSD Prevalence in OIF/OEF/OND Population
• 18.5%-50.2% have a PTSD diagnosis• 14-16% have experienced PTSD symptoms
• Most common diagnostic category: Adjustment reaction• 88% PTSD
• Twice as likely to have an adjustment disorder reaction
• How can we predict who develops PTSD?
PTSD: Defined
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive pattern in the stress response system.
• Preceded by an individual experiencing a traumatic event in which the person experiences, witnesses or is confronted by an event that involves actual or perceived threat of death, serious injury or a threat to physical integrity of self or others.
• The traumatic event must meet specific standards and the individual must experience a number of symptoms from the following areas: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood and alteration in arousal and reactivity
• Symptoms must last a specified length of time, impair functioning and not be in response to a medical condition or substance abuse issue. A diagnosis of PTSD is indicated if an appropriate number of symptoms are present in each category (A= 1 required B=1 required; C=1 required; D=2 required, E=2 required), symptoms last longer than one month, the disturbances creates significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning and they cannot be attributed to a medical condition or substance use issue (APA, 2013).
PTSD: Associated Factors
Pre-Trauma Factors
Trauma Characteristics
Post-Trauma Factors
Strong Associations None Trauma/combat exposure severityPerceived life threatCombat-related injuryPeritraumatic distress or disassociation
Lack of social support, negative homecoming experience, exposure to additional life stressors
Intermediate Associations
Lower education, lower intelligence, lower military rank, lower socioeconomic status, prior trauma, prior psychiatric history/symptoms, family psychiatric symptoms, family psychiatric history, behavioral problems in childhood, childhood abuse or adversity
Exposure to death, Killing or abusive violence
PTSD Treatments for Veterans: VAMC
• Evidenced Based Treatment– Prolonged Exposure– Cognitive Processing Therapy– Cognitive Behavioral Therapy– Medications
Influencing Factors for Treatment Utilization
Factors Study
Concerns that treatment will not be kept confidentialTreatment will constrain future job assignments and military-career advancementUnpleasant side effects of treatment Mental health care is not effective OIF/OEF/OND feeling out of place at a VA facilityDelay or difficulty in scheduling appointments
Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008
Stigma and beliefs about mental health care United States Government Accountability Office, 2011
Lack of understanding or awareness of mental health care United States Government Accountability Office, 2011
Logistical challenges to accessing mental health care United States Government Accountability Office, 2011
Concerns about VA’s health care United States Government Accountability Office, 2011
Clinic of first mental health diagnosis and distance from VA facility
Seal et al., 2010
Type and complexity of mental health diagnosis
Seal et al., 2010
Unstable housing, financial distress, unemployment or underemployment, divorce or separation
Jakupcak & Varra, 2011
Influencing Factors: Military Culture
• Military Culture– Loyalty, Patriotism, Obedience– Compromised adaptation, flexibility & adjustment skills– Strict roles– Exhibit painful emotions and vulnerability
• Deployments– Constant separation and reunion– Lack of community integration– Concealment of combat related fears
• Postwar– Reintegrating into the family system and community– Vicarious trauma– Internal dissonance– Biological memory
DBT: Origins
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), developed by Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., ABPP, at the University of Washington
In the late 1970s, Marsha M. Linehan (1993) attempted to apply standard Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) to the problems of adult women with histories of chronic suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, urges to self-harm, and self-mutilation.
