viikkistreet tree laboratory
TRANSCRIPT
Viikki Urban Tree Laboratorio
Doc. Eero Nikinmaa,MSc Anu Riikonen
Aims of the study• Improve knowledge base of urban tree management
– How quickly tree recover from planting shock? what is suitable irrigation frequency?
– Do the aereation tubes in soil have positive impact on street tree development?
– How different surface material used on pavements impact on trees?
• To test the growing properties of load bearing soils – Can LBS be used to increase root growing space in northern environment
(aereation, water holding capacity, heat capacity & transfer)– What soil substrate structure is optimal for aeration / water holding in
street conditions– Can clay/ organic matter guarantee sufficiency of nutrients, when, how
and what fertilizers are needed?
• To charecterise the growing environment of trees on streets– Air and soil temperature, light climate, evaporative demand
Experimental streets: Normal modern streets in Helsinki
• Narrow alleys• Limited growing space• High mechanical
damage risk• De-icing
Testing different technical solutions
• Aereation pipes• Concrete and natural
stones• Different joint
width
Load bearing soil• 3 types• Load bearing sceleton:
(d 32-64mm) or (d 64-140mm) granite rocks
• 50 - 55% rocks and 40 - 45% soil + air (volumetric)
• Soil variation:– org. matter content (5-
20%)– variation in sand content
(pF curves)– fertilized (N,P) and non-
fertilized
• Load bearing properties passed laboratory tests
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Volumetric moisture content %
pF
Soil 1
Soil 2
Soil 3
Soil nutrient analysisExperimental street - SOIL ANALYSIS, LOAD BEARING SOILS 2003
Soil type
Organic matter
johto-luku pH Ca P K Mg S B Cu Mn Zn NO3-N
NH4-
N Fe Cl Mo Na Cd Cr Ni Al
Kekkilä1 HkMr vm 15.2 7.3 4000 10 91.1 274 111 1.0 2.9 6.7 1.47 350 4 274 140 0.11 164 <0.05 87 48 90401 hkKHt m 14.8 7.3 3790 9.6 88.1 251 102 1.0 2.7 6.8 1.58 320 4 256 120 0.08 168 0.05 19 19 89001 HkMr vm 12.8 7.3 4220 10 88.5 253 103 1.0 2.9 6.6 1.29 310 4 241 120 0.07 148 . . . .1 HkMr vm 13.8 7.3 4500 13 105 268 129 1.0 3.7 7.3 2.58 320 4 298 140 0.11 159 . . . .1 HkMr vm 13.5 7.3 4190 10 92.6 253 109 0.9 3.2 7.0 2.11 320 6 284 103 0.08 169 . . . .keskiarvo 14.0 7.3 4140.0 10.5 93.1 259.8 110.8 1.0 3.1 6.9 1.8 324.0 4.4 270.6 124.6 0.1 161.6 0.1 53.0 33.5 8970.0Yit2 HtMr rm 10.4 6.6 3910 86 454 286 174 1.2 14.0 17.0 37.20 140 37 1570 75 0.15 171 0.1 49 35 112002 HtMr rm 7.0 6.7 3080 110 553 292 83 1.2 7.6 13.0 29.10 42 36 888 73 0.11 209 0.08 130 71 127002 HtMr rm 8.3 6.6 3140 86 496 268 94 1.1 9.6 15.0 30.70 84 33 1150 63 0.13 172 . . . .2 HtMr rm 8.6 6.5 3110 93 551 282 98 1.3 8.3 16.0 26.60 60 44 995 73 0.08 194 . . . .2 HtMr rm 9.5 6.6 2860 100 561 295 102 1.3 7.2 15.0 27.00 58 48 858 84 0.09 208 . . . .keskiarvo 8.8 6.6 3220.0 95.0 523.0 284.6 110.2 1.2 9.3 15.2 30.1 76.8 39.6 1092.2 73.6 0.1 190.8 0.1 89.5 53.0 11950.0Yliop.3 HkMr m 2.6 8.0 3290 39 188 142 36 0.8 3.8 7.6 5.33 14 3 508 15 0.04 36.2 <0.05 160 74 90803 HtMr m 3.1 7.8 3500 42 199 143 44 0.8 3.8 8.1 5.14 15 3 524 19 0.05 38.5 0.05 50 24 88703 HtMr m 3.0 7.9 3120 41 180 131 39 0.8 3.5 7.7 4.79 15 2 509 17 0.05 35.9 . . . .3 HkMr vm 2.4 8.0 3160 41 183 129 35 0.8 3.8 7.6 5.23 12 2 527 14 0.05 35.1 . . . .3 HtMr m 3.2 8.0 3240 40 192 135 41 0.8 3.5 7.3 4.93 21 2 503 19 0.06 37.4 . . . .keskiarvo 2.9 7.9 3262.0 40.6 188.4 136.0 39.0 0.8 3.7 7.7 5.1 15.4 2.4 514.2 16.8 0.1 36.6 0.1 105.0 49.0 8975.0
ViljavuusluokkaleimatBadFairly BadAcceptableSatisfactoryGoodHighQuestionably high
Monitoring as a method
By monitoring the growing conditions and the response of trees to them we gain rapidly information of the causal reasons for tree preformance in the urban environment.
