RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND

ADDRESS

Ms. JINEESHA VAMACHAN

GOLDFINCH COLLEGE OF NURSING

NO: 150/24, KODIGEHALLI MAIN ROAD

MARUTHINAGAR

BANGALORE-560092

2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION GOLDFINCH COLLEGE OF NURSING

MARUTHINAGAR

BANGALORE-560092

3 COURSE OF STUDY AND

SUBJECT

M.SC NURSING

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

4 DATE OF ADMISSION TO

COURSE

30.06.2011

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BLOOD DONATION AMONG

NURSING STUDENTS STUDYING AT SELECTED INSTITUTION IN

BANGALORE”

1

6.0 BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“Where there is a will there is a way”

-Proverb

Blood is something we all expect to be there for us when we need it, yet only 4%

of us give blood. Many people would not be alive today if it was the generosity of our

donors. In changing times, if human society is determined can move forward with a

great cause to donate blood to protect many ill health persons. A great development is

that our society is altering and trying to show some sympathy among those who are in

need of blood. Donation of blood can be termed heroic as it would serve the purpose of

protecting an ailing person, a fellow being or an accident victim or those who want to

survive.1

It will not only reduce the number of persons from dying due to lack of blood but

refill the joy among the family members of victims. Also this act would help blood

banks to control the declining stocks. And it is the right time to feel responsible and

have some concern over the growing number of deaths caused mainly due to lack of

blood in the blood banks. Truly the donors may feel it great when they find gratitude in

the form of tears among the family members of the victims. This is like helping a family

lead the same normal lives. Always remember that one unit of blood would save three

lives. 1

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used

for transfusions or made into medications by a process called fractionation.1

2

According to WHO, an estimated 38%of reported voluntary blood donations are

contributed by people underage of 25.WHO also insists countries to focus on young

people to achieve 100% voluntary unpaid donation. (2, 3, 4)

It is well known fact that in developing countries more than 50% of blood

donations are made by paid and voluntary donors. Ignorance, fear and misconcepts

about blood donations and lack of voluntary blood donation organizations are major

constraints in many developing countries to facilitate voluntary blood donation. (5, 6)

In line with the 2009 Melbourne Declaration, which calls on countries to achieve

100% voluntary unpaid blood donation by year 2020, World Blood Donor Day 14th June

2011 aims to increase blood donation by:

Creating wider awareness of the vital role of blood transfusion in saving lives and

improving the health of millions of people each year.

Motivating more individuals to become regular voluntary unpaid blood donors to ensure

sufficient stocks of blood to meet national requirements, even in emergency situations.

Recognizing regular voluntary unpaid doctors as public health models; it is because

they lead an healthy life styles and are regularly screened that they are able to donate

blood regularly.(7, 8)

Considering the estimated shortfall of 3-4 million units of blood annually in India,

more awareness must be created among all strata of population especially among

youngsters on importance of blood donation.8

Blood can save millions of life, and young people are the hope and future of a

safe blood supply in the world. National blood donation policy of India high lights on

3

the needs of supplying safe and quality blood to the needy through collecting blood

from regular voluntary donors. Even though, Indian law had forbidden collection of

blood of blood from paid donors.8

However the same scenario prevails in many developing countries, majority of

voluntary donors are replacement donors who donate blood for their friends, relatives

and other alternative is paid donors which have a significant risk of transfusion

transmitted infections. 10

Nursing institutions across India house lacks of potential blood donors in the

form of young and healthy students, which can meet the safe blood requirements of our

country. Role of health care institutions and its students in voluntary blood donation are

pivotal .They should lead from the front to donate blood voluntarily and take all

necessary steps to create more awareness program on blood donations among entire

student community. (11, 12)

4

6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

The need for safe and secure supplies of blood and blood products is universal.