DBT: Origins• Clients receiving CBT found the unrelenting focus on
change inherent to CBT invalidating
• Clients unintentionally positively reinforced their therapists for ineffective treatment while punishing their therapists for effective therapy
• The sheer volume and severity of problems presented by clients made it impossible to use the standard CBT format
• Cognitive behavioral treatment program developed to treat suicidal clients meeting criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
• Directly targets: suicidal behavior, behaviors that interfere with treatment delivery and other dangerous, severe or destabilizing behaviors
• Linehan developed DBT from: restructuring CBT strategies to incorporate acceptance and change with dialectical strategies
Definition: DBT
• Behavioral principles and techniques (CBT), attitude of acceptance embodied in validation, empathy and radical acceptance with relentless focus on problem solving
• Biosocial Theory regarding BPD
• Central Problem: emotional dysregulation
• Emotional regulation is seen as having originated in and as being maintained by a lifelong mutually shaping transaction between a vulnerable temperament and an invalidating environment which leads to deficient emotion modulation skills and motivational problems
DBT: Underlying TheoryTheory
• A behavioral, problem-solving focus blended with acceptance-based strategies
• Emphasis on behaviorally explicit targets and treatment strategy groups
• Emphasis on dialectical processes
DBT: Major Characteristics
1. Increase behavioral capabilities
2. Improve motivation for skillful behavior (through contingency management and reduction of interfering emotions and cognitions)
3. Assuring generalization of gains to natural environment
4. Structure the treatment environment so that it reinforces functional rather than dysfunctional behaviors
5. Enhance therapist capabilities and motivation to treat patients effectively
DBT: Addresses 5 functions
1. Weekly individual psychotherapy (1hr/wk)
2. Group skills training (2.5 hrs/wk)
3. Telephone consultation
4. Weekly therapist consultation team meetings (to enhance therapist motivation and skills to provide therapy for the therapists)
5. 1st four sessions are orientation
6. Full protocol is two 6-month rounds of group therapy skills training
DBT: Protocol
• Stage I: decreasing life threatening behaviors, behaviors that interfere with therapy, quality of life threatening behaviors and increasing skills that will replace ineffective coping behaviors.
• Stage II: addresses the client’s inhibited emotional experiencing. It is thought that the client’s behavior is now under control but the client is suffering “in silence”
• Stage III: focuses on problems in living, with the goal being that the client has a life of ordinary happiness and unhappiness
• Stage IV: the goal of is for the client to move from a sense of incompleteness towards a life that involves an ongoing capacity for experiences of joy and freedom.
DBT: Stages
• Core Mindfulness Skills: Skills to help one experience more fully the present moment
• Distress Tolerance: Cope better with painful events by building up resiliency and using new ways to soften the effects of upsetting circumstances
• Emotion Regulation Skills: Help one recognize more clearly what they feel and then to observe each emotion without getting overwhelmed by it
• Interpersonal effectiveness: New tools to express beliefs and needs, set limits and negotiate solutions to problems
• Crisis Planning
DBT: Group Skills Training
Why DBT?
• Effective in treating suicidal ideations and attempts, self-injurious behaviors, compliance with treatment and problems in daily living activities
• Associated with better treatment outcomes than treatment as usual
• Less likely to drop out, require less hospitalization for si, lower medical risk, fewer psychiatric hospitalizations and psychiatric emergency department visits
Why DBT with PTSD treatment?
• DBT with PE has been found to reduce severe and chronic PTSD symptoms
• DBT may protect against attrition
• Promotes coping skills for symptoms of trauma treatment (i.e. anxiety, fear, shame, anger, etc.)
• Promotes safety plan development and problem solving for flooding
Why DBT for Veterans with PTSD?
• Structures mindfulness practice• Addresses internal dissonance• Radical acceptance• Distress tolerance• Emotion regulation
DBT with Veterans: Challenges
• Failed to demonstrate superiority when compared to other treatments
• Evidenced based practice?• Not validated as a supplement for PTSD treatment• Abstract concept of mindfulness
– Resistance to expression
Integrating DBT with PE
• Becker and Zayfert (2001)1. Skills training is integrated with individual therapy
2. Duration is 5-16 weeks
3. Not participating in the larger DBT program
• Purpose is to prepare an individual to cope with any flooding issues prior to implementing the therapy
• Integration can occur at any point during therapy– Serve to regulate emotions, tolerate distress and manage any
suicidal impulses