Set up of monitoring• 2 Streets• 3 Load bearing soil types /
street• Alnus glutinosa & Tilia
vulgaris• ~5-6 trees/treatment
/street• 3 intensively monitored
points/ street (High temporal resolution)
• 9 points of manual monitoring/ street (Spatial resolution)
Manual measuring point
Intensive monitoring
Soil types
Street II
Street I
Monitoring-Intensive every 10 min
- Manual every 2 - 3 weeks
Growing conditions• Soil Profiles
– Temperature– Volumetric – Gas concentrations
• Above ground– PAR– Air temperature
• Meteorological information from nearby weather station
Tree• Intensive
– Sap flux (2 methods )– Growth
• Manual– Gas exchange +
fysiological measurements (Fluorosence)
– Nutrients contents– Structure– Root sampling (sampling
wells 4 distances from trees)
Installation of sensors
SoilTemperature
Gas
WeatherPAR
Air Temp
Tree
Sap-fluxHeat dissipation
Sap-fluxDiam. variation
Datamanagement
GSM
Office
Street 2
Street 1
Manual measurements
Street as a growing site
Irradiation and air temperature 18.7.2004
5
10
15
20
25
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00
Time
Tem
pera
ture
, d
eg
rees C
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
PA
R m
mo
l/m
-2 s
-1
Norkkokuja lpt
Pasteurinkatu, lpt
norkkokuja, PAR
Pasteurinkatu, PAR
Min. and Max Temperatures at the two streets 15.-31.1. 2005
-15
-13
-11-9
-7
-5
-3
-11
3
5
15.1
.
16.1
.
17.1
.
18.1
.
19.1
.
20.1
.
21.1
.
22.1
.
23.1
.
24.1
.
25.1
.
26.1
.
27.1
.
28.1
.
29.1
.
30.1
.
31.1
.
Date
Tem
per
atu
re,
deg
rees
C
Min. and Max Temperatures at the two streets 15.-31.8. 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
15.8
.
16.8
.
17.8
.
18.8
.
19.8
.
20.8
.
21.8
.
22.8
.
23.8
.
24.8
.
25.8
.
26.8
.
27.8
.
28.8
.
29.8
.
30.8
.
31.8
.
Date
Tem
per
atu
re,
deg
rees
C
Air temperature at the two streets 15.8.-1.9.2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
Päivämäärä 19.8. 23.8. 27.8. 31.8.
Air
tem
per
atu
re, d
egre
es C
norkkokuja
pasteurinkatu
Soil: Annual cycle of temperature, Sufficiency of water
Soil temperatures, different streets
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
26 31 36 41 46 51 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49
Week #
So
il te
mp
era
ture
, de
gre
es
C
Norkkokuja
Pasteurinkatu
Soil Temperature Pasteur Street, 2003-2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Week nro
Tem
per
atu
re
Kekkilä
YIT
YO/TTKK
Volumetric Water content: Norkkostreet 2003-2004 10 cm depth
0
25
50
75
100
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50Week #
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f po
re v
olu
me
Volumetric water content: Pasteur street 2003-200430 cm depth
0
25
50
75
100
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50Week #
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f po
re v
olu
me
Surface pavement material
Concrete stone
Granite”dice”
Impact of pavement on soil gas concentrations ?
CO2 concentrations under different pavement types, both streets 2004
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
10granitepasteur
30 60 10concrete
30 60 10granitenorkko
30 60 10concrete
30 60
CO
2 co
nc.
pp
m
Permeability to precipitationSoil moisture content development july 2004
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
1.7. 4.7. 7.7. 10.7. 13.7. 16.7. 19.7. 22.7. 25.7. 28.7. 31.7.
Vo
lum
etr
ic w
ate
r co
nte
nt
%
10 cm
30 cm
Too much water can be a problem!
Volumetric water content: Pasteur street 2003-200430 cm depth
0
25
50
75
100
26 30 34 38 42 46 50 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50Week #
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f po
re v
olu
me
CO2 different streets 2004
-10000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
7.5. 31.5. 21.6. 12.7. 2.8. 16.8. 6.9. 27.9. 18.10. 16.11. 2.12.
norkkokuja
pasteurinkatu
versokuja
Methane, different streets, 2004
0.1
1
10
100
1000
7.5. 31.5. 21.6. 16.8. 6.9. 27.9. 18.10. 16.11. 2.12.
norkkokuja
pasteurinkatu
versokuja
Soil Co2 and max photosynthesis, Pasteur street july-04
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
p2 p5 p8 p12 p15
Tree
Pn
an
d s
oil
CO
2 %
max.fotos.
