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Concepts and Challenges in Earth Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM(c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved.

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CHAPTER 3 Rocks and Their Origins 1

3-1 What are rocks?Lesson Review 2

3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?Lesson Review 3

Comparing Batholiths and StocksEnrichment Activity for Lessons 3-1 and 3-2 4

3-3 How are igneous rocks classified?Lesson Review 5

3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?Lesson Review 6

3-5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?Lesson Review 7

3-6 How are metamorphic rocks formed?Lesson Review 8

3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?Lesson Review 9

Rocks and Their UsesEnrichment Activity for Lessons 3-3, 3-5, and 3-7 10

3-8 What is the rock cycle?Lesson Review 11

THE BIG IDEA Integrating Physical Science: What drives the rock cycle?Lesson Review 12

Chapter 3 Key Term Review 13

Chapter 3 Test 14

Chapter 3 Answer Key 17

Name Class Date


3-1 What are rocks?Lesson ReviewMatch each term in Column B with its description in Column A. Write the correct letter in the space provided.

Column A 1. rock formed from melted minerals

2. grouping of things that are alike

3. scientist who studies rocks and minerals

4. rock formed when another rock is changed by heat and pressure

5. rock formed from the remains of living things

6. substances that make up rocks

Column B

a. metamorphic

b. petrologist

c. minerals

d. igneous

e. classification

f. sedimentary

Skill ChallengeSkills: applying concepts, classifyingDecide whether each rock described in the table is igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Place a check mark in the correct column.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKSRock Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

1. Shell limestone—made up of pieces of shells that are cemented together

2. Marble—formed when limestone is put under heat and pressure

3. Granite—formed when the melted minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica cool and harden

4. Shale—formed when particles of mud and clay are pressed and cemented together

5. Slate—formed when shale is put under great pressure

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3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?Lesson ReviewWrite the term that best completes each statement.

1. The temperature of Earth becomes as you go deeper into Earth.

2. The is the layer of Earth below the crust.

3. Melted minerals are called rock.

4. When molten rock cools, rocks form.

5. Molten rock below Earth’s surface is called .

6. Molten rock can reach Earth’s surface through in Earth’s crust.

7. Magma that pours into Earth’s surface is called .

8. Lava that cools and hardens becomes rock.

Skill ChallengeSkills: interpreting, identifying, applying definitionsUse the labels on the diagram below to identify each structure described. Write your answer in the space with the same number as each description.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.

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Comparing Batholiths and StocksEnrichment Activity for Lessons 3-1 and 3-2Skills: building vocabulary, graphing

Magma may cool and harden deep within Earth’s crust to form masses of igneous rock called plutons. There are several different types of plutons. Two of these are batholiths and stocks. A batholith is the largest type of pluton, with a surface area larger than 100 km2. A stock is a pluton with a surface area less than 100 km2.

PART A In the spaces provided, define the terms batholith and stock.

1. batholith:

2. stock:

PART B Use the graph grid below to compare the size of a batholith and a stock. One of these igneous rock formations is 15 km wide and 20 km long. The other formation is 15 km wide and 3 km long. Each square on the graph grid equals 1 km2. Color in the grid to show each igneous rock formation. Label each formation.

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6.3 How are igneous rocks classified?Lesson ReviewPART A Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. Igneous rocks can often be identified by their minerals. 2. Texture refers to the shape of the crystals in an igneous

rock. 3. Granite has small mineral crystals. 4. Large crystals form in igneous rocks that take a long

time to cool. 5. Most igneous rocks that form from magma have small mineral crystals. 6. An igneous rock with a coarse texture has very small mineral crystals. 7. Igneous rocks with no mineral crystals were formed from lava that cooled very quickly.

8. An example of an igneous rock with no mineral crystals is basalt.

Skill ChallengeSkills: inferring, identifying, classifyingUse the information in the table below to fill in the blank spaces in the table.

CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS ROCKSRock Formed from Cooling rate Crystal size Texture

Felsite lava 1. smal

l 2.

