vi. observational studies, surveys and interviews

8/6/2019 Vi. Observational Studies, Surveys and Interviews

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vi-observational-studies-surveys-and-interviews 1/35

DC]ISPG[BDLGFDC]ISPG[BDLGF][YKBI]& ]YSPIR] GLK][YKBI]& ]YSPIR] GLK

BL[ISPBIX]BL[ISPBIX]

Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi&]I&NNNgsji{blh Si}igsme



Dc}ispg{bdlDc}ispg{bdl

Ldlciegpbdsgf dc}ispg{bdlr Simdsk glgfr}b}r Qer}bmgf mdlkb{bdl glgfr}b}r

Qsdmi}}

ds gm{bpb{r glgfr}b}

r Ldlciegpbdsgf dc}ispg{bdl

r

Ciegpbdsgf dc}ispg{bdl

Ciegpbdsgf dc}ispg{bdlr Ldlpiscgf glgfr}b}r Fblhyb}{bm glgfr}b}r

Iu{sgfblhyb}{bm glgfr}b}r ]qg{bgf glgfr}b}

3Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



Gkpgl{ghi} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfGkpgl{ghi} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfNi{edkNi{edk

r Mdffim{ {ei dsbhblgf kg{g g{ {ei {bni b{dmmys}

r ]imysi bl` dsng{bdl {eg{ qgs{bmbqgl{}xdyfk bhldsi cimgy}i b{°} }d mdnndl b{ b}

ld{ }iil g} sifipgl{r Dlfr ni{edk gpgbfgcfi {d mdffim{ mis{gbl

{rqi} d` kg{g

=Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



Gkpgl{ghi} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfGkpgl{ghi} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfNi{edkNi{edk %mdl{,"%mdl{,"

r Mgq{ysi {ei xedfi ipil{ g} b{ dmmys} blb{} lg{ysgf ilpbsdlnil{

r Qgs{bmbqgl{} }iin {d gmmiq{ gl

dc}ispg{bdlgf bl{sy}bdl ci{{is {egl {eirsi}qdlk {d wyi}{bdlblh

;Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



Fbnb{g{bdl} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfFbnb{g{bdl} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfNi{edkNi{edk

r Dc}ispis ds simdskblh iwybqnil{ ny}{ ci

g{ {ei }milid` {ei ipil{ xeil b{ {gji}qfgmi

r ]fdx qsdmi}}

r Iuqil}bpi qsdmi}}

r Nd}{ sifbgcfi si}yf{} gsi si}{sbm{ik {d bl` dsng{bdl {eg{ mgl ci figslik cr dpis{gm{bdl ds }ys`gmi blkbmg{ds}




Fbnb{g{bdl} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfFbnb{g{bdl} d` {ei Dc}ispg{bdlgfNi{edkNi{edk %mdl{,"%mdl{,"

r Si}igsme ilpbsdlnil{ b} ndsi fbjifr}yb{ik {d }ycoim{bpi g}}i}}nil{ glksimdskblh d` kg{g {egl {d wygl{b`bmg{bdl d` ipil{}

r

Fbnb{ik g} g xgr {d

figsl gcd

y{ {ei qg}{r Mglld{ dc}ispi sg{bdlgfi ` ds gm{bdl}& dlfr

gm{bdl} {ein}ifpi}




Sifg{bdl}ebq ci{xiilSifg{bdl}ebq ci{xiilDc}ispis glk Qgs{bmbqgl{Dc}ispis glk Qgs{bmbqgl{

r Kbsim{ ds blkbsim{ dc}ispg{bdlr Dc}ispis°} qsi}ilmi jldxl ds

yljldxl {d {ei qgs{bmbqgl{r Dc}ispis b} blpdfpik ds ld{ blpdfpik

xb{e {ei qgs{bmbqgl{

Dc}ispg{bdl Ni{edk}Dc}ispg{bdl Ni{edk}r Kbsim{r Blkbsim{r Qgs{bmbqgl{r ]bnqfir ]r}{ing{bm




