Name __________________________________ Date _________

Life Science Cumulative Final Exam Review 1. Describe what each of the following scientists discovered or

researched to advance the cell theory: a. Robert Hooke – observed cork and named the cellb. Anton van Leeuwenhoek – observed living cells in motion c. Matthias Schleiden – all plants are made of cellsd. Theodor Schwann – all animals are made of cells e. Rudolf Virchow – new cells only come from other cells

2. Briefly state the three parts of the cell theory. all living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells are produced from other cells.

3. Below are two cell diagrams. Label and describe the function of the following cell organelles; then identify which one is the plant cell and which one is the animal cell: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles, chloroplast, and lysosome.

cell membrane – controls what goes in and out of the cell; cell wall – extra layer of protection in a plant cell; nucleus – the cell’s control center (contains DNA); cytoplasm – clear fluid that fills the cell; mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell; ribosomes – structures that make protein; vacuoles – stores water, food, and other materials; chloroplast – only in plants, photosynthesis occurs here; lysosomes – only in animals, break down large food particles.

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4. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? Eukaryotes have a nucleus, prokaryotes do not have a nucleus

5. How are living organisms organized, beginning with the cell?cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism

6. What is the formula for the process of photosynthesis? What is the formula for the process of cellular respiration? You can use the words or chemical formulas.energy + water + carbon dioxide glucose (sugar) + oxygen

glucose (sugar) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

7. How are those two process related?they are opposites

8. Can plants undergo cellular respiration?yes, both plants and animals must go through cellular respiration.

9. How is fermentation different from both photosynthesis and cellular respiration? fermentation does not require oxygen; both photosynthesis and cellular respiration have oxygen in reactants or products; releases less energy than cellular respiration

10. What are the two types of fermentation? Write one key word to help you identify each type. alcoholic (yeast/single-celled organisms) and lactic acid (occurs in muscles when oxygen is used up too quickly)

11. In which phase does a cell spend most of its life? Interphase

12. Below is a diagram of mitosis. Label and briefly state what occurs in each step of mitosis.

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13. What is the difference between a recessive and a dominant trait?a recessive trait only shows up in an organism if two copies of the allele are present; a dominant trait shows up in an organism when one or two copies of the allele are present.

14. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual; phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an individual.

15. Genotypes can be expressed in three ways. If “B” represents the dominant allele for brown eyes, what would the following genotypes represent?

a. Bb – heterozygous; brown eyesb. BB – homozygous dominant; brown eyes c. bb – homozygous recessive; blue eyes

16. What plant did Gregor Mendel spend the majority of his time studying? What did he discover?studied heredity by investigating the inheritance of traits among pea plants; he found that recessive traits can be passed on without being observed (“lost” or “hidden” traits).

17. Define the following terms: a. incomplete dominance – when one allele is only partially

dominant; can be a third option in phenotype of heterozygous

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b. codominance – occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed equally

c. polygenic inheritance – occurs when more than one gene affects a trait

18. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? sexual – two parents, results in more genetic diversity; asexual – only one parent, offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

19. Which type of reproduction offers more genetic diversity?sexual

20. Which type of reproduction allows organisms to reproduce more quickly?

asexual 21. Describe the structure of DNA. You need to know which base pairs

match together to form the rungs of the “ladder”. double helix; sides are made of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate; rungs are made of nitrogen bases – A + T; C + G

22. How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes do humans have? How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have? 22 autosomal pairs, 1 pair of sex chromosomes

23. Are all mutations harmful? If not, when are they considered harmful? No, some are helpful. They are harmful if they do not increase an organism’s likelihood of survival.

24. Define cancer. a disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably

25. What is a sex-linked gene? Give an example. a gene that is attached to the sex chromosome; mostly expressed by males but carried by women; example is red-green colorblindness

26. What causes genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis? caused by mutations, changes in structure/number of chromosomes

27. Describe the following disorders: a. cystic fibrosis- body produces thick mucus in lungs/intestinesb. sickle cell- RBC are shaped like crescents; less oxygen c. hemophilia – blood clots very slowly or not at all

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d. Down syndrome – extra copy of chromosome 21 28. Summarize Darwin’s work.

studied in the Galapagos islands; studied tortoises and birds; species change over time – adapt to their environment. He also came up with the term natural selection.

29. There are a few factors that affect natural selection. Describe the following:

a. overproduction – species produce too many offspring and there are not enough resources to support them.

b. variation – any difference between organisms of the same species

c. competition – members of the same species living in the same area must fight for resources

30. What are the four pieces of evidence used to support the theory of evolution? fossils, early development, body structure (homologous structures), and DNA/protein structures.

31. What are the three domains? Which kingdoms belong in each domain? archaea – archaea eukarya – Animalia, plantae, Protista, fungi bacteria – bacteria

32. Viruses are considered to be nonliving. How are they similar to a parasite?viruses need a host cell to reproduce; they almost always destroy the cells they enter.

33. What are the three basic shapes for bacteria?spherical, rod-like, spiral

34. Animal-like protists are called protozoans. Name a distinguishing characteristic for the following groups:

a. Sarcodines – false feet – pseudopods to move and eat b. Flagellates – have a flagella (whip-like structure) to move c. Ciliates – have cilia (hair-like projections) to move and eatd. Parasites – feed on cells and body fluids of their hosts

35. Name three ways that plants are pollinated.

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wind, water, and pollinators 36. What is the difference in function between xylem and phloem?

xylem goes up carrying water; phloem goes down with sugars

37. Below is a diagram of a flower. Label the petals, sepals, and all reproductive parts. You need to know the names of the female and male parts.

38. We learned about two types of asexual reproduction. Describe them. a. Budding – organism grows from parent and then breaks away. b. Binary fission – one cell divides into two identical cells

39. Describe the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry. Give an example of each. radial – many lines can be drawn through a central point; sea starbilateral – one line can be drawn down the center; butterfly, human

40. List the invertebrate groups we learned about and the vertebrate groups we learned about. invertebrates – sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, echinoderms, and arthropods; vertebrates – fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.

41. Name the foods the following organisms might eat:a. herbivore – plantsb. omnivore – plants and animals c. carnivore – animals

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42. Cells have to do a series of processes in order to get energy and bring in/expel wastes. Describe the following processes:

a. osmosis – diffusion of water through a membrane; goes from high concentration to low concentration

b. diffusion – the process by which molecules spread out moving from a high concentration to a low concentration

c. active transport – the movement of materials across a membrane that uses cellular energy

d. passive transport – the movement of materials across a membrane that does not require energy

43. List the functions of the skin. protects the body, regulates body temp, eliminates waste, gathers information, and produces Vitamin D.

44. Which type of macromolecule would you eat in order to have long term energy storage? complex carbs

45. What roles do the pancreas and gallbladder have in digestion?gallbladder stores the bile; pancreas produces chemicals to move food between stomach and small intestine.

46. What disease is caused by an imbalance in insulin? diabetes

47. What is the main role of an enzyme?protein that speeds up chemical reactions in your body

48. How does blood flow through the heart? How does oxygen travel through the body? right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body; mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli

49. What are the two parts of a nerve cell? axon and dendrite

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50. Describe the job of the hypothalamus for the body. Which systems is this organ most closely related to? aids in homeostasis, emotions, and sleeping; related to endocrine system

*Other topics to know: Punnett Squares and Pedigree Charts.