Gabbro 3. slow 4. coars

eBasalt 5. fas

t 6. fine

Pumice lava 7. no crystals 8.

Obsidian 9. very fast 10. glassy

Granite magma 11. large 12.

_________ 4. Sediments in water often become solid ro

k whena. air is added to the sediments. b. minerals cement the sediments

together.c. sand cements the sediments d. more sediments are added to the

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3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?Lesson ReviewWrite the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement in the spaces provided.

_________ 1. Each of the following could be a sediment, excepta. gravel. b. sand. c. water. d. seashells.

_________ 2. Most sedimentary rocks are formed ina. volcanoes. b. the mantle. c. mountains. d. water.

_________ 3. One way that sediments become solid rock is whena. they are mixed with other sediments. b. water mixes with the sediments.c. sand is mixed with the sediments. d. water and air are squeezed from

between sediment layers.

c

sediments._________ 5. Seashells become sedimentary rock when they are cemented together by

a. calcium carbonate. b. sand. c. limestone. d. water.

Skill ChallengeSkills: interpreting diagrams, sequencingMatch each diagram with its caption by writing the letter of the correct caption in the space beside each diagram. Then, in the space provided, write the correct order of the diagrams.

Figure 1

Caption _____________

Figure 2

Caption _____________

Figure 3

Caption _____________

Figure 4

Caption _____________

Captions

a. More layers of sediment form.

b. Older sediment becomes rock under the weight of the upper layers, which squeeze out water and air.

c. The sediment settles to the ocean bottom.

d. Sediment is added to ocean water.

5. The correct order of the diagrams is:

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_______________________________________________________

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3-5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?Lesson ReviewCircle the term in each group that does not belong.1. conglomerate clastic sandstone animals

2. clay pebbles conglomerate gravel

3. conglomerate halite shale sandstone

4. silt clay shale calcite

5. nonclastic organic rocks chemical rocks sandstone

6. coal conglomerate coquina chalk

7. rock salt shale limestone chemical rocks

8. coal plants clastic organic rock

9. chalk halite shells coquina

10. chemical rocks organic rocks clastic rocks nonclastic rocks

Skill ChallengeSkills: classifying, identifyingFor each sedimentary rock in the table, decide whether it is a clastic or a nonclastic. Place a check mark in the correct column. In the last column of the table, write the word sediment, living things, or chemical to identify how the rock formed.

CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY ROCKSRock Clastic Nonclastic Forms from

1. Coal

2. Sandstone

3. Rock salt

4. Shale

5. Coquina

6. Chalk

7. Conglomerate

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3-6 How are metamorphic rocks formed?Lesson ReviewWrite the term that best completes each statement in the space provided.

1. When an existing rock is changed by great heat and pressure, a rock is formed.

2. The minerals in rocks undergo a change when the rocks are heated.

3. When temperatures inside Earth rise above 800ºC, minerals melt into .

4. Pressure is a that pushes against an object.

5. Magma can move between layers of rock.

6. One type of metamorphic rock can be changed into another form of metamorphic rock when heat,

pressure, or magma changes the that make up the rock.

Skill ChallengeSkills: analyzing, applying conceptsUse the diagram to answer the questions.1. Could the temperature alone in Layer A

change the rocks here into metamorphic rocks?Explain.

2. What could cause a rock in Layer C to changeinto a metamorphic rock?

3. What kind of rock would be formed by the magma in Layer C?

4. What happens to a mineral that falls belowLayer D?

5. What three factors shown in the diagram can cause metamorphic rocks to form?

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3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?Lesson ReviewPART A Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined term to make the statement true.

1. Metamorphic rocks are classified according to their shapes.

2. A foliated metamorphic rock has mineral crystals arranged in bands.

3. The texture of a metamorphic rock refers to the arrangement of its mineral crystals.

4. Foliated metamorphic rocks usually break along their outer edge s .

5. Marble contains large mineral crystals of quartz.

PART B Classify each rock listed as foliated or nonfoliated. Write your answer in the space provided.

