vijayanagara canals (vnc) feasibility study report …knnlindia.com/kaveri2/kiswrmip/documents/vnc...

KARNATAK NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD

KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

INVESTMENT PROGRAM

ADB LOAN No. 0085-IND/LOAN No. 3172

VIJAYANAGARA CANALS (VNC)

FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT

Vol 3: Socio-Economic Assessment

September 2016

PROJECT SUPPORT CONSULTANT (PSC)

SMEC International Pty Ltd, Australia

in association with SMEC (India) Pvt Ltd

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2__K9vv7JAhWSc44KHbbtDvsQjRwIBw&url=http://www.eitech.in/prj_clients.php&psig=AFQjCNGCzxJ7u_JT1VkAntxQkPfE_KL8Cg&ust=1451389799609470

DOCUMENTS/REPORT CONTROL FORM

Report Name VNC Feasibility Study Report – Vol. 3: Socio-Economic Assessment

Project Name: Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment

Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC)

Project Number: 5061164

Report for: Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd (KNNL)

REVISION HISTORY

Revision # Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved for Issue by

1 30 Sept 2016 AR/NR AR/KK KK

ISSUE REGISTER

Distribution List Date Issued Number of Copies

KNNL: 30 Sept 2016 10

SMEC Staff:

Associate (K. K. Gupta): 30 Sept 2016 1

Office Library (Shimoga): 30 Sept 2016 1

SMEC Project File: 30 Sept 2016 1

SMEC COMPANY DETAILS

Dr Hasan A. Kazmi

387, Udyog Vihar, Phase-2, Gurgaon – 122002, Haryana

Tel: +91 124 4552800

Fax: +91 124 4380043

Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.smec.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.smec.com/

Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program- Consultancy

Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) – Draft VNC Feasibility Study Report – Vol 3: Socio-

Economic Assessment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ v

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ................................................................................................................ vi

ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... viii

1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives of the Social Assessment ...................................................................................... 1

1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 1

2 FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................... 3

2.1 Field Visits .............................................................................................................................. 3

2.2 Public Consultation ................................................................................................................. 5

2.3 Issues Raised during Consultation .......................................................................................... 7

2.4 Key Priorities Expressed by Men and Women ....................................................................... 9

3 WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (WUCS) ........................................................ 12

3.1 Relevance of WUCS ............................................................................................................. 12

3.2 WUCS in VNC Subproject Areas ......................................................................................... 12

3.3 Institutional Status of Existing WUCS ................................................................................. 16

3.4 Affordability & Willingness of WUCS to Pay Contributions............................................... 17

4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ........................................................................................................... 18

4.1 Involuntary Resettlement ...................................................................................................... 18

4.2 Indigenous Peoples ............................................................................................................... 19

5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VNC AREAS ................................................................ 22

5.1 Demography .......................................................................................................................... 22

5.2 Incidence of Poverty at District Level 2011-12 .................................................................... 24

5.3 Poverty Reduction Programmes ............................................................................................ 24

5.4 Role of SHGs in Poverty Reduction Programmes ................................................................ 24

5.5 Major Occupations ................................................................................................................ 25

5.6 Major Crops .......................................................................................................................... 28

5.7 Drinking Water Supply ......................................................................................................... 28

5.8 Sanitation .............................................................................................................................. 28

6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND ACTION PLAN ..................................... 29

6.1 Strategy for Enforcing Social Management Framework ...................................................... 29

6.2 Role of Information Education and Communication (IEC) .................................................. 30

6.3 Empowerment ....................................................................................................................... 30


Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) – VNC Feasibility Study Report- Vol 3: Socio-Economic

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6.4 Gender Framework and Action Plan ................................................................................ 32

6.4.1 Gender Blindness .......................................................................................................... 32

6.4.2 Gender approach in IWRM ........................................................................................... 32

6.4.3 Targeted Actions ........................................................................................................... 33

6.4.4 Cultural Stereotypes ...................................................................................................... 33

6.4.5 Monitoring and Review ................................................................................................ 34

6.4.6 Monitoring Indicators ................................................................................................... 35

6.4.7 Social Benefits .............................................................................................................. 36

6.4.8 Gender Action Plan for VNC ........................................................................................ 37

7 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS .................................................................................... 38

8 ANNEXURES .............................................................................................................................. 41



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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas ............................................... 20 Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%) ........................................................... 26



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment ............ 2 Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited ........................................................................................ 3 Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs ..................................... 7 Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women ................................................................. 9 Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people ................................................................................. 10 Table 6: Sub Division Wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area .......................................... 13 Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channel .................................................................................... 14 Table 8: Sub Division Wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channel ........................................ 16 Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population .............................................. 23 Table 10: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population ..................................... 25 Table 11: Distribution of workers classification in subproject areas .................................................... 25 Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas ........................................................................... 26 Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas ............................................ 27 Table 14: Social management activity schedule ................................................................................... 31 Table 14: Gender Action Plan (GAP) for Tranche-2 subprojects ......................................................... 37



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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President .................................... 5 Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women .......................................................... 6 Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics ................................................ 8



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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank

ASI - Archaeological Survey of India

CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board

EA - Executing Agency

EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP - Environmental Management Plan

GoI - Government of India

GoK - Government of Karnataka

HWHAMA - Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority

IA - Implementing Agency

IEE - Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature

KNNL - Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited

KSPCB - Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

MFF - Multi-tranche Financing Facility

MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change

NP - National Park

OM - Operations Manual

PA - Protected area

PIU - Project Implementation Unit

PMU - Project Management Unit

PSC - Project Support Consultants

PUC - Pollution under Control

REA - Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

SEIAA - State Environment Impact Assessment Authority

SPCB - State Pollution Control Board

SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter

SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement

UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation

WALMI - Water and Land Management Institute

WLS - Wildlife Sanctuary



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while

implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target population.

Here public consultations and their active involvement/participation in every stage of planning,

implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard

policies require that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle; (ii) plans to avoid,

minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and

(iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.

The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end

mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the

programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups.

Following methodologies adopted to solicit the information required to prepare the Social Management

Framework and Gender Action Plan for VNC.

Methodology:

Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat,

Population Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake

holders in the project area.

Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of

people, especially the indigenous and vulnerable population

Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from

the underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers

based on their socio economic status.

Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers

Associations, women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis),

NGOs, elected representatives etc. Public Consultations

Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal

discussions

Stakeholder Consultation:

Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity, type

of farmers and other locally specific characteristics as part of the assessment and preparation of social

management and gender plan. A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the

Vijayanagara Canal (VNC) from May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined

above. Out of the 16 canals, 14 canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers

residing in 31 villages. These canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal

and Raichur. Altogether 258 men and 58 women participated in Public consultation and focus group

discussions in different localities. The communities were explained about the modernization work of

canals and their active participation in the effective implementation of project. The roles and

responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained. The social screening was based on both

primary and secondary data collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people

residing in subproject area.

During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority

separately and listed out 9 sectors. Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for

irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%) followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in

priority 1 they have identified health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water,

sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest



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priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given

equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care.

Overall the people participated in public consultation and focus group discussions seems to be quite

interested and confident about the project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this

project and its effect on enhancing the living standards of farmers.

Water Users Cooperative Societies

Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the

modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed more

than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to perform

their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the conflicts

aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages.

During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several years

back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS. In the

public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the canal

system.

Community have been carrying out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few

localities Panchayat authorities agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the

canals/distributaries, especially the labour component.

A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are

members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative

society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the

training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects.

Involuntary Resettlement

During the public consultation and visit to several localities it has been realized that resettlement and

rehabilitation of people is not considered as a major issue in the canal areas. However in few villages

encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS

and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. This requires a careful

assessment of the economic disadvantages and social impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic

effort aimed at improving the all-round living standards of the affected people.

As per ADB policy on involuntary resettlement, projects are classified into the following four categories:

Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A

resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant.

A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.

Category FI. A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial

intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social

management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate

involuntary impacts.

Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public

consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. Thus, the VNC

modernisation clearly falls under Category C for involuntary resettlement.

The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 and the Karnataka Resettlement of displaced

persons Act 1987 was also emphasized the need for systematic approach in dealing with resettlement



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issues. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act, 1980 also

provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.

Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,

take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the

acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and

(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.

Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the

ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy “project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action

is required”.

Indigenous People

It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by

the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the

recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.

In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled

Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.

The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy

statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse

impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. During the

community consultations also, it has been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the

economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the STs as compared to other

communities in the villages.

It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the

Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between

protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the

IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s

safeguards policy on IP. In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required.

Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed

project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if

there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement Plan

and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.

Social Management Framework

This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-physical

components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and implementation

strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon the level of

awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in people’s

behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental conditions and

related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow down physical

implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning.

An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure

that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities,

and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood.

Gender Action Plan

Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and infrastructure

sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way

undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along



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the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice

standard in the sector.

IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the

ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and

integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the

probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate

changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus

increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of

community men needs to be sought.

In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify

women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually

build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation;

(c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women.

The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as

recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups

function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood,

agriculture and a nutrition programme package.

Social Benefits

The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to

improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The

programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening landless,

tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic requirements of the

socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting their daily water needs

for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will provide a platform for

promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and irrigation management.