Worldwide, at least 90 million units of blood are donated each year to save lives and to

improve health. However, demand for blood for transfusion continues to increase and

many countries cannot meet existing needs.11

In many regions this means inadequate supplies to replace blood lost in child

birth and to treat anemia that threatens the lives of children who have malaria or are

undernourished. Everywhere blood and blood products are needed for routine and

emergency surgery, including life saving treatment for growing number of people in

road traffic accidents, and for treating congenital blood disorders.12

Today 62 countries have blood transfusion services based entirely on voluntary

blood donation, up from 39 in 2002. 65% of all blood donations are made in developed

countries.In73 countries, donation rate is still less than 1%of the population.13

In 2007, 162 countries provided data to WHO on 85.4 million3 donations. The

data comes from countries that account for a total 5.2 billion people, representing 92%

of the global population. The report covers 7997 blood centers which collected an

average 9000 donations per centre. In developed countries, average annual collection

per blood centre was 13600, in transitional countries 2800.6

India’s blood requirement is about 9-9.5 million units per year. Blood banks in

India are able to collect only 5-5.5 million units per year. The shortage of blood is 40%.

WHO recommends developing strategies for 100% voluntary blood donation and states

in India achieved more than 80% by voluntary blood donation. More than 38,000 blood

5

donations are needed every day. A total of 30 million blood components are transfused

each year .It is believed that if 2% of India’s population donates blood once a year, the

blood requirements of the country can be easily met. 10

In Karnataka every year there is a blood shortage by 4 lakh units. The city alone

needs 2500 units every day. For the last 5 years the shortage of blood in blood banks is

highlighted.9

Escalating demand for safe blood and its availability in our country can only

assured through enhancing voluntary blood donation. Role of youngsters in voluntary

blood donation is crucial to meet the demand for safe blood and moreover youngsters

have a better understanding on healthcare requirements of our country should come in

forefront. Therefore understanding the various factors contributing to knowledge and

attitude of voluntary blood donation among nursing students is important. (14, 15)

6

6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature is an essential aspect of research. One of the major

functions of review of literature is to ascertain what is already known in relation to the

problem of interest and will help in developing a broad conceptual framework into

which a research problem will fit. 29

Literature is presented under the following headings

1. Literature related to knowledge of blood donation

2. Literature related to attitude and beliefs of blood donation

3. Literature related to motivational aspects and practice of blood donation

SECTION-A: LITERATURE RELATED TO KNOWLEDGE OF BLOOD

DONATION

A structural equations methodology was conducted in the University Of Central

Florida, to assess the effects of donor knowledge and perceived risk on the intentions of

430 active and inactive donors to give blood. Result suggests that donor knowledge

increases the perceived of donating blood and that perceived risk decreases the

frequency that donors intend to give.17

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among the students of

University Of Dhaka, Bangladesh to assess their knowledge and attitudinal variables

towards voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation. Two hundred students were

selected to participate in the study and were interviewed face to face on various aspects

of blood donation using structured questionnaire. 82% of the participants showed a

7

positive attitude towards blood donation, however, only 60% of the respondents in the

study had actually ever donated voluntarily. Among the non-donor respondents,

physical harm and fear were found to be the main reasons for not donating blood. The

result also showed that a high number of respondents (93%) had a negative attitude

towards paid blood donation. They suggest that appropriate motivational campaign

should be launched immediately among the youth section of population to convert this

favorable attitude towards blood donation into a regular practice in order to increase the

voluntary blood donation.19

SECTION-B: LITERATURE RELATED TO ATTITUDE AND BELIEFS OF

BLOOD DONATION

An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of persuasive

communications on regular blood donation among university students, Portugal. Only a

post-test design and double-binded procedures were used, randomly picking 405

students experimental groups 1 and 2, placebo control and control only. The results

showed lack of yielding by the experimental groups; considerable percentage variance

in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable in the experimental and

placebo control groups; and satisfactory and significant correlations for variables in the

expanded theory. Absence of yielding for criterion variable was probably due to time

interval. The positive persuasive strategy accounted for the greatest variance in the

dependent variable .Moral obligations showed the greatest impact on participant’s intent

to perform the behavior.18

8

A study was carried out to assess the attitudes and beliefs about blood donation

among the population of Mwanza region Tanzania in order to target better the voluntary