1. quartzite 4. marble

2. gneiss 5. schist

3. slateSkill ChallengeSkills: identifying, researchingComplete the table below. Use reference material if necessary.

COMMON METAMORPHIC ROCKSOriginal Rocks Metamorphic Rock Uses

Shale and granite 1. buildings, monuments

Limestone 2. 3.

Shale, granite, and basalt 4. 5.

Sandstone 6. 7.

Shale 8. 9.

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Rocks and Their UsesEnrichment Activity for Lesson 3-3, 3-5, and 3-7Skills: classifying, researching, organizingComplete the table. For Class, use the terms sedimentary, igneous, ormetamorphic. You may use reference materials to help you.

ROCKS AND THEIR USESRock Class Description Uses

1. Sandstone

2. Slate

3. Anthracite coal

4. Marble

5. Basalt

6. Pumice

7. Gneiss

8. Granite

9. Limestone

10. Bituminous coal

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3-8 What is the rock cycle?Lesson ReviewUse the Key Terms to label the diagram of the rock cycle. You will use some terms more than once.

magma igneous rock cooling and hardening heat and pressure

melting sedimentary rock weathering and erosion pressure and cementing

sediment metamorphic rock

Skill ChallengeSkills: modeling, classifying, applying conceptsOn the back of this worksheet, draw a rock cycle that shows the formation of quartzite. Use the labels sand, granite, sandstone, and quartzite in your diagram. Identify each substance as an igneous rock, a sedimentary rock, a metamorphic rock, or a sediment. Be sure to include the processes that change one kind of rock to another.

Name Class Date


THE Big IDEA Integrating Physical Science

Chapter 3 What drives the rock cycle?Lesson ReviewRefer to the diagram of the rock cycle on page 80 in your text to answer the following questions.

1. What causes metamorphic rock to become sedimentary rock?

2. What causes igneous rock to become metamorphic rock?

3. What causes magma to become igneous rock?

4. What causes sedimentary rock to become magma?

Skill ChallengeSkills: inferring, analyzingRefer to the text, call outs, and diagram on pages 84 and 85 of your text to answer the following questions.1. Are the forces that drive the rock cycle beneath Earth’s surface the same as the forces that drive the

rock cycle on or near Earth’s surface? Explain.

2. Does the water cycle have any effect on the rock cycle? Explain.

Science Log Writing ActivityComplete the Science Log on a separate sheet of paper. To complete the Big Idea Online, go to www.conceptsandchallenges.co m . Follow the online instructions.

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Chapter 3 Key Term ReviewUse the clues to complete the crossword puzzle below. You will write letters in the shaded boxes.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8

9 10 11

12

13

14

15

CluesAcross

Down

1. “Changed rock” (2 words)

4. Sedimentary rock made up of fragments of rocks

6. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface

10. Molten rock inside Earth12. Group of sedimentary rock made

up of dissolved minerals or the remains of living things

13. Crystal size

14. Series of events that happen over and over again

15. Rock that forms from pieces of other rocks that are pressed together (2 words)

Building Science Vocabulary

1. Melted minerals (2 words)

2. Mixture of minerals, generally cemented together

3. Metamorphic rock with mineral crystals arranged in bands

5. Rock particles carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice

7. Metamorphic rock that does not have mineral crystals arranged in bands

8. Rock formed by the crystallization of hot melted rocks or minerals (2 words)

9. Large body of igneous rock that can form different shapes when magma cools inside Earth’s crust

11. Series of natural processes by which rocks slowly change from one kind to another(2 words)

Write the letters from the shaded boxes in the spaces below. Then, use the clue to unscramble the letters and identify a term related to this unit.

CLUE: Scientist who studies rocks or minerals.

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ANSWER:

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Chapter 3 TestInterpreting Diagrams Use the diagram to answer the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. What is shown in the diagram?