Hybkifbli} `ds ]ifim{blh Dc}ispis}Hybkifbli} `ds ]ifim{blh Dc}ispis}

r Gcbfb{r {d mdlmil{sg{i bl g }i{{blh `yff d` kb}{sgm{bdl}

r Gcbfb{r {d sinincis ki{gbf} d` gl

iuqisbilmir Gcbfb{r {d ci yldc{sy}bpi bl {eidc}ispg{bdlgf }b{yg{bdl

r Gcbfb{r {d iu{sgm{ {ei nd}{ `sdn gldc}ispg{bdlgf }{ykr




Dc}ispg{bdl Kg{g Mdffim{bdlDc}ispg{bdl Kg{g Mdffim{bdl

r Xedr Xeg{

Ipil{ ]gnqfblh

[bni ]gnqfblh

r Xeilr Edxr Xeisi

]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix ]yspir}]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix ]yspir}

7, Ldlsi}qdl}i issds} kyi {d si`y}gf}3, Blgmmysgmr bl si}qdl}i}

=, Issds} mgy}ik cr bl{ispbix}




71

]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl`dsng{bdl `sdn]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl`dsng{bdl `sdnSi}qdlkil{}Si}qdlkil{}

QDQYFG[BDL SI]QDLKIL[ BL[ISPBIXIS

Gncbhyb{r d` wyi}{bdl

Bl{ispbixisissds

]gnqfiWyi}{bdl

gl}xisLdlsi}qdl}ikyi {d si`y}gf}ds ld{.g{.edni

]gnqfblh issds

Gncbhyb{r d` gl}xis

Blgmmysgmr blsi}qdl}i.blgcbfb{r {d`dsnyfg{i gsi}qdl}i.Ylxbffblhli}} {dsi}qdlk

Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



77

]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix ]yspir}]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix ]yspir}

7, Ldlsi}qdl}i issds} kyi {d si`y}gf}g, @igs d` {ei mdl}iwyilmi} d` qgs{bmbqg{bdl

c, Si}il{nil{ d` gl blpg}bdl d` qsbpgmr

m, Glubi{r gcdy{ {ei }ycoim{

3, Blgmmysgmr bl si}qdl}i}

g, Blgcbfb{r {d hbpi g si}qdl}i

B, Bhldsglmi d` {ei gl}xis

bb, Nindsr d` qsdcfin}

bbb, Qsdcfin} bl `dsnyfg{blh gl gl}xisKs, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix

]yspir}]yspir}3, Blgmmysgmr bl si}qdl}i}

c, Ylxbffblhli}} {d si}qdlk gmmysg{ifrB, Mdlmisl gcdy{ blpg}bdl d` qsbpgmr

bb, [bni qsi}}ysi glk ̀ g{bhyibbb, Ki}bsi {d ileglmi qsi}{bhibp, Ki}bsi {d gqqigs mddqisg{bpip, Cbg}ik si}qdl}i }{rfi

pb, Bl{ispbixis iuqim{blh {ei si}qdlkil{ {d egpi gl gl}xis




7=

]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix

]yspir}

]dysmi} d` Issds bl Bl{ispbix

]yspir}

=, Issds} mgy}ik cr bl{ispbix}

g, Qsdpb}bdl d` mfyi} {d gqqsdqsbg{i

si}qdl}i}

c,Blgkiwyg{i wyi}{bdlblh glk qsdcblh

m, @sgyk glk kimib{




@gm{ds} G``im{blh [ei Medbmi d` g @gm{ds} G``im{blh [ei Medbmi d` g

]yspir Ni{edk]yspir Ni{edk

r ]gnqfblh

r [rqi d` Qdqyfg{bdl

r Wyi}{bdl @dsnr Wyi}{bdl Mdl{il{

r Si}qdl}i Sg{i}

r

Md}{}r Gpgbfgcfi @gmbfb{bi}

r Kysg{bdl d` Kg{g Mdffim{bdl

7;Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



Bl`dsng{bdl @sdnBl`dsng{bdl @sdn

Si}qdlkil{}?Si}qdlkil{}? ]yspir}]yspir}glk bl{ispbix}glk bl{ispbix}

Bl`dsng{bdl @sdnBl`dsng{bdl @sdn

Si}qdlkil{}?Si}qdlkil{}? ]yspir}]yspir}glk bl{ispbix}glk bl{ispbix}



Mdffim{blh Kg

{g

Mdffim{blh Kg

{g

rQis}dlgf Bl{ispbixblh

r

[ifiqedli Bl{ispbixblhrNgbf ]yspir}

rMdncblg{bdl d` ]yspir Ni{edk}




Qis}dl

gf Bl{ispbixblh

Qis}dl

gf Bl{ispbixblh

r Kdds.{d.kdds bl{ispbixblhr Iuimy{bpi bl{ispbixblh

r Ngff bl{ismiq{ }yspir}r ]if` gknblb}{sg{ik wyi}{bdllgbsir Qysmeg}i bl{ismiq{ {imelbwyir Dnlbcy} }yspir}




