I. The Nature of Science (pp. 11-21) Science is the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of

natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process. Science only answers questions that are testable by a process called scientific

inquiry- the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world.

I. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONSThere are a variety of ways to conduct a laboratory investigation depending on the desired outcome.

A. Comparative-i. A comparison of 2 or more things

B. Descriptive-i. Observational lab; includes two types of data

a. Quantitative: involve numbers, measurements, quantitiesb. Qualitative: descriptions information is obtained

C. Experimental-i. Designed experiment that follows the scientific methodii. Clearly defined control and test group

II. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (pp. 15-19) misleading because it is process not reserved for biologist and other scientists also is it not a methodical set of steps to be followed in a specific order it is an organized pattern of thinking to solve everyday problems it is problem-solving technique that involves:

A. The Experiment:I. Control Group: is a setup used for comparison

II. Experimental Group: the group exposed to the factor being tested

In your own words, What is science?

A. When would you use this type of investigation?

B. When would you use this type of investigation?

Give an example of quantitative:

Give an example of qualitative:

C. When would you use this type of investigation?

What is a Hypothesis?

In an experiment you have a control group. In your own words describe what a Control group is?

In an experiment you have an Experimental Group. In your own words describe what an experimental group is.

Summary:

Give an example of an experiment

Control Group

A. Variable- factor changed by the experimenter. Only one factor should be changed at a time.

1. Independent (Manipulated) Variable-The factor used to test the hypothesis; it might affect the outcome of the experiment.

2. Dependent (Responding )Variable: it results from or depends on changes to the independent variable.

3. Constant: Factors that remains fixed during an experiment while the independent and dependent variables changes.

B. Collecting Data- Information gained from observationsI. Qualitative- data that are descriptions of what our senses detect

II. Quantitative- data collected as numbers Graphs used as visual representation of result

1. Circle Graph- used to show relationship of a part to a whole

2. Bar graph- Used when independent variable isn’t continuous

3. Line graph- Used when independent variable is continuousa. Manipulated variable is

plotted on the X axisb. Responding variable is

plotted on the Y axis

C. Data AnalysisI. After collecting data, analyze the data and form conclusions based on

the following questionsA. Do the results support or refute the hypothesis?B. Is more data needed?C. Are different procedures needed?D. Is the experimental set-up valid?

Give an example of an experiment

Control Group

What does it mean do the results support or refute the Hypothesis?

If the results support the Hypothesis, what do you do next?

1. Was there a large enough sample size?2. Were the sources of errors minimized?3. Was there only one variable tested?

E. Is the experiment repeatable?

D. ConclusionI. Scientists report their findings and conclusions in scientific journals.

E. Scientific TheoryI. An explanation of natural or physical phenomenon supported by many

observations and experiments over time.II. Tested by multiple independent researchers.III. Complex explanations and have been supported by years of scientific

researchIV. They are considered valid until new areas of study are developed

or until new technologies are developed and new evidence is found.

F. Scientific LawI. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature.

Ex: Law of conservation of matter- before and after a chemical change the same amount of matter exists. The law does not explain why, it describes the relationship between matter before and after the change

II. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature, but DOES NOT explain them

III. Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories

G. Scientific Theory vs. HypothesisI. When a hypothesis is tested many times and the explanation is durable,

the hypothesis can be incorporated into a theory.II. A Scientific Theory is a well-established and highly reliable explanation

II. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (pp.4-10)A. What is Biology?

Biology means the study of life. Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world. B. Characteristics of Life- all living things share the following characteristics:

1. Living things are made of Cells. a. A cell is the smallest working unit of life.b. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells:

* Unicellular – single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas

Bio = ology =For Each Characteristic draw a picture or write a summary, in your own words, to represent it.

So, what makes something living?

Uni = Multi =

__________ ___________

___________

What does it mean do the results support or refute the Hypothesis?

If the results support the Hypothesis, what do you do next?

* Multicellular – organisms made up of more than one cell; ex. Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants

2. Living things Displays Organizationa. A cell is a collection of organized structures that carries on life functionsb. All living structures are composed of atoms and molecules.c. In multicellular organisms

i. Specialized cells are organized into groups that work together called tissues.

ii. Tissues are organized into organs, iii. Organ systems work together to support an organism

3. Living things Grow & Developa. Growth- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism

simple increase in sizeb. Development- describes physical changes that take place during the lifetime

of an organism

4. Living things Reproducea. Not essential for individual organisms, but essential for the speciesb. Species- group of organisms that can breed with one another and produce

fertile offspringc. Two ways:

i. Asexual- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in halfNO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

ii. sexual- two cells ( egg & sperm) from different parents unit to form an embryoThere IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

5. Living things Respond to Stimulia. External stimulus- includes all things that are OUTSIDE the organism. Ex:

temperature, lightb. Internal stimulus- all things that are INSIDE the organism. Ex: hunger, thirst

6. Living things Require Energya. two main ways to obtain energy

i. Photosynthesis- energy from the sun. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this process

ii. Consumer- energy from the food they eat. Us, other animals & fungib. All organisms use energy for metabolism- chemical reactions which builds up

or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.