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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while

implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target

population. Here public consultations and their active participation in every stage of planning,

implementation, and concurrent monitoring of the project is a mandatory requirement. “The safeguard

policies require that:

impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle;

plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are

developed and implemented; and

affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation”.

The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end

mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers, the poor and the vulnerable groups. Besides the

programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups by (i) strengthened

grassroots level institutions; (ii) improved irrigation infrastructure and practices; (iii) improved and

equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers; (iv) enhanced farm income; (v)

enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities; (vi) sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural

practices, including drip and micro irrigation and crop diversification; (vii) strengthened water resources

and environmental management; (viii) social inclusion and in water governance and (ix) awareness

generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management. In order to adopt the

principles of safeguard policies in VNC sub-project areas following strategies adopted.

It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved in the project meds to understand the ADBs social

safeguard procedures and also environmental issues of infrastructure components. As far as

implementation of mitigation measures on site is concerned the Contractor and other related parties will

be involved. Hence, it is essential to orient the contractors and supervisory staff towards the

implementation of mitigation measures and their consequences.

Considering the existing capabilities of the agencies involved in KNNL, appropriate orientation and

training programs needs to be provided to all stakeholders on a regular and systematic basis.

1.2 Objectives of the Social Assessment

The objective of the socio-economic assessment of VNC subproject areas are to:

Understand the project locations, different stakeholders associated with the project and

understand their perceptions on social and gender dimension in the project- especially who is

doing what? What are the corrective measures to be adopted for improving the situation?

Examine the level of participation of both male and females in local water resource

management institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils;

Review and analyse level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures,

safeguard measures on water quality and management etc.; and

Understand the Coordination mechanisms WRD, CADA, Gram Panchayat and other related

organizations involved in Irrigation and agriculture/horticulture and livelihood sectors.

1.3 Methodology

The methodology for the socio-economic assessment will involve:

Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population Census,

District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the project area (Table 1);



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Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of water and livelihood of people,

especially the indigenous and vulnerable population;

Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the

underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on

their socio economic status;

Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations,

women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected

representatives etc; and

Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal discussions.

For assessment, public consultation and focus group discussions villages are selected among the localities

as given below:

Location Specific

Head

Middle head

Tail ends

Ethnicity

SC/ST Population

OBC

General

Type of Farmers

Landless

Small landholders

Medium land holders

Large landholders

Table 1: Details of secondary information collected as part of the socio-economic assessment

Section Key Components Remarks

General

information from

Panchayat /

WUCS

Population, households, age-sex

distribution, Ethnicity, area under

cultivation, major crops, infrastructure

facilities etc.

Information gathered from secondary

data and using a Performa on socio

economic profile

Household &

Social

information

Family composition, socio economic

status, Ethnicity, Education, occupation,

Land Holding & crop pattern, drinking

water, sanitation facilities,

Information gathered through household

checklist and focus group discussions

Ongoing poverty

alleviation

programmes

Types of both central and state

government supported programmes,

including MGNREGA, other

programmes supported by NABARD

and other agencies.

Secondary data, discussion with

panchayat and other elected

representatives, district handbook,

progress reports of rural development

and Panchayati Raj departments

Gender aspects Type of activities carried out by men

and women, especially in agriculture

and irrigation, wage structure,

participation in meetings, decision

making, land ownership etc.

Information collected during FGD and

informal discussion with women groups

and men



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2 FIELD VISITS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

2.1 Field Visits

Public consultations and focus group discussions with local people as well as project implementation

authorities were conducted at different points of time as part of the assessment and preparation of social

management and gender plan. The social screening was based on both primary and secondary data

collected during field visits and discussions conducted with the people residing in subproject area. A

multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the Vijayanagara Channels (VNC) from

May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined above. Out of the 16 canals, 14

canals were visited and interacted with community members and farmers residing in 31 villages. These

canals are covering the villages under three districts such as Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. The details of

canals and villages visited are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Details of canals and villages visited

S.

No. Name of Canal Villages Covered

Command

Area (Ha) Remarks

RIGHT BANK

01. RAYA-27.74Km 1.Hosur

2226

This canal passes through 17

villages. Out of this the

assessment and public

consultations were held in 7

villages.

Public consultation and FGD

were held in 4 villages

2.Gudiobalapura

3.Kalaghatta

4.Hospet

5.Narsapura

6.Hosakote

7.Danapura

8.Nagenahalli

9.Kaddirampura

10.Malapanagudi

11.Mudlapura

12.Amaravathi

13.Belagodu

14.Kamalapura

15.Chithawadgi

16.Singanathanahalli

17.Kallirampura

2. BASAVANNA-16.5Km 1.Hosakote

1240

This canal also passes more or

less the same villages

mentioned above 2.Hosur

3.Amaravathi

4.Hospet

5.Ananthsayanagudi

6.Mudlapura

7.Malapanagudi

8.Kamalapura

9.Nagenahalli

10.Kariganur

03. BELLA-5.5Km 1.Narasapura 600 This canal also passes more or

less the same villages

mentioned above 2.Hosur

04. KALAGHATTA-

7.02Km

1.Kalaghatta 237

2.Dhanapura

05. TURTHA-18.69Km 1.Venkatapura

Visited on 22 July 2016

2.Bukkasagar



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S.

No. Name of Canal Villages Covered

Command

Area (Ha) Remarks

3.Kaddirampur 931

4.Hampi

5.Krishnapura

6.Nimapura

06. RAMASAGAR-

15.5Km

1.Ramasagar

673

Public Consultation and FGD

conducted in one village 2.Kampli

3.Muddapur

07. KAMPLI-23.55Km 1.Ramsagar

620

2.Kampli

3.Aralihalli

4.Belagoduhal

5.Sanapuram

08. BELAGODHALLA-

11.22Km

1.Belagodhalla 210

2.Kampli

09. SIRUGUPPA-10.85Km 1.Kenchanagudda 1344 Public Consultation held at

KNNL office for both canals 2.Siruguppa

10. DESHNUR-9.03Km 1.Deshnur 815

LEFT BANK

11. HULUGI-10.69Km 1.Hulgi 419 Visited on 22 July 2016,

interacted with Panchayat and

farmers 2.Shivpura

12. SHIVPURA-6.54Km 1.Atthivatti

717


held for two villages 2.Shivpura

3.Mohammad Nagar

4.Narayanapura

13. ANEGUNDI-19.44Km 1.Virpapurgaddi

1359


held for two villages 2.Hanumanahalli

3.Chikkrampura

4.Anegundi

14. UPPER

GANGAVATHI-

9.00Km

1.Vipra

1363


held for two villages 2.Hirejanthkal

3.Hosalli

4.Nagenahalli

5.Chikkajanthkal

6.Achalapur

15. LOWER

GANGAVATHI-

9.54Km

1.Vipra

1141

2.Naganahalli

3.Chikkajanthkal

4.Ayodhya

5.Danapur

6.Achalapur

16. BICHAL-14.50Km 1.Rajolli

276

Visited and interacted with

farmers on 21 July 2016

Kotigudda village was

submerged few years back

2.Katakanuru

3.Kotigudda

4.Hanumapura

5.Bichal



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The existing canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the canals are

interlinked. In some villages more than one canal is passing through (e.g. Raya, Basavanna, Bella, Hosur,

Ramsagar, Kampli) and as a result water scarcity is not noticed during the peak summer period. However,

the majority of the canal bunds are in poor conditions and provide unreliable supply of water to the tail

ends and are filled with water hyacinth, plastics and waste water (including sewerage) especially the

areas near to the cities. Some farmers are even cultivating within the right-of-the-way of canals;

nevertheless, they are aware of the fact and it was confirmed through the farmers that they do not have

any intention to do so if the canals are modernised and the water reaches their fields.

2.2 Public Consultation

Public consultation is a process in which people get an opportunity to express their views on various

aspects concerning the project. Public consultation is vital in early stage of project which helps

strengthening preventive measures to ensure social sustainability and preserving public interest by taking

in to account their anticipated questions and introducing measures for mitigating the same. Public

consultation involved focus group discussion, informal discussions, case studies etc. The people residing

along the project areas were consulted during site visits and in-depth discussions were held for soliciting

their opinion and cooperation on several aspects of the project (Plate 1).

Sustainable water resources management, from planning to implementation and operations, requires well-

coordinated mechanisms and frameworks for participation of different stakeholders. Participants who

may be adversely impacted and/or socially marginalized may be stimulated to participate within a

consensus-building strategy. Stakeholder involvement can be defined appropriately for local conditions

and improved gradually, for example by setting up a committee, public hearings and workshops in the

process of applying the principles of IWRM at various levels. Local communities have wealth of

traditional and historical hydrological knowledge on the canals and distributaries and this will have value

addition in the effective design and implementation of irrigation projects.

Plate 1: Public Consolation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President

Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity,

type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. In total 258 men and 58 women participated in

Public consultation and focus group discussions in different localities (Plate 2). The communities are



Assessment

P a g e | 6

explained about the modernization work of canals and their active participation in the effective

implementation of project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained.

Among the participants there were mixed reactions and the villages participated in the PPTA study in

2013 expressed their dissatisfaction about the delay in the approval process for resuming the

implementation of the project. The communities residing in the tail ends were enquired anxiously about

the starting of the project and others were rather skeptical about the delays. These assessments can enable

the implementing authorities to not only identify social and environmental impacts, but also to put in

place suitable institutional, organizational and project-specific mechanisms to mitigate the adverse

effects. They can also support in bringing about greater social inclusion and participation in the design

and implementation stages of the project.