KddsKdds..{d{d..Kdds Bl{ispbixblhKdds Bl{ispbixblh

r Bl{ispbix bl xebme mdl}ynis} gsi bl{ispbixik bl

qis}dl bl {eibs ednir B{ eg} {sgkb{bdlgffr ciil mdl}bkisik {ei ci}{

}yspir ni{edk




Iuimy{bpi Bl{ispbixblhIuimy{bpi Bl{ispbixblhr B} y}ik cr ngsji{blh si}igsmeis} {d si`is {d {ei

blky}{sbgf iwybpgfil{ d` kdds.{d.kddsbl{ispbixblh,

r B{ blpdfpi} bl{ispbixblh cy}bli}} qidqfi g{ {eibsd``bmis} mdlmislblh blky}{sbgf qsdkym{} ds}ispbmi},




Ng

ff Bl{ismiq{ ]yspir}Ng

ff Bl{ismiq{ ]yspir}r Bl{ispbixis}& }{g{bdlik g{ il{sglmi} ds }ifim{ik

fdmg{bdl ds blpb{i {ein {d ci bl{ispbixik g{ g}qimbgf `gmbfb{r bl {ei ngff,

37

r Gkpgl{ghi} Qfil{b`yf d` si}qdlkil{}

Fdx md}{

r Kb}gkpgl{ghi} Ld{ siqsi}il{g{bpi `ds {ei hilisgf qdqyfg{bdl




]if`]if`..Gknblb}{sg{ik Wyi}{bdllgbsi Gknblb}{sg{ik Wyi}{bdllgbsi

r Bl {eb} ni{edk& ld bl{ispbixis b} blpdfpik,

r D`{il y}ik bl ngff} ds d{eis mil{sgf fdmg{bdlxeisi {ei si}igsmeis eg} gmmi}} {d g mgq{bpigykbilmi,

33

r Gkpgl{ghi} Fdx md}{

r Kb}gkpgl{ghi} Si}yf{} bl {ei gl}xis} {d nd}{ d` {ei dqil.ilkik

wyi}{bdl ciblh {d{gffr y}ifi}}




Qysmeg}i Bl{ismiq{ [imelbwyiQysmeg}i Bl{ismiq{ [imelbwyi

r [eb} {imelbwyi mdncbli} cd{e bl.}{dsidc}ispg{bdl glk bl.}dsi bl{ispbixblh {d g}}i}}}edqqblh ciegpbds glk {ei sig}dl cieblk {eg{

ciegpbds,r B{ b} kb``isil{ `sdn cy{ sifg{ik {d {ei ngff

bl{ismiq{ gqqsdgme

3=

r Gkpgl{ghi}

B{ gbk} cyris simgff,

r Kb}gkpgl{ghi} Ld{ siqsi}il{g{bpi `ds {ei hilisgf qdqyfg{bdl




Dnlbcy} ]yspir}Dnlbcy} ]yspir}

r Sihyfgsfr }meikyfik %xiijfr& ndl{efr& dswygs{isfr" qis}dlgf bl{ispbix }yspir} xb{ewyi}{bdl} qsdpbkik cr g lyncis d` }iqgsg{i

mfbil{},

3;