7. Living things Maintain Homeostasisa. process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

8. Adaptations Evolve over timea. Adaptations are inherited changes that occur over time that help the species

survive and pass their genes to their offspring.

III. Biochemistry (pp. 148-157)A. Hierarchy of Life-

1. Atom - Smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties2. Molecule - Groups of atoms bonded together3. Cell - Smallest working unit of life4. Organism - Individual living thing; depending on the complexity, an

organism may be composed ofa.Tissue - groups of cells working togetherb.Organ – groups of tissues working togetherc.Organ system - groups of organs working together

5. Population - Group of organisms of one species in one area6. Community - Different populations that live together in a specific area7. Ecosystem - A community and its non-living components

Bio = ology =For Each Characteristic draw a picture or write a summary, in your own words, to represent it.

So, what makes something living?

Uni = Multi =

__________ ___________

___________

Write an acronym for the hierarchy of life:

8. Biosphere – Earth

B. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFEOrganisms are composed of matter, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of elements, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of atom.

I. Atoms- made up of the following1. Nucleus

a)Center of an atomb)Protons have a positive chargec)neutrons are neutral

2. Electron cloud/orbitala)space surrounding nucleusb)electrons in constant motion in this spacec)electrons have a negative charge; therefore attracted to the +

charged nucleus3. Charge of Atoms- Have equal # of protons & electron so they are

neutral

II. Elements1. 92 naturally occurring elements2. 25 essential to life3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen4. atomic # = # of protons that element contains.

III. Compounds1. elements combined in fixed ratios of atoms form compounds2. held together by chemical bonds3. Chemical formula

a)shorthand to show elements in a compound4. Chemical Equation

a)recipe for making a compoundb)Reactants- what goes into the reactionc)Products- substance that is formed

IV.Chemical Bonds (pp. 152-153)1. involves the valence electrons, what would be the outermost

electrons2. Ionic Bonds

a)one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

b)results in 2 oppositely charged particles called IONS an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge an atom that losses electrons has a positive charge

c)attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds

3. Covalent Bondsa)electrons are being sharedb)results in very stable compounds called MOLECULES

Write an acronym for the hierarchy of life:

Describe an ionic bond in your own words:

Ex: NaCl or table salt Draw a picture and indicate which one is positive (+) and which is negative (-)

Describe an ionic bond in your own words:

Ex: NaCl or table salt Draw a picture and indicate which one is positive (+) and which is negative (-)

I. Water & Solutions (161-165)Water is the most essential and abundant substance on Earth. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are surrounded by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one very important property of water . . . Water is polar.

A. Polarity- label the picture to the left1. unequal sharing of electrons in molecules formed with covalent

bonds2. How this works:

a. oxygen has 8 protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has 1 proton in their nucleus

b. 10 shared electrons will be more attracted to the more positively charged oxygen nucleus; thus orbiting around the oxygen end of the molecule just about all the time

c. The oxygen end will have a slightly negative charged. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly positive chargee. Not true charges because the electrons are not

transferred; just shared unequally

B. Hydrogen “Bonds”1. not a true bond- does not form a new compound2. attraction between two polar molecules; like water3. attraction between slightly positively charged hydrogen end of one

polar molecule and the slightly negatively charged end of another polar molecule

4. in water : forms between positively charged H end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule

5. Label & Fill in the H bond on the picture to the left

C. Properties of Water Polarity give water unique properties important in maintaining homeostasis in organisms

1. Cohesion or Surface tensiona. Attraction between molecules of the same substance; water

molecules stick together

2. Adhesion or Capillary actiona. attraction between molecules of different substances; water

sticks to other surfaces

3. Universal Solventa. slightly charged ends of water attract and separate atoms of

other compounds; dissolving themb. anything dissolved in water is called a solutionc. many important substances in cells are in solution

4. High heat of vaporizationa. takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate a small amount of

water

In your own words, describe Polar:

Draw a water molecule & label the protons, neutrons, electrons & the charges

In your own words, explain how the water molecule “shares” its electrons, and has its unequal charge.

How are Hydrogen bonds different than Ionic & Covalent?

1. benefits/examples of Cohesion or Surface Tension?

Water sticking to _________

2. Examples of Adhesion or Capillary action?

Water sticking to ________

3. In your own words, what is a solution? Give an example:

4. Benefits to High Heat of Vaporization?

Side note: what would the benefit be for it to take a lot of energy to freeze water?

5. High specific heata. water absorbs heat energy without its temperature rising much

6. Expansion on Freezinga. ice less dense than water; ice floats

In your own words, describe Polar:

Draw a water molecule & label the protons, neutrons, electrons & the charges

In your own words, explain how the water molecule “shares” its electrons, and has its unequal charge.

How are Hydrogen bonds different than Ionic & Covalent?

1. benefits/examples of Cohesion or Surface Tension?

Water sticking to _________

2. Examples of Adhesion or Capillary action?

Water sticking to ________

3. In your own words, what is a solution? Give an example:

4. Benefits to High Heat of Vaporization?

Side note: what would the benefit be for it to take a lot of energy to freeze water?