Overall the people participated in public consultation seems to be quite interested and confident about the

project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this project and its effect on

enhancing the living standards of farmers.

Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with farmers including women



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P a g e | 7

2.3 Issues Raised during Consultation

During the public consultation and focus group discussions the participants expressed their displeasure

and concern about the unresolved issues connected for the canal system. The problems raised by them are

given in Table 3.

Table 3: Issues raised by WUCS/farmers during Public Consultation & FGDs

Issues

An

egu

nd

i

Sh

iva

pu

ra

Hu

lgi

Md

na

ga

r

Ga

ng

ava

ti

Sir

ug

up

pa

Na

gen

ah

all

i

Ho

suru

Ra

ma

saga

r

Bic

ha

l

Fund constraints for O& M x x x x x x x x x x

Water availability, especially at tail ends x x x x x x x

KNNL & CADA need provide more support x x x x x x x x x x

Poor attendance & cooperation in meetings x x x x x x

More consultation necessary with WUCS x x x x x x x x x x

Closure of TLBC in December leads to water

shortage for irrigation x x x x

Unlined canal posing problems of mud and

weeds x x x

Degeneration of canal water due to high

pollution x x x x x x x x x

Hampi heritage and related issues x x

More Consultation with WUCS Necessary during Modernisation Works and O&M

The farmers’ representative are of opinion that there are more need of consultation during project

preparation as well as during modernisation and thereafter.

KNNL & CADA Need to Provide More Support to WUCS

During the consultation it was reported that there is need of any support and guidance from CADA and

KNNL to the WUCS or farmers association. It was reported that in few places, trainings are offered to

WUCS/farmers associations by CADA on the collection of user charges, book keeping and accounting

principles; nevertheless, the continuity to such activities is lacking.

Poor Attendance and Cooperation in Meetings

In WUCS meetings the participation is low and members are not actively participating due to lack of

orientation and exposure to understand the scope and activities to be performed by them. Especially the

participation of women are rather limited. Water being of equal interest to all, factors such as political

influence and caste dominance have not so far distorted the operation and maintenance of the canals.

Water Availability

Water availability to the tail end farmers considered as a problem due to silt, plastics and water hyacinth

in several localities. Besides encroachments in few localities have also affected the equitable distribution

of water.



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P a g e | 8

Fund Constraints for O& M

In all the places it was mentioned that fund constraints for regular O & M is a major problem. Resources

are mobilised from farmers for jungle cutting, removal of weeds and desilting. It appears that only limited

fund is being allocating for O & M in view of the proposed VNC modernization programme.

Closure of TLBC in December

The closure of TLBC for 21 days in December is affecting farmers due to water availability during peak

period of cultivation. Earlier, farmers were growing two crops per year and now restricted to one due to

water availability. The farmers are of opinion to shift the closure dates to May from December as it was

practiced and planned earlier.

Unlined Canal Posing Problems of Blockage Due To Clay/Mud and Weeds

It was reported by the villagers that the unlined canal was posing problems of erratic supply of water due

to excessive silt, weeds and spread of diseases to the crops. Another issue raised was lack of drainage

facility which leads to the leakages and wastage of water.

Degeneration of Canal Water due to High Pollution

The quality of water is seriously affected due to disposal of wastes and waste water from industries and

sewerage and septic tanks (Plate 3). Molasses and chemicals from factories are being disposed to the

canals without any treatment. During the field visit, it was noticed that children are bathing in canal

water, women are using canal water for cleaning plates and other domestic purposes.

Hampi World heritage and Related Issues

The restrictions on the usage of construction materials and digging the land has affected the poor and

lower middle class families since they are not familiar with the restrictions imposed on the heritage tag.

This has resulted from the construction of public toilets and even building household toilet also.

Plate 3: Contamination of water source due to waste water and plastics



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P a g e | 9

2.4 Key Priorities Expressed by Men and Women

During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority

separately and listed out nine (9) sectors. Some women expressed that their men folk will provide the

responses. The priority needs are reflected in Table 4, and summary in Table 5.

Table 4: Needs and Priorities expressed by men and women

S.

No

.

Da

te

Village Priority

Dri

nk

ing

Wa

ter

Em

plo

ym

ent

Ro

ad

& B

rid

ge

Wa

ter

for

Irri

gati

on

Sa

nit

ati

on

Hea

lth

Care

An

imal

Hu

sba

nd

ry

Imp

rov

ed A

gri

cult

ure

Tec

hn

olo

gy

Ed

uca

tio

n

Rem

ark

s

1

24 M

ay 2

016

Emminur Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

2 Belagodhal Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

3 Kampli Men

1 x

2 x

3

x

4 Ramasagar

Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

Women

1 x

2 x

3 x

5 Kamalapur Men

1 x

2 x

3

x

6

25 M

ay

2016

Anegundi Men

1

x

2

x

3

x

7

26

Ma

y 2

01

6

Shivapura

Hulugi

Kampasagar

Bandiharlapur

Men

1

x

2 x

3 x

8

Upper &

Lower

Gangavathi

Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

Women

1 x

2 x

3 x

9

27 M

ay

2016

Siruguppa Men

1

x

2 x

3 x



Assessment

P a g e | 10

S.

No

.

Da

te

Village Priority

Dri

nk

ing

Wa

ter

Em

plo

ym

ent

Ro

ad

& B

rid

ge

Wa

ter

for

Irri

gati

on

Sa

nit

ati

on

Hea

lth

Care

An

imal

Hu

sba

nd

ry

Imp

rov

ed A

gri

cult

ure

Tec

hn

olo

gy

Ed

uca

tio

n

Rem

ark

s

10 Deshnur Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

11

Md’dnagar

Men

1 x

2 x

3 x

12 Women

1 x

2 x

3 x

13

28 M

ay 2

016

Nagenahalli Men

1 x

2 x

3

x

14 Narasapura Men

1 x

2

3 x

15 Hosuru Men

1 x

2 x

3

x

Total 4 3 10 13 11 10 2 3 1

Table 5: Summary of prioritised needs of people

Priority Needs of People Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3

Total Men Women Men Women Men Women

Water for Irrigation 10 2 1 13

Drinking Water 2 1 1

4

Employment

1

2

3

Roads & Bridges 1

8

1

10

Sanitation 1 1

2 5 2 11

Health Care

2 2 1 5

10

Animal Husbandry

2 2

Improved Agriculture Technology

1

2

3

Education

1

1

Total 14 5 14 5 14 5 53



Assessment

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Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%)

followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in priority 1 they have identified

health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. In

Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest priority followed by drinking

water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have given equal importance to

employment and sanitation followed by health care.

In priority 3, the men group graded sanitation and health care (35.7% each) as the highest priority

followed by improved agricultural technology, roads & bridges and education. Among the women group

sanitation and animal husbandry (40% each) as the highest importance in Priority 3 category followed by

water for irrigation.



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3 WATER USERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (WUCS)

3.1 Relevance of WUCS

Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and

endorsement for effective implementation of IWRM projects. Here WUCS or other grassroots level

institutions play a pivotal role. In most water resources projects to date, the concerned departments have

usually determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically based

on the government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input

in the project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue? For the

sustainability of systems, it is considered important that WUCS and WUAs be involved in the

identification (and design) of solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities

constructed.

Building partnerships is the most challenging aspect of community development and empowerment

programmes. For integrated sector programmes, some key partnership features include:

partnership between community, WUCS/Local Government and implementing agency;

fully active community participation both within communities and between each community

and the project;

well defined roles and responsibilities, commitments and inputs for each partner organisation;

integration of key project components;

flexible choice and development of service levels by all partners;

felt needs of communities identified through PRA;

PRA findings of each community to be used appropriately in community planning and

implementation;

members and staff of all partner organizations to be given training on community organization,

community management, team building, monitoring etc.;

WUCS/WUA members to be given intensive training on team building, group dynamics,

community organisation and management, improved agricultural practices, basic financial

management and monitoring;

for all partners, a necessary sense of responsibility for the project is to be created/developed,

with particular focus on communities residing in the locality;

sharing of knowledge and skills between partners including exposure visits between partners;

joint partnership decisions; and

community needs to be involved in progress and performance monitoring (functionality

monitoring) of implementation and subsequent on-going activities;

Without effective partnership, one of the project partners is likely to dominate implementation with

unilateral decisions made that may or may not be advised to other partners. This results in the decision

making party frequently being seen to own (be responsible for) the project with either indifference or

animosity on the part of the less involved partners. Experience shows this situation typically carries

beyond implementation into the following operation and maintenance phase to the functional detriment of

project service(s) and/or facilities provided.

3.2 WUCS in VNC Subproject Areas

Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the

modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed

more than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to

perform their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the

conflicts aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages. In the

other models social facilitators were involved to mobilise the farmers.