2. What are the names of the three classes of rocks?

3. What two processes change rocks into sediments?

4. What two things can change sedimentary and igneous rocks into metamorphic rocks?

5. What is the only kind of rock that can form directly from magma?

6. What happens when the minerals in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks melt?

7. What two processes cause sediments to form sedimentary rocks?

8. What kind of rock always results from the application of heat and pressure on rocks?

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Chapter 3 Test (continued)


Multiple Choice Write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement.

1. All rocks are made up ofa. lava. b. sediments. c. magma. d. minerals.

2. The grouping of things that are alike is the science ofa. petrology. b. classification. c. geology. d. biology.

3. Rocks formed when melted minerals cool and harden are classified asa. molten rocks. b. sedimentary rocks. c. igneous rocks. d. lava rocks.

4. Magma that reaches Earth’s surface is calleda. lava. b. molten. c. igneous. d. conglomerate.

5. Molten rock is made up ofa. melted minerals. b. lava. c. obsidian. d. melted iron and nickel.

6. The mineral crystals of a rock formed from magma usually area. small. b. large. c. fine. d. cubic.

7. Rocks formed from the remains of living things are classified asa. metamorphic. b. igneous. c. sedimentary. d. lava.

8. Limestone and halite are examples ofa. clastics. b. nonclastics. c. foliated rocks. d. unfoliated rocks.

9. A rock formed when another rock is changed by heat and pressure is classified as

a. a metamorphic rock. b. an igneous rock. c. a sediment. d. a clastic.

10. The series of natural processes by which rocks are slowly changed from one kind to another isa. sedimentation. b. the rock cycle. c. classification. d. petrology.

11. A metamorphic rock that has mineral crystals arranged in bands isa. unfoliated. b. foliated. c. a clastic. d. a nonclastic.

12. The texture of an igneous rock that does not have mineral crystals isa. fine. b. clastic. c. glassy. d. foliated.

13. Quartzite is formed froma. halite. b. sandstone. c. shale. d. pyrite.

14. Coal is a sedimentary rock formed froma. plants. b. lava. c. chemicals. d. magma.

15. Two minerals commonly found in igneous rocks are mica and

a. halite. b. feldspar. c. pyrite. d. silver.

Name Class Date

Chapter 3 Test (continued)


Written Response Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

16. ANALYZE: Could a pluton be formed from lava? Explain your answer.

17. EXPLAIN: In the rock cycle, why do all classes of rock eventually lead to sedimentary rock?

Answer Key


CHAPTER 3: ROCKS AND THEIR ORIGINS3-1 What are rocks?Lesson Review1. d 2. e 3. b 4. a 5. f 6. cSkill Challenge1. Sedimentary 2. Metamorphic 3. Igneous4. Sedimentary 5. Metamorphic

3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?Lesson Review1. hotter 2. mantle 3. molten 4. igneous5. magma 6. cracked 7. lava 8. igneousSkill Challenge1. lava 2. crust 3. mantle 4. magma 5. igneous rock 6. pluton

3-2 How are igneous rocks formed?Enrichment Activity: Comparing Batholiths andStocksPART A1. the largest type of pluton with a surface area larger than 100 km2 2. a pluton with a surface area less than 100 km2

PART BCheck students’ drawings for accuracy. The larger of the two colored areas should be labeled as the batholith.

3-3 How are igneous rocks classified?Lesson ReviewPART A1. true 2. size 3. large 4. true 5. lava 6. fine7. true 8. obsidianPART B1. quartz 2. feldspar 3. mica 4. olivine5. amphibole 6. pyroxeneSkill Challenge1. fast 2. fine 3. magma 4. large 5. lava 6. small7. fast 8. glassy 9. lava 10. no crystals 11. slow12. coarse

3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?Lesson Review1. c 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. a3-4 How are sedimentary rocks formed?

(continued)Skill ChallengeFigure 1: a Figure 2: c Figure 3: d

Figure 4: b

Answer Key


5. 3, 2, 1, 4

3-5 How are sedimentary rocks classified?