r Gkpgl{ghi} Fdx {d{gf md}{ [ei si}yf{} gpgbfgcfi wybmjfr

G }yb{gcfi cg}i `ds mdl{blydy} {sgmjblh }{ykbi} glkci`dsi.g`{is }{ykbi}




Gkpgl{ghi} glk Kb}gkpgl{ghi} Gkpgl{ghi} glk Kb}gkpgl{ghi}

d` Qis}dlgf Bl{ispbixblhd` Qis}dlgf Bl{ispbixblh

Gkpgl{ghi}

r Ebhe sg{i d` qgs{bmbqg{bdl

r Ebhe kihsii d` `fiubcbfb{r

Kb}gkpgl{ghi}

r Hilisgfbzg{bdl gcdy{ {ei gmmysgmr gsi

egzgskdy}




Fbnb{g{bdl} d` Qis}dlgf Bl{ispbixblhFbnb{g{bdl} d` Qis}dlgf Bl{ispbixblh

r [bni mdl}ynblh

r Gknblb}{sg{bpifr kb``bmyf{

r Md}{fr




[ifiqedli Bl{ispbixblh[ifiqedli Bl{ispbixblhr Sglkdn.Kbhb{ Kbgfblh

r ]r}{ing{bm Sglkdn.Kbhb{ Kbgfblh

r

Qfy}.Dli Kbgfblh

38

r Sglkdn.Kbhb{ Kbgfblh G ldlkbsim{dsr qsdmikysi `ds }ifim{blh gff 71 %gsig

mdki& qsi`bu ds iumeglhi & }y``bu" {ifiqedli lynciskbhb{} g{ sglkdn,




]r}{ing{bm Sglkdn]r}{ing{bm Sglkdn..Kbhb{Kbhb{

Kbg

fblhKbg

fblhr G si}igsmeis }qimb`bi} {ed}i {ifiqedli gsig

mdki} glk iumeglhi}& ds qsi`bui}& `sdn xebmelyncis} {d ci }ifim{ik,

35

Qfy}Qfy}..Dli KbgfblhDli Kbgfblh

r G kbsim{dsr g}}b}{ik& sglkdn.kbhb{ kbgfblh

{ifiqedli lyncis }ifim{bdl qsdmikysi,




Ngbf ]yspir}Ngbf ]yspir}

r Bl {eb} }yspir ndki& wyi}{bdllgbsi} {sgkb{bdlgffrgsi ngbfik {d qd{il{bgf }{ykr qgs{bmbqgl{}& xedmdnqfi{i glk si{ysl {ein cr ngbf,

=1

Gkpgl{ghi} d` Ngbf ]yspir} Gkpgl{ghi} d` Ngbf ]yspir}

r Fdx md}{ r Gmmysg{i si}yf{}r

Hilisgffr gsi }yqisbds xeil }il}b{bpi ds qd{il{bgffrincgssg}}blh {dqbm} gsi mdpisik




Fbnb{

g{bdl} d` N

gbf ]yspir}

Fbnb{

g{bdl} d` N

gbf ]yspir}

r Fdlh wyi}{bdllgbsi} xb{edy{ mdnqfbmg{ikwyi}{bdl} mglld{ ci y}ik xb{edy{ kbnblb}eblh

{ei si}qdl}i sg{ir Fbnb{ik {d }b{yg{bdl xeisi g ngbfblh fb}{ b}

gpgbfgcfi glk {ei md}{ d` {ei fb}{ b} ld{ qsdebcb{bpi

r [ei si}qdl}i sg{i

=7Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



Ngbf Qglif}Ngbf Qglif}

r G siqsi}il{g{bpi lg{bdlgf }gnqfi d` qidqfixed egpi ghsiik {d qgs{bmbqg{i bl g fbnb{iklyncis d` ngbf }yspir} igme rigs,

==

@gu ]yspir}@gu ]yspir}

r @gu ngmebli} egpi cimdni `ig}bcfi {ddf} `ds y}i crngsji{blh si}igsme bl gkksi}}blh mis{gbl si}igsme wyi}{bdl

r B{ mgl qsdpbki `g}{is glk ebhefr sg{i} xb{edy{ sikymblh kg{gwygfb{r,




Mdncblg{bdl d` ]yspir Ni{edk}Mdncblg{bdl d` ]yspir Ni{edk}

r

[ei {ifiqedli qsild{b`bmg{bdl gqqsdgme b}i}}il{bgffr g qedli mgff {d g}j qisnb}}bdl {dngbf d` `gu g wyi}{bdllgbsi

r Ksdq.d`` gqqsdgme b} ki}bhlik {d mbsmynpil{ {ei }msiil} {eg{ simiq{bdlb}{} glk {ei}imsi{gsbi} }i{ gsdylk cy}r iuimy{bpi}

=;Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi



[silk} bl ]yspir Si}igsme[silk} bl ]yspir Si}igsme

r Mdnqy{is.G}}b}{ik [ifiqedli %MG[B"

r

Mdnqy{is Bl{isgm{bpi Bl{ispbixblhr Ifim{sdlbm Ngbf %I.Ngbf" ]yspir

=9Ks, Eo, Gfpb @ysxgl{b Gfxbi

vi. observational studies, surveys and interviews

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