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Karnataka adopted participatory irrigation management in 2000 through amending its Irrigation Act of

1965. The formation of WUCS is the task of CADA in coordination with WRD and is formed under

Karnataka Cooperative Act. It is reported that the State has formed 2633 WUCS covering area of

1350062.93 ha. The Vijayanagara Channels have 2 WUCS and there is a potential to form total of about

25 WUCS. At the outset, the CADA Munirabad, with all its limitation of man power, financial, advanced

methods and approaches is carrying out formation and strengthening of WUCS. Moreover, VNC has

been exhibiting poor water management, gap in the agriculture productivity by about 30 %, providing

ample scope for institutional linkages between WRD/KNNL and CADA, Agriculture Department and

WUCS. As a result, the WUCS have not been able to have ‘hands on experience’ and engage

constructively in water management. Thus, there is a potential to revitalize the existing WUCS and form

new WUCS to derive anticipated benefits in terms of improved water use efficiency, crop productivity,

regular operation and maintenance, self-sustainable WUCS and improved livelihoods of the farmers.

Vijayanagar Channels have been incorporated under KISWRMIP project for which detailed project

report has been prepared. Based on the available information, a feasibility report needs to be prepared

encompassing various activities like analysis of social, environmental, agriculture, irrigation channel

networks, hydraulics and institutional aspects including WUCS formation and strengthening. The

formation of WUCS is essential component both under Karnataka Irrigation Act as amended in 2000 and

KISWRMIP project.

Due to limited time frame to prepare feasibility report, it was resolved during the Second PSC Review

Meeting held at PMU Bangalore to delineate the area of WUCS under each VNC to facilitate the

stakeholder’s consultation process. However, during the PPTA of KISWRMIP project, indicative pattern

of WUCS formation is envisaged, which could be basis for furtherance of the related activities.

Table 6: Sub-division-wise Vijayanagara Channels with Command Area

# Name of the Channel Command Area (in ha)

Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)

1 Basavanna Channel 1240

2 Raya Channel 2226

3 Bella Channel 600

4 Kalaghatta Channel 237

5 Turtha Channel 931

6 Rama Sagara Channel 673

7 Kampli Channel 620

8 Belagondahala Channel 210

Siruguppa Sub Division (Right Bank)

9 Siruguppa Channel 764

10 Deshnur Channel 478

Vaddarahatti Sub Division (Left Bank)

11 Anegundi Channel 789

12 Shivapur Channel 403

13 Hulugi Channel 265

14 Upper Gangavathi Channel 775

15 Lower Gangavathi Channel 667

Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)

16 Bichal Channel 276

Total 11154



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Table 7: Village List of Vijayanagara Channels

# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village

1 Kampli channel 1 Rama Sagar

2 Kampli

3 Arali halli

4 Belagoduhal

5 Sanapura

2 Turtha channel 6 Venkatapura

7 Bukkasagara

8 Kaddi Rampura

9 Hampi

10 Krishnapura

11 Nimbapura

3 Basava kaluve 12 Hosakote

13 Hosur

14 Amaravathi

15 Hosapet

16 Ananthashayana gudi

17 Mudlapura

18 Malapana Gudi

19 Kamalapura

20 Nagena halli

21 Kariganur

4 Raya Channel

22 Hosur

23 Gudi obala pura

24 Kala ghatta

25 Hospete

26 Narasa pura

27 Hosa kote

28 Dana pura

29 Nagena halli

30 Kaddi rampura

31 Malapana gudi

32 Mudlapura

33 Amaravathi

34 Belagodu

35 Kamalapura

36 Chithawadagi

37 Singa nathana halli

38 Kalli rampura

5 Bella Channel 39 Narasapura

40 Hosur

6 Kala Ghatta 41 Kalaghatta

41 Dhanapura

7 Rama Sagar Channel 43 Ramasagar



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# Name of the Channel # Name of the Village

44 Kampli

45 Muddapura

8 Belagodhal 46 Belagodhal

47 Kampli

9 Shivapur 48 Bandi Harala pura

49 Mahammed Nagara

50 Hatthi Matti

51 Narayana Pete

10 Hulugi 52 Hulagi

53 Shivapur

11 Anegundi 54 Rama pura

55 Anegundi

56 Ramdurga

57 Basavana durga

58 Singangund

59 Krishnapur

60 Sangapur

61 Rajapur

62 Virupapura gudda

63 Chickka rampura

64 Hanumana halli

65 Sannapura

12 Gangavathi Upper channel 66 Vipra

67 Hire Jantkal

68 Hosalli

69 Nagana halli

70 Chickka Jantkal

71 Achalapura

13 Gangavathi lower channel 72 Vipra

73 Nagana halli

74 Chickka Jantkal

75 Ayodhya

76 Danapur

77 Achalapura

14 Siruguppa 78 Siraguppa

79 Kenchana gudda

80 Ibrahim pura

15 Deshnur 81 Deshanur

16 Bichal 82 Bichala

83 Kataknur

84 Nirmal Hanumapur



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Table 8: Sub-division-wise Probable WUCS under Vijayanagara Channels

# Name of the Channel Command Area (ha) WUCS Formed &

Area

No. of WUCS

Proposed 1

Kamalapura Sub Division (Right Bank)

1 Basavanna 1240 3

2 Raya 2226 5

3 Bella 600 1

4 Kalaghatta 237 1

5 Turtha 931 2

6 Rama Sagar 673 1

7 Kampli 620 1

8 Belagondahala 210 1

Vaddarahatti S Division (Left Bank)

9 Anegundi 789 1 (522ha) 12

10 Shivapur 403 1

11 Hulugi 265 1

12 Upper Gangavathi 775 2

13 Lower Gangavathi 667 1

Siruguppa S Division (Right Bank)

14 Siruguppa 764 1 (764 Ha) 1

15 Deshnur 478 1

Manvi Sub Division (Left Bank)

16 Bichal 276 1

Total 11154 25

3.3 Institutional Status of Existing WUCS

During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several

years back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS.

In the public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the

canal system. One of the major concern raised was about their requests for support in desilting on a

regular basis. This has not been considered by the authorities and as a result WUCS/farmers mobilising

resources for undertaking the seasonal O & M tasks, including desilting. Community have been carrying

out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few localities Panchayat authorities

1 This is based on the suggestion that WUCS be demarked on the average area for WUCS (350–500 ha) proposed

by CADA and that in those channels with command area less than the WUCS average one WUCS still be formed

instead of combining areas from more than one channel.

2 Assign the balance command area to the existing WUCS.



Assessment

P a g e | 17

agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the canals/distributaries, especially

the labour component.

A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women

are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk

cooperative society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due

to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects. Some of the WUCS

members are also part of this society and their expertise could be utilised for strengthening the WUCS.

Another issue is that women’s opinions are not recorded, because they are often not present in meetings

or are not confident to speak up (particularly if their husbands or in laws are around). Majority of the

farmers expressed that they are involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and

harvesting. The women community in Mohammed Nagar (Shivpura canal area) expressed that their role

has been minimised due to the mechanisation process in the farming sector and as a result they need to

travel longer distances for finding jobs. The opportunities for women in agriculture is being affected due

to mechanisation in the sector.

3.4 Affordability & Willingness of WUCS to Pay Contributions

In all consultation meetings, the discussions were held with regard to affordability and willingness of

WUCS members to pay for their share of contribution towards the cost of on-farm development works

(CAD works). As mentioned earlier, the status of WUCS organisations in VNC subproject areas is still in

very infancy stage, nevertheless, the farmers express their willingness to form WUCS under the guidance

of KNNL and CADA. They are of the view that they will pay their share of contribution towards the

CAD works, as they expect the irrigation service will improve with modernisation of the VNC canals and

infrastructures.



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4 SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS

4.1 Involuntary Resettlement

Provision of public facilities or infrastructure often requires the exercise of legal powers by the state

under the principle of eminent domain for acquisition of private property, leading to involuntary

displacement of people, depriving them of their land, livelihood and shelter; restricting their access to

traditional resource base, and uprooting them from their socio-cultural environment.

The objective of Involuntary Resettlement is to avoid or minimise involuntary resettlement where

feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. This policy is triggered not only if physical

relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or

access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must

move to another location.

These have traumatic, psychological and socio-cultural consequences on the affected population which

call for protecting their rights, in particular of the weaker sections of the society including members of

the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, marginal farmers and women. Involuntary displacement of

people may be caused by other factors also.

Additional benefits beyond monetary compensation have to be provided to the families affected adversely

by involuntary displacement. This requires a careful assessment of the economic disadvantages and social

impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic effort aimed at improving the all-round living

standards of the affected people.

As per ADB policy on Involuntary Resettlement, the projects are classified into the following four

categories:

Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A

resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category B. A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed

significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category C. A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.



management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate

involuntary impacts.

Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public

consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. However, in few villages

encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS

and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. The field assessment of few

canals and interactions with the communities revealed that the right way (RoW) for the canal system

seems to be available.

The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 also emphasised the need for systematic

approach in dealing with resettlement issues. The objectives of the National Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Policy are as follows: - (a) to minimise displacement and to promote,' as far as possible,

non-displacing or least-displacing alternatives; (b) to ensure adequate rehabilitation package and

expeditious ‘implementation of the rehabilitation process with the active participation of the affected

families; (c) to ensure that special care is. taken for protecting the rights of the weaker sections of society,

especially members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and to create obligations on the State



Assessment

P a g e | 19

for their treatment with concern and sensitivity; (d) to provide a better standard of living, making

concerted efforts for providing sustainable income to the affected families; (e) to integrate rehabilitation

concerns into the development planning and implementation process; and (f) where displacement is on

account of land acquisition, to facilitate harmonious relationship between the requiring body and affected

families through mutual cooperation.