Lesson Review1. animals 2. clay 3. halite 4. calcite 5. sandstone6. conglomerate 7. shale 8. clastic 9. halite10. clastic rocksSkill Challenge1. Nonclastic; living things 2. Clastic; sediment3. Nonclastic; chemical 4. Clastic; sediment5. Nonclastic; living things 6. Nonclastic; living things 7. Clastic; sediment

3-6 How are metamorphic rocks formed?

Lesson Review1. metamorphic 2. chemical 3. magma4. sedimentary 5. mineralsSkill Challenge1. No, the temperature is not hot enough to change the minerals inside the rocks. 2. heat, pressure, or magma 3. igneous 4. It melts into magma. 5. heat, pressure, and magma

3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?

Lesson ReviewPART A1. textures 2. true 3. true 4. mineral crystal bands5. calcitePART B1. nonfoliated 2. foliated 3. foliated 4. nonfoliated5. foliatedSkill Challenge1. gneiss 2. marble 3. Possible answers: buildings, monuments, furniture and sculptures 4. schist5. Possible answers: monuments, asphalt, and countertops 6. quartzite 7. Possible answers: highways, dams, snow and ice control, and railroad ballast 8. slate or schist 9. Possible answers: chalkboards, roofing cement, asphalt compounds, bricks, and countertops

Answer Key


3-7 How are metamorphic rocks classified?

Enrichment Activity: Rocks and Their Uses1. sedimentary; grains of quartz or other minerals stuck together with silica, lime, or iron oxide; building, stone 2. metamorphic; mud and shale hardened and changed; roofs, monuments3. metamorphic; hard, shiny, made from bituminous coal; fuel, steel production 4. metamorphic; white, some colors, made from heated limestone; buildings, monuments 5. igneous; dark colored, fine grained; railway beds, asphalt 6. igneous; light gray, many holes, light in weight; soaps, stucco7. metamorphic; coarse grained with quartz,feldspar, and mica present; monuments, buildings8. igneous; light colored, gray to pink, large crystals;road construction, buildings 9. sedimentary;usually white, made from lime, calcite, or shell; lime, plaster, cement buildings 10. sedimentary; high carbon content, dark colored; fuel, steel production

3-8 What is the rock cycle?Lesson ReviewCheck students’ labeling for accuracy. All labels will be used once except melting, which appears three times, heat and pressure, which appears twice, and weathering and erosion, which appears twice.Skill ChallengeCheck students’ drawings for accuracy. Correct classification of rocks: igneous rock—granite; sediment—sand; sedimentary rock—sandstone; metamorphic rock—quartzite

The Big IdeaLesson Review1. weathering and erosion, followed by compacting and cementing 2. heat and pressure 3. cooling and hardening or loss of heat energy 4. melting or gain of heat energySkill Challenge1. Yes. All cycles that change rocks, whether beneath or on Earth’s surface, rely on specific forces, including gravity and heat energy. Without such forces, the rock cycle would not occur. 2. Yes. The water cycle includes precipitation, which falls on Earth’s surface. This moving water helps to break down rocks on Earth’s surface through weathering and erosion.

CHAPTER 3: ROCKS AND THEIR ORIGINSKey Term ReviewAcross1. metamorphic rock 4. clastic 6. lava 10. magma12. nonclastic 13. texture 14. cycle15. sedimentary rockDown1. molten rock 2. rock 3. foliated 5. sediment7. nonfoliated 8. igneous rock 9. pluton 11. rock cycleBuilding Science Vocabularypetrologist

CHAPTER 3: ROCKS AND THEIR ORIGINSChapter TestInterpreting Diagrams1. the rock cycle 2. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic 3. weathering and erosion 4. heat and pressure 5. igneous rock 6. Magma forms.7. pressure and cementing 8. metamorphic rockMultiple Choice1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. b11. b 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. bWritten Response16. A pluton could not be formed from lava because plutons form inside Earth’s crust from magma or from melted rock below Earth’s surface. Lava is melted rock that reaches Earth’s surface.17. When any class of rock is exposed on Earth’s surface, it is turned to sediment by weathering and erosion. Sediment, in turn, eventually turns into sedimentary rock.

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