vietnam war u.s. involvement. history of vietnam china repeatedly tried to control vietnam since...
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Vietnam WarVietnam War
U.S. U.S. InvolvementInvolvement
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History of Vietnam
• China repeatedly tried to control Vietnam since ancient times
• Had been under foreign rule since the later half of the 1800s
• Had been partially taken over by the Japanese during WWII
• Wanted the US to help them fight off the French after the war
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Vietnam WarVietnam War• 1954 – Civil war ended
between communist North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh and weak neutral government in South Vietnam
• 1956 - War begins again and by 1960 the South Vietnam forces were confined to the cities
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• Southern Communist forces formed the Viet Cong by 1960
• Northern Communist forces were known as the Vietnam People’s Army or the North Vietnamese Army
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Vietnam War• 1960-confilict spreads to Laos—2 sides
in Laos: one U.S. and other communist
• 1961- U.S. sign an agreement creating a coalition government in Laos
• 1961- May- Kennedy sends 400 Green Berets to help train South Vietnamese in guerilla war fare-it fails
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Vietnam War
• 1961-August- U.S sends 600 green berets and helicopters
• 1962- South Vietnam hold their own in battles
• 1963-Vietcong emerge from jungle and chew up inept South Vietnamese
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Vietnam War• Without massive
American intervention
the war would be lost
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Tonkin Gulf• August 2, 1964- American destroyer
“Maddox” claimed to be attacked by communist patrol boat in Tonkin Gulf, off the coast of North Vietnam
• August 4- Maddox and another ship, “C Turner Joy” claimed to have been attacked-neither ship saw enemy vessel or suffered any damage.
• Johnson ordered air raids against torpedo boats and oil storage tanks
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution• Johnson asked and got more power
when congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Basically gave the president the authority to take the nation to war without congressional approval
• Article 1 of constitution says congress has that power
• 1973- congress placed restriction on the resolution
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Gulf of Tonkin
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More trouble in Vietnam• Spring 1965-South Vietnam
regime had completely lost control of the countryside and huddled in the cities
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More Involvement
• Presidential advisor said without American intervention South Vietnam government would collapse
• Johnson decides to get involved deeper
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Vietcong AttacksVietcong Attacks
• Feb 7, 1965-Vietcong raids camp of American military advisers
• Killing 8, wounded 100
• The raid gives Johnson excuse to order air strikes
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More Involvement
• April 1965-35,000 American troops
• June-doubled• 2 years – 500,000
troops• 20,000 deaths
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Guerrilla war• Vietnam was a
guerrilla war• Every village as
a potential battleground
• 150,000 civilians died annually
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$$$$$$$$$$$$
• 1966-cost $8 billion
• 1968- cost $27 billion
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UnpopularUnpopular• Three causes that made the Vietnam War
to be the most unpopular in U.S. history.
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T.V., Cost, LiesT.V., Cost, Lies• Television- First time Americans could see
a child running down a street of thatch-covered houses her clothes aflame.
• LIES - Government Falsehood- Statement contradicted one another: reported only 103,000 Vietcong and suffered 79,000 casualties-Jan1,1966 237,000 Vietcong.
• Cost- Every Vietcong communist killed cost the U.S. $322,000
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Television and the War
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ProtestProtest• “New Left”- Antiwar movement by college students and intellectuals.
• Beginning in 1964 and Berkeley, Cal. Students wreaked havoc at American universities—called for “non-negotiated” demand and class disruption.
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Non-violenceNon-violence• April 1967- 125,000 students surged through the streets of New York to the United Nation building to ask the U.N. to intervene.
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•October 1967- 75,000 descended on the Pentagon
•They blocked the building entrance in a massive act of non-violence disobedience.
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Discontent • Only 29% of the American people thought the President was doing a good job.
• Burning of draft cards gesture of opposition of the war.
• “New Left” destroy itself by its violent methods that antagonized everyone else in the country.
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Tet Offensive
• Jan. 1968-Tet is the Vietnamese New Year
• Vietcong made a surprising move and came down on every city of substantial size in South Vietnam and dozens of American bases
• Thousands of guerrillas enter the heart of Saigon, captured the American Embassy for 6 hours
• City was leveled by US bombers to regain control of cities
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1968 Election
• Democrats were divided
• Nixon promised to end the draft
• Nixon was not associated with the Johnson Administration
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Vietnam Withdraw
• Nixon and Kissinger dictated a final withdraw of Vietnam.
• It was clear the war could not be won and its continuance hampered negotiation elsewhere in the world.
• It was important that the withdraw not appear to be a surrender.
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Vietnam Pull-out
• Peace talks opened up in Paris in 1968• Vietcong demanded a role in the gov.• South Vietnam military leaders in Saigon
had little popular support to stay in power had to keep fighting
• US to win the war had to send million of troops to Southeast Asia
• To withdraw was to confess that the tens of thousands of lives lost in Vietnam had been lost for nothing
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U.S. Had 3 ChoicesU.S. Had 3 Choices1. Continue the war at the present level--
lead nowhere2. Pull out quickly and let the South
Vietnamese take care of themselves--cause political reaction at home
3. Begin a slow pull out, while trying to negotiate a settlement
• Nixon chose the third---allowing South Vietnamese to fight on the ground and US forces to supply air power
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19701970• March 18-a right wing
general seized control of the government in Cambodia
• North Vietnamese troops moved in the defense-less country
• April 27-Nixon ordered combined American and South Vietnam troops to remove the Vietcong in Cambodia
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Kent State Massacre
• Kent, Ohio• May 4th, meant to
be a protest rally• Police arrive to
disperse them but students retaliate by throwing rocks
• 4 Students killed by the National Guard
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The TruthThe Truth• Tet offensive demonstrated that in 3
years of war, the Vietcong was still a military power
• Also demonstrated that the Vietnamese people had turned against their government
• Thousands of peasants must have known about the moves of the Vietcong forces yet the government knew nothing
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End of VietnamEnd of Vietnam
• Kissinger and North Vietnamese finally come to terms:
• U.S. agreed to permit the North Vietnam army to remain in South Vietnam after cease-fire
• Nixon calls is “peace with honor”
• Help Nixon get re-elected
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1972 Election
• Democratic nominee: George McGovern
• Nixon wins by a landslide
• Electoral vote:
520 to 17
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More Trouble in Vietnam• December-Nixon unleashes new B-
52 attacks on the North because of haggling over details at peace talk
• Bombing causes world outcry but it works
• Final cease-fire was signed on Jan. 27, 1973
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The Real EndThe Real End• Neither side obey peace settlement
• Nixon orders air raids over Cambodia
• August 15, 1973-Congress passed resolution for ceasing all American military activity in S.E. Asia
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Aftermath for Veterans
•Average age around 19
•Did not fit clearly identified soldiers
•They were not coming back from a victorious war
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Vietnam Falls• Spring 1975-
Communist mounted a massive attack
• April 30 communist forces force Saigon South Vietnam to surrender
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