The Karnataka Resettlement of project displaced persons Act 1987 was passed by the legislature in 1987

and subsequently amended in 2002. The State Government have worked out a comprehensive framework

on Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) works for the families affected by the irrigation projects

across the state. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act,

1980 also provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.

Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate. Government should, inter alia,

take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the

acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and

(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.

Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the

ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy. Accordingly, the project has no involuntary resettlement impacts;

and no further action is required.

4.2 Indigenous Peoples

The Indigenous Peoples (IPs) are categorized as tribal who often become vulnerable in development

projects because of their cultural autonomy which is usually undermined and also because this group

endure specific disadvantages in terms of social indicators of quality of life, economic status and usually

as subject of social exclusion. The guiding principles enshrined in the constitution of independent India

as also various plans and policies for safeguarding the interests of scheduled tribes notwithstanding, the

benefits of development of free and shining India have by and large by-passed the scheduled tribes.

The term “Indigenous Peoples ” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and

cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: (a) self-identification as

members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (b) collective

attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural

resources in these habitats and territories (c) customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions

that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (d) an indigenous language, often

different from the official language of the country or region.

It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by

the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the

recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission. In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled

tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.

The major tribes located in the project areas are Nayaka, Naikda, Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka,

Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, Naik,Nayak, Beda, Bedar, Valmiki, Chodhara, Kanda Kapus (in Bellary and

Raichur districts), Gamit, Gamta, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi, Valvi, Dubla, Talavia, Halpati (in Koppal

districts). Bichal/Manvi consists of highest indigenous population of around 25.8% and Koppal is lowest

(13.2%). Siruguppa consists around 20%, Hospet (20%) and Gangavathi 16.5%. Among the SC

population (vulnerable) Hospet is the highest (29.3%) and Koppal is the lowest (19.3%), followed by

Siruguppa (21.4%), Gangavathi (20.7%) and Manvi/Bichal (16%).



Assessment

P a g e | 20

Figure 1: Distribution of indigenous peoples in VNC subproject areas

A number of villages are situated in remote areas inhabited by indigenous populations who have distinct

lifestyle, language, and culture. Besides, they are having secluded living and quite far away from the

usual developmental streams and do not enjoy the same social and economic benefits as do most of the

general population.

During the consultations it has also been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the

economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the indigenous population as compared

to other communities in the villages.

Ascertain the consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities to the following project activities

where Indigenous Peoples groups are deemed to be particularly vulnerable: (i) commercial development

of the cultural resources and knowledge of Indigenous Peoples; (ii) physical relocation of Indigenous

Peoples from traditional or customary lands; and (iii) commercial development of natural resources

within customary lands under use that would impact the livelihoods or on cultural, ceremonial, or

spiritual uses of the lands that define the identity and community of Indigenous Peoples. For the purposes

of policy application, it is proposed that consent of affected Indigenous Peoples communities refers to a

collective expression by the affected Indigenous Peoples communities, through individuals and/or their

recognized representatives, of broad community support for the project activities. Such broad community

support may exist even if some individuals or groups object to the project activities.

ADB’s Indigenous People Policy uses the following characteristics to define IP: (i) self-identification as

members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; (ii) collective

attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural

resources in these habitats and territories; (iii) customary cultural, economic, social, or political

institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and (iv) a distinct language,

often different from the official language of the country or region.

Under Article 342 of the Constitution of India, following characteristics are used to define indigenous

people (scheduled tribes, as termed by the Constitution): (i) tribes’ primitive traits, (ii) distinctive culture,

Hospet KoppalGangavath

iSiruguppa Manvi

SC Population % 29.2 19.3 20.7 22.7 22.0

ST Population % 20.0 13.2 16.6 20.1 25.8

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0P

op

ula

tio

n in

%

Percentage Distribution of Indigenous and Vulnereble population in Project Villages



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P a g e | 21

(iii) shyness with public at large, (iv) geographical isolation, and (v) social and economic backwardness.

Essentially, IP have a social and cultural identity distinctly different from the mainstream (or dominant)

society that makes them marginalized, socially isolated, and often overlooked in the development

process. The objectives are to design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for

Indigenous Peoples’ identity, dignity, human rights, livelihood systems, and cultural uniqueness as

defined by the Indigenous Peoples themselves so that they (i) receive culturally appropriate social and

economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts as a result of projects, and (iii) can participate

actively in projects that affect them.

As per ADB Indigenous People safeguards Projects are classified into the following four categories:

Category A. A proposed project is likely to have significant impacts on indigenous peoples. An

indigenous people’s plan (IPP), including assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category B. A proposed project is likely to have limited impacts on indigenous peoples. An IPP,

including assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category C. A proposed project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further

action is required.



management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities unlikely to have impacts

on indigenous peoples.

The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy

statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse

impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. ADB IP

safeguards are not triggered because the project directly or indirectly does not affect the dignity, human

rights, livelihood systems, or culture of the STs and the project will not affect territories claimed by the

STs as their ancestral domain. During the community consultations also, it has been found that there is no

specific uniqueness with regard to the economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst

the STs as compared to other communities in the villages.

In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required. In addition, as part of the WUCs

strengthening, special focus shall be made to ensure the participation of STs (indigenous) and SCs

(vulnerable) in the planning and decision making process. It will also be ensured that under no

circumstances will the STs/ SCs be deprived of the benefits from the program.

It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the

Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between

protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the

IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s

safeguards policy on IP.

Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed

project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if

there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement

Plan and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.



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5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF VNC AREAS

5.1 Demography

The population of the project area has been predominantly scattered over the rural belt and vast majority

of the people hail from the rural sector. The rural and traditional character of the population has been the

hallmark of the villages coming under the project (Table 9).

Sex ratio:

Hospet has a total population of 188,965 out of which 50.1 % is male and 49.9% females. In Koppal,

Gangavathi, Siruguppa and Manvi follows almost similar sex ratio. Among all the taluks, Manvi taluk

has the highest sex ratio (1013) followed by Hospet (1006), Siruguppa (1005), Gangavathi (988) and

Koppal taluk has the lowest sex ratio.

Literacy:

The literacy rate among male category in Hospet is 58.5 and female 41.5. The corresponding figures for

Koppal is 58.7 and 41.3, Gangavathi 57.1 (Male) and 42.9 (female) respectively. In Siruguppa the female

literacy is lowest 38.7 when compared to all other places (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Taluk wise population and literacy

Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) – VNC Feasibility Study

Report- Vol 3: Socio-Economic Assessment

P a g e | 23

Table 9: Population Distribution, Literacy Rates, & SC /ST Population

Taluk Wise Population Literacy SC Population ST Population

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Hospet 94673 94292 188965 55639 39527 95166 27600 27668 55268 18749 19042 37791

Koppal 582958 573258 1156216 382270 268731 651001 111858 111077 222935 76987 75576 152563

Gangavathi 172397 172866 345263 109179 81994 191173 35381 36058 71439 28543 28745 57288

Siruguppa 94949 95439 190388 49522 31216 80738 21391 21853 43244 18977 19223 38200

Manvi 160902 163303 324205 87594 58539 146133 35343 35893 71236 41226 42449 83675

Source: 2011 Population Census Report, Govt. of India



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5.2 Incidence of Poverty at District Level 2011-12

As mentioned above Poverty has always been a cause of concern in the state. However, as the statistics

reveals, over the years the state has made significant progress in poverty reduction. Although there has

been a decline in the poverty ratio in the state regional disparities with in the state still exist. The districts

of Bellary (40.8%), Koppal (40.7%) & Raichur (37.7) have the highest poverty levels i.e. their poverty

ratio is much higher than the poverty ratio at the state level.

5.3 Poverty Reduction Programmes

Several poverty reduction programmes have been launched by the state government for the rural poor,

comprising small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and rural artisans. The important ongoing

programmes are Integrated rural development, Indira Awaas Yojana, Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Prime

Minister Rozgar Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Stree Shakthi

project etc.. The objectives of such programmes are to support and encourage poverty line families for

taking up self-employment ventures in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in the primary

sector, weaving and handicrafts in the secondary sector, and service and business activities in the tertiary

sector. Unfortunately, most marginalised households are not aware of the various governments-initiated

poverty alleviation programmes/ schemes, their entitlements & benefits. However, the situation in the

proposed project areas are encouraging due to the wide network of SHGs and cooperative societies.

5.4 Role of SHGs in Poverty Reduction Programmes

Historically Self Help Group (SHGs) and cooperative societies played an important role in improving the

livelihood and living standards of the community, especially the women groups in project villages. The

women members from Indigenous population are actively associated in SHGs.

The SHG movement was not only about empowering women economically but it lead to social

empowerment of the women in the rural areas. The social impact of the SHG has been instrumental in

changing gender relationships in the society. Under the SHG umbrella varieties of programmes such as

savings and credit, income generation through community banking, linking SHGs with banks to take up

individual/community based activities, and discussing the issues related to women empowerment and

development.