blood donor recruitment and retention .A random sampling of 1141 adults, 743

residents of Mwanza town and 398 from Mwanza rural areas were interviewed on

aspects related to blood donation. A high proportion (26.4%) of interviewers had

already given blood but only 3.8% had donated voluntarily. They noted a positive

attitude towards voluntary blood donation although the majority of people would do so

only for an incentive in the form of remunerations. They suggest that donor recruitment

campaigns should focus on clearing wrong concepts about blood donations through

providing information on all aspects related to blood donation. Based on the findings, a

scheme for blood donor recruitment and retention proposed.20

A descriptive study was conducted in University Of West Indies, to assess the

attitude towards blood donation in Trinidad and Tobago to determine the factors that

influence blood donation in different demographic groups in a multi-ethnic, multi-

cultural community. The major (87%) of blood donations are replacement

donations.70% of the country’s transfusion needs are not met .An observer-

administered questionnaire was completed by 1423 respondents. A total of 1146

(81.2%) respondents had never donated blood. Of the 277 (18.8%) who had previously

donated, replacement for a family member or friend was the most common reason

(86.9%). The prevalence of donation was low in all races, religions, gender and

educational and age groups. However, there were significant demographic variables.

The majority (71.3%) of non-donors if cited a lack of information as major reasons for

9

non donation and expressed a willingness to donate if access to information and

donation facilities were improved.21

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Thailand to study the

attitude towards blood donation among the people in rural district. Data from self

administered questionnaires were collected and statistical analysis was performed. They

found that people in that area had a rather good attitude but was found in less than 50%

and the attitude of the subjects only significantly correlated with the level of education.

They concluded that improving the people’s attitude on blood donation is important.

They suggest that knowledge on blood donation should be repeatedly taught at any

educational level including the school system.22

SECTION-C: LITERATURE RELATED TO MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS AND

PRACTICE OF BLOOD DONATION

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 410 health science

students from different streams in a university campus of South India to understand

knowledge, attitude and practice about blood donation through a structured survey

questionnaire in the year 2009.The result revealed that the overall knowledge on blood

donation was good, but majority (62%) of students never donated blood. Knowledge

level was found highest among allied health sciences (53.1%) and lowest among

pharmacy students (20.7%). ‘Feeling of medically unfit’ and ‘never thought of blood

donation’ were the reasons for not donating blood. This study elicits the importance of

adopting effective measure in our campuses to motivate about voluntary blood donation

among students.16

10

A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and

behavior towards voluntary blood donation among students of tertiary institutions in

Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed in selecting the participants for

the study. A semi- structured self administered questionnaire was used to collect

information. Result shows that less than two-thirds (61%) of total respondents had good

knowledge of blood donations. More than (85%) of the respondents had never donated

blood. Of the 15% that had donated, only 3% donated voluntarily. Among those that

had ever donated, males (57%) were more than females. Many of the donors donated

for friends (57%).The majority of the respondents were compelled to donate because of

emergency situation (75%). The reasons why many did not donate were lack of

opportunity (45%) due to tight lecture schedule and inadequate knowledge (24%). They

suggested that the university authorities, the university health service centre and the

voluntary blood donation among the students.23

A sample survey was conducted among the population of Lome to assess the

knowledge, attitude and practices about blood donation.300 persons filled a

questionnaire. In the sample 183 (61%) were males. Their age ranged from 18 to 67

years with 2/3 of young people between 18 and 37 years, pupils were 24.33%, wage

earners 55% and the unemployed, 17.67%. More than half of the investigated persons

were married (54.67%) and 96.33% persons were literate. Nearly all people 96.33%

know about blood donation, 61% of the investigated where blood is donated. Only 95

people were donors. The reason for non donation were mainly related to the fear of

catching diseases (37.71%) especially HIV (9, 76%), the lack of information (25.37%),

11

the lack of information (25.37%), the religious beliefs (19.5%). 277 people (92.33%)

said that blood should be donated without remuneration.24

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the level knowledge, attitude

and practice regarding blood donation in the city of Yazd, Iran.1394 cases aged between

20 and 60 years were selected by cluster sampling method and asked to fill a specially

formatted questionnaire. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Sheffe test and t-

test. Less than half of the population under study was aware about the appropriate age

for blood donation and certain deferral criteria. Only 98% of them believed that blood

donation is a moral duty with a spiritual reward and 38% of the population understudy

(60% of men and 16% of women) had donated at least once in the past.25

A previously validated survey was administered to evaluate the knowledge and

attitudes of students, professors and other staff at the University Of Talca, Chile.

Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Among survey participants 487 only

14% had donated blood in the past, and most of the (43.3%) were professors or other

academics. Of the participants who were planning to donate blood in the future, students

were majority (88.1%). When the males in the group who were planning to donate were

compared to the females, the difference was not statistically significant (90.0% vs 84.2%

respectively of the deterrents to blood donation, 73.4% said the collection instruments

might not sterile. An informative and motivating campaign could successfully convert the

87.3% potential donors into actual volunteer blood donors.26

A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and

practices regarding voluntary blood donation among medical and paramedical personal in

AKCMH Muzaffarabad. 83 doctors and 83 paramedics were interviewed. A pretested

12

close ended questionnaire was designed according to the basic level awareness of

paramedics regarding voluntary blood donation. Maximum number of doctors was in the

age group ranging from 30 to 50 years while maximum paramedics were in the range of

30 to 40 years of age. Sixty three out of 83 doctors were blood donors where as 34 out of

83 paramedics were blood donors (41%). A 59.2 % of blood donations by doctors were

voluntary and the percentage for paramedics was 35.3 %. Among doctors, only 4.45 were

regular voluntary non-remunerated blood donors whereas no one was found among the

paramedics. 40% of the non-donor doctors and 63% of the non donor paramedics stated

the reason for non donation as “no one had ever asked them to do so”. This implies that

even the increased awareness on the subject does not result in actual act of donating

blood.27

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and

motivational towards blood donation among blood donors in Lagos. Subjects were

interviewed with questionnaires. It was found that a large member of them (92.9 %)

donated because of the benefits they obtain from the hospitals. Even though many of the

donors are educated (98.9 %) majority of who have university degrees (36.1 %) and have

heard blood donation before, 52.4 % of them believe that they can contact human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or hepatitis infection from blood donation. A good

number (47 %) are afraid of what they regard as side effects, such as weight loss (23.8

%), sexual failure (5.9 %), high blood pressure (5.2 %), sudden death (3.3 %) and

convulsion (1.47 %). It is recommended that an intensive blood donation campaign

should be maintained. This will allow people to be well informed, turning the positive

attitude of saving life through blood donation to a regular practice.28

13

6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on

knowledge regarding blood donation among nursing students studying at selected

institution in Bangalore.”

6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge of nursing students regarding knowledge of blood

donation.

2. To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding

knowledge of blood donation.

3. To assess the post-test knowledge of nursing students regarding knowledge of blood

donation.

4. To associate the post-test knowledge of nursing students regarding blood donation

with selected demographic variables.

6.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H 1 – There will be significant difference in the pre and post test knowledge of

nursing students regarding blood donation.

H 2 – There will be significant association between selected demographic

variables and knowledge of nursing students regarding blood donation.

6.6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Effectiveness:

It is an extent to which an action produces a desired outcome. In this study it

refers to the extent to which the structured teaching programme on blood donation is

effective in improving the knowledge of nursing students.

14

2. Structured teaching programme:

It refers to systematically well planned set of instructions which focuses on a

group designed to provide information regarding blood donation through lecture cum

discussion with use of AV aids as measured by knowledge questionnaire.

3. Knowledge:

It refers to level of awareness and understanding attained among nursing students

regarding blood donation, measured by knowledge questionnaire.

4. Blood donation:

Blood donation refers to the process of collecting, testing, preparing and storing

blood and blood components.

6.7. ASSUMPTIONS

1. Nursing students may have low knowledge regarding blood donation.

2. The structured teaching programme will help the student to update their

knowledge regarding blood donation.