Hiilid.
Soil Co2 and max photosynthesis, Pasteur street august-04
01
234
567
89
p2 p5 p8 p12 p15
Tree
Pn
an
d s
oil
CO
2 %
Pn
Hiilid.
Aereation pipes are beneficial!
Significance of aereation on different soils
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
alusta 1 alusta 2 alusta 3
CO
2 co
nte
nt
pp
m
ei ilmastoitu
ilmastoitu
CO2 content 2004 in aereated and non-aerated soils
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
7.5. 31.5. 21.6. 12.7. 2.8. 16.8. 6.9. 27.9. 18.10. 16.11.
CO
2 p
pm
ilmastointi -10
ilmastointi -30
ilmastointi -60
ei ilmastointia -10
ei ilmastointia -30
ei ilmastointia -60
Soil organic matter reflects on gas concentrations!
Soil Temperature vs. CO2, Norkko street
y = 690.43e0.0909x
R2 = 0.6058
y = 439.25e0.1791x
R2 = 0.5887
y = 521.22e0.0721x
R2 = 0.5882
-5000
5000
15000
25000
35000
45000
55000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Soil temperature, degrees C
CO
2 co
nte
nt,
pp
m
alusta 1
alusta 2
alusta 3
Expon. (alusta 1)
Expon. (alusta 2)
Expon. (alusta 3)
Soil Temperature vs. CO2, Pasteur street
y = 704.66e0.0892x
R2 = 0.6335
y = 2666.1e0.0893x
R2 = 0.5521
y = 5547.9e0.0678x
R2 = 0.231
-5000
5000
15000
25000
35000
45000
55000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Soil Temperature, degrees C
CO
2 co
nte
nt
pp
m
alusta 1
alusta 2
alusta 3
Expon. (alusta 1)
Expon. (alusta 2)
Expon. (alusta 3)
Variation in factors influencing photosynthetic production
Max photosynthetic rate, different times and different soils. 2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
June July August
Pn
n1
n2
n3
Stomatal conductance, different soils and times of the year, 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
June July August
GS
, m
ikro
mo
lm2s
-1
n1
n2
n3
O2 content and fluorosence
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
5 8 12 15
Tree
Fv/F
m
150000
160000
170000
180000190000
200000
210000
220000
230000
O2,
pp
m
Pasteurinkatu 2005
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 12 15
Tree No.
Fv
/Fm
June13
July13
August24
Differences in Photosynthetic production
Net assimilation vs. internal CO2 in Norkkokuja, August 2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20 25
Net assimilation µmol/m2/s
Inte
rnal
CO
2, p
pm
1.2
1.4
2.2
2.5
3.2
3.4
Net assimilation vs. internal CO2 in Pasteurinkatu, August 2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Net assimilation µnol/m2/s
inte
rnal
CO
2, p
pm
1
2
4
5
7
8
10
Net assimilation and light, Norkkokuja, August 2005
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1500 600 300 150 75 0
light, µmol/m2/s
ne
t a
ss
imila
tio
n µ
mo
l/m2
/s
1.2
1.4
2.2
2.5
3.2
3.4
Net assimilation and light, Pasteurinkatu, August 2005
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1500 600 300 150 75 0
light, µmol/m2/s
net
assim
ilati
on
µm
ol/m
2/s
1
2
4
5
7
8
10
Canopy conductance is linked to light and soil (example 2003)
Volumetric moisture content
0.135
0.140
0.145
0.150
0.155
0.160
0.165
0.170
time
Light and canopy conductance july 2003
0.000000
0.000100
0.000200
0.000300
0.000400
0.000500
0.000600
0.000700
0.000800
time
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Growth differences
Shoot growth in different parts of crown, Tilia, 2004
0
40
80
120
160
1S1
2 4S2
5 7S3
8
Av.
sh
oo
t le
ng
th,
cm
Upper crown
Middle crown
Shoot growth in different parts of crown, Alnus, 2004
0
100
200
300
3S1
4 2S2
6 2S3
4
Av.
sh
oo
t le
ng
th,
cm
Upper Crown
Middle Crown
Conclusions• Irrigation after plantation was sufficiient• Loosely positioned granite ”dices” allow air
penetration, tight granite rock considerably less• Aeration pipes improve situation• Surplus water produced adverse conditions, draught
problem not yet observed. Aereation of pores more critical than water holding capacity in the souther boreal city of Helsinki?Climate change scenarios suggest increasing storm water loads!
• Excees organic matter a risk factor, rapid decomposition eats O2 + soil properties change
• As O2 dropped below 18% (>2% CO2), tree physiology changed