In Hospet and Siruguppa taluks 1433 SHGs are functioning of which 22,677 members are from the

women community (



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P a g e | 25

Table 10). Out of this 5242 from SC and 4606 from ST categories. In Koppal and Gangavathi taluks

alone 1605 SHGs are functioning, of which 27,560 members are from women community. Out of this,

7103 (25.8%) from SC and 4699 (17.1%) from ST communities. Besides 48 young women groups and

391 youth groups also functioning in the district. In the cooperative societies 91 are working on

agricultural co-societies, 133 in milk producer’s cooperative societies and 133 in other societies to get the

services of cooperative societies in order to improve their livelihood. In Manvi 1100 SHGs existing

which consists of 14,325 women members (2546 SC, 2225 ST and 9554 other women category). The

Stree Sakthi programme anchored by the Department of Women and Child Development, apart from

saving and credit attempts to focus attention of the members on gender empowerment as well.



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Table 10: Distribution of SHGs and representation of indigenous population

Taluka

No. of

SHGS

No. of SC

Women In

SHG

No. of ST

Women in

SHG

Other

Women

in SHGS

Total Women

in all

Categories

Young

Women

Groups

Youth

Groups

Hospet 715 2790 2684 6345 11819 NA NA

Koppal 725 2683 1609 NA 4321 29 179

Gangavathi 880 4420 3090 NA 7529 19 212

Siruguppa 780 2452 1922 7484 11858 NA NA

Manvi 1100 2546 2225 9554 19325 NA NA

Among the villages visited (especially in Ramasagara, Anegundi, Siruguppa, Deshnur) it was noticed that

farmers are involved in fishing as their livelihood. In Siruguppa alone 2175 families (full time) and 6760

families (part time) involved in Fisheries. In Manvi taluk 72 families are involved in fishing sector full

time and 121 families involved part time. Livestock also equally important livelihood next to agriculture

in the project villages. Under the tribal sub plan financial support have been provided to inland fisheries

for procuring non-motorised boats, provision of motor cycles for transportation and marketing of fish.

Fish production centres, taluk level nurseries and construction of fish ponds in water logged, saline areas

and alkaline soils are being planned in selected localities. The concept of integrated farming should be

adopted in IWRM for providing increased opportunity for livelihood projects.

5.5 Major Occupations

In Koppal and Gangavathi out of total workers 24.1% are cultivators, 42.8% are agricultural labourers,

29.8% are other workers and 3.2% involved in household level activities (Table 11). It is worthwhile to

note that 21% of cultivators and 60% agricultural labourers are from women category and

correspondingly 79% are cultivators and 40% are agricultural labourers. In Manvi 26.9% are cultivators,

53.9% are agricultural labourers, 17.5% are other workers and 1.7% are household level activities. Over

all there is a decline in the percentage of workers engaged in agricultural activities and this have to be

closely examined to understand the magnitude of the problems.

Similarly, an account of farmers in different categories is given in Table 12 and Figure 3, where

Marginal Farmers are those with landholding below 1 ha; Small Farmers with landholding between 1 and

2 ha; and Medium Farmers with landholding between 2 and 10 ha.

Table 11: Distribution of workers classification in subproject areas

Taluk Wise

Details

Cultivators Agricultural Household

Other workers Total workers Total labourers activities

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Hospet 14842 6129 16749 19364 749 398 16053 4881 48393 30772 79165

Koppal 113228 36282 76992 97727 6405 3408 75789 24712 272414 162129 434543

Gangavathi 31051 9261 28219 30731 1475 869 23473 7594 84218 48455 132673

Siruguppa 21203 11854 23324 29986 472 279 7462 2948 52461 45067 97528

Manvi 166086 59795 114057 141916 6019 3538 60550 23432 346712 228681 575393

Source: As per 2011 Census Report Govt. of India



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Table 12: Distribution of farmers in subproject areas

Taluk Wise Marginal

Farmers

Small

Farmers

Medium

farmers Total

Hospet 19302 8999 5690 34072

Koppal 13649 15899 15276 45364

Gangavathi 28002 18421 57417 107848

Siruguppa 17297 11236 13688 42867

Manvi 25484 23135 65081 121866

Source: Agricultural Census 2010-11 Report on Operational Holdings in Karnataka, Directorate of Economics &

Statistics, Bangalore

Figure 3: Distribution of farmers in VNC subproject areas (%)

Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) – VNC Feasibility Study

Report- Vol 3: Socio-Economic Assessment

P a g e | 28

Table 13: Distribution of workers classification in selected project areas

Taluk Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Activities Other Workers Total Workers

Total

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Hospet 14842 6129 16749 19364 749 398 16053 4881 48393 30772 79165

Koppal 113228 36282 76992 97727 6405 3408 75789 24712 272414 162129 434543

Gangavathi 31051 9261 28219 30731 1475 869 23473 7594 84218 48455 132673

Siruguppa 21203 11854 23324 29986 472 279 7462 2948 52461 45067 97528

Manvi 166086 59795 114057 141916 6019 3538 60550 23432 346712 228681 575393

Source: 2011 Census Report Govt. of India



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5.6 Major Crops

Agriculture is the main activity of the target population in the project villages. People are basically

depending on rainfall, irrigation tanks, wells and streams for irrigation. In Hospet Taluk and nearby

villages farmers are predominantly depending on canal water for agriculture. The farmers in Gangavathi

Taluk are dependent mainly on Tungabhadra canal irrigation, while in Koppal and other taluks are

depending mainly on rainfall, tanks, wells etc. Gangavathi taluk paddy is the prominent crop occupying

43.1% of total sown area due to availability of irrigation facilities. In Hospet taluk and adjoining areas

Sugar cane, Banana, Paddy, Jowar, Bajra etc are grown. Sugar cane is grown in 80% of Shivpura,

Nagenahalli villages. In some parts of Koppal and Raichur districts cotton also grown. The important

pulses crops grown are Bengal gram and tur dal and Groundnut, sunflower, etc. are the non-food crops

grown. In Siruguppa and Deshnur in Bellary district, paddy is the main crop cultivated and they grow

only one crop per season. In Raichur and Manvi taluks the crops grown under rain fed cultivation are

Jowar, cotton, groundnut, chilies, wheat and pulses. The crops grown under irrigation are paddy,

sugarcane, maize, wheat, chilies, cotton, pulses, onions, and plantains

5.7 Drinking Water Supply

Households indicating multiple sources of water use both the sources for drinking and washing purposes

and there is no selective use of different sources. The major problems reported during the visit area: (a)

Unreliable water supply in terms of supply, duration and quantity supplied; (b) Problems of water

pressure and quality; (c) Defunct water supply network in some localities; (d) Lack of access or less

secure access to alternate sources during water shortage periods; (e) Problems of water contamination

(mud mixed water).

Scarcity of water is not an issue in any of the villages visited but the quality is a major problem raised in

few villages. However Raichur and Manvi taluk are having severe drinking water problems. Water

quality is poor mainly because of low rainfall. The extensive canal irrigation and the use of chemicals in

agriculture has not only affected the surface water but ground water as well. Ground water in Raichur

district contains excess fluoride and arsenic contamination is quite severe in Manvi taluk with more than

half of the population being exposed to it.

5.8 Sanitation

Access to safe water and sanitation, good health and literacy are some of the crucial factors other than

income. Health is largely affected by the cleanliness and sanitation of an area which, in turn, is affected

by level of literacy and awareness. Inadequate sanitation facilities leading to the practice of open

defecation in and around canal premises, blocking of roadside/storm drains due to disposal of solid waste

mainly agro wastes and plastics. The coverage of household sanitation ranges from 20% to 60% in the

villages visited and Manvi reported the lowest around 20%. In fact, sanitation is one of the most

neglected aspects in the project villages.



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6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND ACTION

PLAN

This project has an implementation concept and structure which incorporates all physical and non-

physical components, but needs to develop a feasible and pragmatic operational methodology and

implementation strategy for community based activities. Community involvement always depends upon

the level of awareness within the community. It is a formidable task to bring about positive change in

people’s behavior and practice with regard to effective water use, value of water, environmental

conditions and related issues. The active participatory involvement of beneficiaries does indeed slow

down physical implementation, but experience shows that this is only in the beginning.

An active public awareness program will be mounted at Panchayat, canal and community level to ensure

that stakeholders are well informed about the project’s objectives, roles and responsibilities and activities,

and to ensure that the scope and procedures for the public works component are fully understood. A

governance and anti-corruption program will also be established at the community level to minimize

governance risks and protect beneficiaries.

Public agencies affected by the project will benefit from the impetus to reform and a more sustainable

policy and institutional framework for water resource management. No negative impacts are foreseen,

although there may be resistance to some elements of reform due to the differing interests of these groups

in the process and outcome of reform. A strong emphasis on stakeholder consultation and consensus

building will be used to minimize these tensions, for both project design and project implementation.

For vulnerable households, the social impact will be highly positive due to the employment created and

the increase in crop production, with no negative impacts foreseen. As explained above the villages and

in and around Vijayanagar canals have wide network of agricultural, milk and other type of cooperatives.

The experience of these societies can play a pivotal role in shaping the existing WUCS and the new ones

to be established.

The project does not require involuntary resettlement or involve indigenous people. The project will also

bring valuable environmental and social benefits. Immediate benefits include: improved irrigation

distribution; reduced seepage losses from the main canals, reduced over-supply of irrigation water,

reduced water logging, salinization and water losses; Further, longer-term benefits include: a lower water

table, lower risk of salinization, and less stagnant water in the villages with fewer consequent health

problems.

The biggest problem realized during the rapid assessment and consultation process the project needs a

new direction.