6.8. DELIMITATIONS

1. The study is delimited with 100 nursing students from a selected nursing institute

at Bangalore.

2. The study is delimited to a period of 4 weeks.

3. Knowledge aspects are measured by structured questionnaire.

6.9. PROJECTED OUTCOME

The study will reveal the prevailing knowledge of nursing students regarding blood

donation and also it improves their knowledge through a structured teaching programme

regarding blood donation.

15

7.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1. SOURCE OF DATA

Data will be collected from nursing students in a selected college at Bangalore.

7.1.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND APPROACH

The research design selected for the study is quasi experimental and the approach adapted

is quantitative approach.

7.1.2 SETTING

The study will be conducted in a selected nursing college at Bangalore.

7.1.3 POPULATION

The study will be conducted among nursing students from a selected nursing college.

7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The investigator collects the data by using structured knowledge questionnaire.

7.2.1. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Stratified random sampling will be used by the researcher in the study.

7.2.2. VARIABLES UNDER STUDY

Independent variable - Structured Teaching Programme.

Dependent variable - Knowledge.

7.2.3. SAMPLE SIZE

100 nursing students will be taken for the study through stratified sampling technique.

7.2.4. DURATION OF STUDY

The data will be collected for a period of 4 weeks.

7.2.5. INCLUSIVE CRITERIA

16

1. Nursing students who are present at the time of data collection

2. Nursing students who are willing to participate in the study.

7.2.6. EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA

1. Nursing students who are not able to understand English.

2. Nursing students who are sick or on leave.

7.2.7. INSTRUMENTS NEED TO BE USED

Structured knowledge questionnaire will be used to assess the level of knowledge

regarding blood donation among nursing students.

7.2.8. LIMITATIONS

1. The study includes only 100 nursing students.

2. The study is limited to those nursing students who can understand English.

7.2.9 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data will be entered in a large data sheet or to the computer.

Mean, median and mode will be used to analyze the level of knowledge regarding

blood donation.

Paired t-test will be used to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme regarding blood donation.

Chi-square test will be used to analyze the association between post test score and

selected demographic variables.

7.3. DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION TO BE

CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMALS?

Yes, the study will be conducted among nursing students.

17

7.4. HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION INCASE 7.3.?

Yes. Ethical clearance will be obtained from concern authority and written

consent from participate for study. Anonymity and confidentiality of the subject will be

maintained.

18

7.5 ETHICAL COMMITTEE

Title of the topic A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching

programme on knowledge regarding blood donation among

nursing students studying at selected institution in

Bangalore.

Name of the candidate Ms. JineeshaVamachan

Course and the subject MSc Nursing in Medical Surgical Nursing

Name of the guide Prof. Paulraj S

Ethical committee Approved

19

8.0 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Blood donation wikipedia, en.wikipedia,org/wiki/Blood-donation-208K.

2. Wake D, Cutting W. Blood transfusion in developing countries: problems, priorities and

practicalities. Trop Doct; 1998; 28:4-8.

3. Alam M, Masalmh BE Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding blood donation

among the Saudi population.Saudi Medical Journal.2004; 25:318-321.

4. World HealthOrganization. Blood Transfusion Safety.Available from

http://who.int/bloodsafety/voluntary-donation/en

5. National AIDS Control Organisation, India.Voluntary blood donation programme- An

operational guideline ; 2009.Available from http://www.naco online-org/upload/policies

and guidelines/29, voluntary blood donation.pdf.

6. Dixit JV, MahaleAR,Kulkarni AP, Rathod SB. Impact of blood donation awareness

campaign by National Service Scheme of Government Medical College. Indian Journal

of Community Medicine.2001; 26:12-15.

7. Dhingra N, World blood donor day: New blood for the world. World Health

Organisation. 2010 ;( 7 ): (3) Available from : http:// www.who.int/ media centre/ news/

releases/2010/ blood- donor- day-20100613/en/.

8. World Health Organization. World Blood Donor Day- More Blood More Life,

Nightingale Nursing Times.7 (3):3.