In order to address this the functioning and capability of existing community institutions such as WUCS,

WUAs, SHGs, VFGs etc have to be examined and identify the gaps for making these institutions vibrant

for facilitating the implementation.

6.1 Strategy for Enforcing Social Management Framework

Community participation and management plays a prominent role in the effective implementation and is

the primary deciding factor for the success and operational sustainability of IWRM.

Consultation with local farmers/community is a necessary prerequisite to get their cooperation and

endorsement for IWRM projects. Here WUCS, WUAs or other grassroots level institutions play a pivotal

role. In most water resources projects to date, the governments and donor agencies have usually

determined the design, technology, service level and mode of scheme operation, typically working to

government rules/norms and procedures. How can the community or WUCS can provide any input in a

project which was conceived without appropriate consultation process or dialogue?



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P a g e | 31

Although the IWRM was conceived as an integrated project, in reality, the role of the community in the

planning and management of the proposed water distribution in villages are rather limited.

The experience, views and perceptions of farmers and other communities have not been adequately

sought or considered other than in a recent review in few selected areas. For the sustainability of systems,

it is considered important that WUCS and WUAs be involved in the identification (and design) of

solutions and play a key role in the operation and maintenance of facilities constructed.

In the inception phase it is paramount importance to analyse the present situation, review of reports and

consultation with various stakeholders and understand the poverty dimensions and training activities

outlined in various documents. Consultation meetings will be organized with WUCS, WUAs and other

grass root level functionaries. This will enable to understand the activities especially for addressing the

poverty reduction and gender dimensions. Work with Agricultural specialist, WID, Communication

specialist and plan appropriate training activities based on the local requirement.

Community organisation for physical implementation of construction activities requires participatory

approaches through WUCS and farmer’s association. This needs to be an integrated process linking with

irrigation, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, drinking water, basic sanitation, infrastructure etc. There is

much more opportunity for involvement with community contracting and monitoring of civil works. The

use and maintenance of shared community installations need to be the responsibility of WUCS or

farmer’s associations. The type of works which can be entrusted to the WUCS needs to be identified in

consultation with them.

The organisation and implementation of this work is best supervised by WUCS with guidance from

supported staff employed by PSC/PIO. This will involve their planning, organisation and arranging

implementation work, promotional initiatives, concurrent monitoring and follow up on completion of

work.

6.2 Role of Information Education and Communication (IEC)

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) play an important role in an integrated programme.

The significance and approach of IEC for WUCS/WUAs, communities and other project partners are that

they be fully informed about the project and be prepared for their respective roles. To ensure this, the role

and responsibilities of project partners/facilitators need to be identified in respect of resources to be

mobilised, action plans to be prepared, the implementation strategy to be used, monitoring required and

operation, maintenance and payments to follow. To support this information requirement, a clear and

suitably detailed implementation methodology and strategy will be developed and incorporated in the

planning and implementation stage. Specific IEC sessions are required for each stage to ensure a

continuity of information flow. This must be flexible and adapt to the willingness, commitment and

interest of people associated with the programme. It is also advisable that project strategies and

requirements be adapted to the circumstances and needs of command area/village, rather than

automatically following a stereo-type IEC approach for all villages.

There is a need to create awareness on the objectives, activities, roles and responsibilities of different

stakeholders and the expected benefits.

6.3 Empowerment

Empowerment means vesting the people with knowledge and skills to make needed changes and having

the ability to act individually and collectively. Empowerment should be the major objective of IEC

activities.

Planning and management for Community Participation training requires suitable resource persons to be

identified. It is advisable to do this under two main categories: (a) training of trainers (mostly government

functionaries, the staff of support organisations and selected social workers from the community) and (b)



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P a g e | 32

training those directly and indirectly benefiting from the programme including local community

representatives. Training is an integral part of Information Education and Communication (IEC) with

both occurring concurrently.

Additional to appropriate formal training for project partners, it is important to assess the need for and

provide refresher training for all partners. Similarly, post-training evaluation is necessary to determine the

effectiveness of training and as necessary, adapt the training programme. Only with effective training can

CPM and Gender and other project objectives be fully realized within planned time frames.

Table 14: Social management activity schedule

Activities Responsibility Time schedule

Initial community/farmers meeting PIO/PSC First quarter year 1

Social mapping PSC field level

Support staff

First quarter year 1

Appointment of support team PIO/PSC First quarter year 1

Orientation & Training PSC/PIO First quarter year 1

Assessment by support staff on WUCS PSC/PIO First quarter year 1

Review and assess other social development

programmes ongoing

Support staff/WUCS First quarter year 1

Work closely with panchayats and identify potential

livelihood programmes to collaborate

WUCS/Support staff Year 1 -3

Arrange Exposure visits to see similar activities PIO/PSC Year 1-2

Need assessment and develop community action plan Support staff/WUCS Year 1

Prepare O & M plans WUCS Year 1 and 2

Training Need assessment PIO/PSC Year 1 and 2

Organise capacity building and training on regular

intervals

WUCS/Support

staff/PSC

Throughout the

project duration

Prepare training modules and calendar PSC/PIO/ Year 1 and 2

Plan to undertake community contracting PIO/PSC Year 2 and 3

Functionality monitoring of system operation WUCS Year 2 and 3

Benefit monitoring - assessment PSC Year 3 onwards

Compilation of reports, case studies, progress reports Field support

teams/PSC

Throughout the

project

Through the sequence of programme planning and design, the following activities need to be shared with

farmers to provide the basis for participatory implementation of project components and the subsequent

operational management of facilities (and services) by the village community:

introduction of the IWRM modernization programme and it’s integrated approach to the

community;

list the main physical and non-physical components of the programme;

roles and responsibilities of stakeholders;

undertake social mapping with and in the community;

collect social and physical information of general relevance to the programme;

identify WUCS/farmer’s association and the nature of their activities;

specifically identify existing water distribution systems and availability at tail end users;

agreement on the social aspects of the design for water distribution improvements;

establish responsibilities for and costs of operation and maintenance of all facilities;

confirm village community and WUCS acceptance of project components;

prepare a detailed Project/Community Implementation Plan for each village; and

Agree on a timetable of activities starting with establishment of the WUCS



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6.4 Gender Framework and Action Plan

Social and Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and

infrastructure sector. The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented

way undoubtedly presents a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building

along the way. On the other, this presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good

practice standard in the sector.

IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the

ones predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and

integrated into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the

probability of functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate

changes into the pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus

increasing the sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of

community men needs to be sought.

Gender mainstreaming is a process for improving the relevance of development agendas and both women

and men can benefit equally. The division of labour and responsibilities (who does what work), social

attitudes, and unequal access to resources all contribute to a situation where policies and programmes

have a different impact on women and men, (for example, education initiatives and poverty reduction

strategies). Furthermore, these differences and inequalities influence how women and men participate in

and respond to new initiatives.

6.4.1 Gender Blindness

Many men and women involved in water decision making, policy making or implementation still

question the relevance of gender. They fail to recognize the differences between men and women with

regard to demands, knowledge, access and control of water resources and capacities. This perspective

obstructs the capacity of some water resources professional to understand and address water issues. The

primary obstacle is a traditional point of view that assumes that communities are homogeneous. In reality,

societies are not a collection of equal people living in a particular region, but rather a heterogeneous

assortment of individuals and groups who command different levels of power, wealth, influence and

ability to express their needs, concerns and rights.

6.4.2 Gender approach in IWRM

There are three elements in an approach to gender and IWRM. Each of these elements supports both

project efficiency and a concern for gender equality: 1) every initiative, programmes and analysis should

take steps to understand the differences and relations among and between women and men in each

specific context (Gender Analysis). This should be done in a participatory fashion and both men and

women should be involved; 2) all initiatives should incorporate women’s and men’s prospective, needs

and interests to reduce gender inequalities; 3) participatory approach that facilitates the equitable

participation of women and men, particularly at decision-making levels should be used. The importance

of involving women as well as men in water resources management is not only to improve women’s

situation, but, also an essential element for effective development, utilization and management of water

resources. There is an increasing urgency in the need to mainstream a gender perspective at the overall

water resource level because of the new emerging international perspectives on water resources.

However, it is not an easy task to mainstream a gender perspective into the framework of commonly

accepted international principles relating to IWRM characterized with the following key points:

Water should be treated as an economic, social and environmental good;

Water policies should focus on the management of water and not just on the provision of water;

Governments should facilitate and enable the sustainable development of water resource

including a regulatory framework;



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P a g e | 34

Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level; and

There should be recognition that women play a central role in the provision, management and

safeguarding water. What needs to be done is each of the principles in terms of the socio

cultural aspects including gender. Equally, understanding the links between gender equality

issues and water resources management to develop awareness, commitment and capacity for

integrating gender perspectives into water resources management.

6.4.3 Targeted Actions

Women and men use and access water, land and ecosystem resources in different ways. When these

differences are properly understood, actions can be targeted towards those who have real influence in the

issues addressed. For example, men and women both contribute to the problem of water security or water

crisis. Major land use changes, and large-scale logging activities and wood use are often linked with

wealthy men or corporations; minor land changes and local logging are usually done by middle class or

poor rural men and women; and wood collection, where trees are seldom chopped, is normally conducted

by poor women worldwide. In order to prove effective, actions designed to curtail deforestation should

take into account these differences.