9. Study on knowledge, belief and perception of blood donation among health science

students in a university campus South India. Available from http://www.healtrh

net.org.na/documents/reports/KAR% 20STUDY (I) pdf.

20

10. Singh B, Pandey RM, D’souza N et.al. Knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic

factors differentiating blood donors from non-donors in an urban slum of Delhi. Indian

Journal of Community Medicine. 2002; 27(3):118-123.

11. World Health Organization, Word Blood Donor Day. Nightingale Nursing Times. 2007;

7(3):3.

12. Shortage of blood in blood banks.Available from http://sankalpindia.net/drupal/node/320.

13. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Available from

http://www.jcde.net/articles/PDF/1589//3826/-3115-E(C)-R(V)-F(J)-PF(-)-P(f).

14. Shaz BH, Demmons DG, Crittenden CP et.al. Motivating and barriers to blood donation

in African American College Students. Transfuse Apher Sci. 2009; 41(3):191-197.

15. Shega N, Pal, Sengupta S. Behavior disparities towards blood donation in Skkim, India.

Asian J Transfus Sci.2008; 2(2):56-60.

16. Cunha BG, Dias MR. Persuasive communications and regular blood donation:an

experimental study.Cad. Saude Publica.2008; 24(6):1407-1418.

17. Sabu KM, Remya A, Binu VS, Vivek R, Knowledge attitude and practice about blood

donation among Health Science students in a university campus of South India. OJHAS.

2011; 10(2).

18. Allen J, Butler DD. Assessing the effects of donor knowledge and perceived risk on

intentions to donate blood. Available from

http://www.healtrhnet.org.na/documents/donor/KAR% 20STUDY (I) pdf.

19. Hossaine GM, Anisuzzaman M, Begum A. Knowledge and attitude towards blood

donation Dhaka University Students in Bangladesh.East Afr Med J.1997; 74(9):549-553.

21

20. Jacobs B,Berege ZA. Attitudes and beliefs about blood donation among Mwanza

region,Tanzania.East Afr MED J.1995;72: 345-348.

21. Sampath S, Ramsaran V, Parasram S, Charles KS. Et.al. Attitude towards blood donation

in Trinidad and Tobago. Transfus Med. 2007; 17(2): 83-87.

22. Wiwanitkit V. Knowledge and attitude about blood donation among a sample of Thai

university students. Vox Sang. 2002; 97-99.

23. Salaudeen AG, Odeh E. Knowledge and behaviour towards voluntary blood donation

among students of a tertiary institution in Nigeria. 2011; 14(3):303-307.

24. Aqbovi KK, Kolou M, Feteke L. Knowledge, attitudes and practices about blood

donation. Available from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

25. Javadzadeh H, Yavari, M T, Attar.M. Knowledge, attitude and practice study about blood

donation among the urban population of Yazd, Iran. PakJ Med Sci. 2008;24(1):59-74

26. Vasquez M, Ibarra P, Maldonado M. Knowledge and attitude of a a university population

in Chile. Red Pan Salaud Publica.2007; 22(5):328-338. Available from

http:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1819804.

27. Gilani I, Kayani ZA, Atique M. Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding blood

donation prevalent in medical and paramedical personnel. JCPSP. 2007; 17(8): 473-476.

28. Olaiya MA, Alakija W, Ajala A, Olatunji RO. Knowledge, attitudes, belives and

motivation among blood donors in Lagos, Nigeria.Transfusion Med.2004;14:13-17.

29. Polit & Hungler. Nursing Research. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott publishers;

2003.114-116, 289-311

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9 Signature of the candidate

10 Remarks of the guide This study will make the nursing students

to understand better regarding blood

donation and its usefulness to the modern

day world

11 Name and designation of

11.1 Guide Prof. Paulraj S

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co-Guide( if any) -

11.4 Signature -

11.5 Head of Department Prof. Paulraj S

11.6 Signature

12 12.1 Remarks of the Principal This study will motivate nursing students

to donate blood which in turn leads to

betterment of the society.

12.2 Signature

23

24