6.4.4 Cultural Stereotypes

Many gender stereotypes exist around water and its uses. Some of the most common misconceptions are

listed below:

Farmers are male. While the proportion and the role of women change from place to place, 70% of

farmers worldwide are women. Nonetheless, women neither own 70% of the land, nor have access to

70% of agricultural water

Fishers are male. Women and men divide functions in fishing. In many cases, women collect shrimp and

shellfish near the coast, while men catch fish using boats, nets and other devices. In Freshwater fisheries

predominantly men are involved in catching. And women involvement is substantial in drying,

processing, making and repairing nets and fishing.

Men do the work while women care for the family. This misconception neglects the role of men as

fathers who may also contribute domestic labour and have a fundamental task as behaviour models.

Children learn how to use water according to both the mothers’ and the father’s examples, and the

father’s influence grows when boys and girls are older.

Men do all the heavy work, and women help with the lighter tasks. In general, men are physically

stronger than women. Nevertheless, women do the lion share of drudgery work, whilst men take over

these tasks, only when mechanized.

In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify

women leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually

build-up a network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day

implementation; (c) Propose and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered

to women.

The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as

recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups

function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood,

agriculture and a nutrition programme package.

Providing women with full information on the project organization, role and responsibilities

various stakeholders, role of WUCS and other related institutions and its functions;

Encouraging and training women to become leaders or representatives of WUCS;

Discussing with women groups their interests and incorporating their needs in concrete action

plans;



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Raising the awareness of CADA and other government officials and extension engineers

towards incorporating women's and small farmers' views into increasing the efficiency of the

irrigation system;

Evaluating the impact of women's involvement on the efficiency of the system. Due to the vital

importance of involving women in the water sector, a separate act.

Agriculture is the prime subsistence and economic activity in IWRM projects. It accounts for by far the

largest proportion of water used. Especially in rural areas agriculture determines to a large extent in what

way water is managed at community and household level and plays an important role in the division of

water related tasks, means and responsibilities of men, women and children. In many rural societies men

and women take on different tasks from a young age onwards. Analysis of the gender division of labour

found that men dominate land preparation and irrigation activities, whilst women tend to be responsible

for transplanting, weeding and harvesting. However, in several villages visited the role of women has

been changing or limiting due to modern farming methods.

A notable feature here is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though

women are members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. Another issue is that

women’s opinions are not be recorded, because they are often not present in meetings or are not confident

to speak up (particularly if their husbands are around). Majority of the farmers expressed that they are

involving their women folk for land clearing, weeding, transplanting and harvesting. It is worthwhile to

note here that in the milk cooperative societies the women play dynamic role in the overall management

of the society. This is mainly due to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their

projects. The women community in Mohammed Nagar expressed that their livelihood opportunities

reduced due to the mechanisation in the farming sector and as a result they need to travel to longer

distances for finding jobs.

Gender disparity is very much prevailing in the project villages. The daily wages for women varies from

Rs.120 to 150 and men to Rs.200 to 250 in the agricultural sector in VNC. The opportunities for women

in agriculture is also reducing due to mechanisation in the sector.

Gender-disaggregated quantitative data are not easily available from local government sources but must

often be collected separately for a program or project, which can be costly and time consuming. In the

project villages there is low female participation in water users’ organizations despite high involvement

of women in irrigated agriculture and decision making. In most cases, low female participation is also in

conflict with official policy statements, which almost always claim that the involvement of all farmers or

water users is the ultimate objective. Because of their high domestic and productive workloads, the

opportunity cost of time to attend meetings and do other work for the organizations is different (and often

higher) for women than for men.

Important in this respect is that it is not as easy for women to transfer some of their responsibilities to

their husbands, as it is for men to leave some of their tasks to their wives. Timing and location of

meetings may also impose a higher cost on women than on men.

The most commonly cited major obstacles to women participating and benefiting from development

activities include (i) the lack of participation by women in planning meetings while project

identification/planning; (ii) poorly conducted needs analyses; (iii) the lack of baseline data on key gender

differences relevant to the specific project; (iv) the failure to address gender issues in project objectives.

6.4.5 Monitoring and Review

Monitoring and review of the programme and its components has to be an integral part of planning and

implementation. The learning from this could be used for preparing future proposals. The main objective

of monitoring and review are to find:

Whether the implementation of various components is progressing as planned;



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Whether they are producing the expected result;

If not, what problems are being encountered in implementation;

What steps can be taken to overcome them; and

Taking adequate measures to implement these steps.

Monitoring has to be done individually and collectively. Concurrent monitoring needs to be carried out

by the respective WUCS with the support of Field support teams. Since the activity plan specifies

responsibility for each individual, he/ she should periodically ask himself/herself how he/she will

discharge responsibilities. Monitoring & reviewing should not be a fault finding exercise. Based on

monitoring & review, activity plan can be modified to the extent needed. In addition to monitoring and

review, the programme has to be evaluated on sample survey basis at least once a year. The evaluation

will deal with not only the immediate objectives, but also with intermediate and ultimate objectives. It

will also evaluate the inputs, and processing of inputs.

6.4.6 Monitoring Indicators

While undertaking monitoring both qualitative and quantitative indicators should be used together. In

recent thinking, qualitative methods have assumed greater importance, as they focus on empowerment

and participation.

Qualitative Indicators

Level of participation of both male and females in local water resource management institutions

in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils

Level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures by both males and

females.

Level of understanding and implementation of measures to safeguard the levels of local water

quality

Level of income generated from activities for both male and female controlled crop

The percentage of marginalized groups and in particular women who actively engage in local

water management institutions

Numbers of planning meetings held with local stakeholders and topics discussed.

Attendance by local stakeholders at identification and planning meetings by sex, socioeconomic

grouping, age and ethnicity.

Levels of contribution/participation by local stakeholders at identification and planning

meetings.

Do women/men benefit from the programme in the same way?

To what extent did women actively participate in the meeting?

To what extent did women contribute to the meeting outcomes?

Do women and men perceive that women are becoming more empowered? Why?

Do women perceive that they now have greater self-respect? Why? How does this relate to

men's perceptions?

Do women/men perceive that they now have greater economic autonomy? Why?

Have gender relations of women/men in the target group changed as a result of the programme?

Have gender gaps been reduced?

Are changes taking place in the way in which decisions are made in the household, and what is

the perceived impact of this?

Do women make decisions independently of men in their household? What sort of decisions are

made independently?

How often O & M activities are being carried out? Who support the activities?



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Quantitative Indicators

Age and sex wise distribution of farmers

Age and sex wise distribution of WUCS members

Number of planning meetings (or Gram Sabha) held with local stakeholders.

Number of WUCS meetings held

No. of meetings attended by women members

Number of WUCS members

Number of women as shareholders

Number of women in WUCS

Women working in agriculture

Number of Farm units

Women as Farm Leaders

Women, leading farm for husband

Number of coordination meetings held with Panchayats and other stakeholders in year 2015

Number of people attended meetings by departments/stakeholders

Number of women attended meetings

Number of WUCS Federation/ Council and Committee members

Number of women WUCS Council and Committee members

Number of grievances from water users in 2015

Number of grievances from women water users in 2015

Number of women associated with local cooperatives

Number of women members of Milk Cooperatives

No. of livelihood units such as -Areca nut plate and allied products

No. of male and female unemployed

No. of people below poverty line

No. of women below poverty line

number of female Panchayat members

women holding senior legislative and managerial positions in the locality

No. of women involved in agricultural activities

No. of women involved in marketing agricultural products

No. of men involved in agricultural activities

No. of men involved in marketing agricultural products

Daily Wages of women

Daily wages of Men

Daily Working hours by women other than household jobs

Daily Working hours of men

No. of hours spent by women in household job

No. of hours spent by men in household job

Amount used from MNREGA funds for O & M during 2015.

6.4.7 Social Benefits

The project interventions will lead to increased agricultural opportunities and diversification of crops to

improve income and livelihood standards, benefiting both men and women across the project areas. The

programme is expected to mainstream gender within the irrigation management by strengthening

landless, tail end farmers and the socially disadvantaged communities. This will fulfil strategic

requirements of the socially excluded and women in the context of water management, besides meeting

their daily water needs for domestic use, livestock and hygiene purpose. On the whole the project will

provide a platform for promoting inclusive and gender focused water resources development and

irrigation management.



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6.4.8 Gender Action Plan for VNC

A generic Gender Action Plan for Tranche-2 subprojects has been prepared and provided in Table 15.

Table 15: Gender Action Plan (GAP) for VNC

Objectives Activities Responsibility Time

frame

Improve the knowledge of

relevant Govt. departments

on GESI approaches in

agriculture, irrigation and

water resources

management

Training workshops propose to be conducted

for women/men staff of key departments

focusing on Gender concepts and in the design

and implementation of water resources

management, irrigation and agricultural

programmes for vulnerable groups

PIO/PSC May-

June

2017

Build awareness of

women’s equal rights and

participation in water

resources management and

livelihood programmes

1. At least 30% of WUCS management board

members are women

2. Sensitization workshop focusing on gender

equality and social inclusion approaches

and women’s role and participation in

water resources management alternate

livelihood activities carried out by WUCS

members

3. Training on social leadership development,

decision making and promotion of

women’s participation in WUCS for

women directors

PIO/PSC Year

1-2

Year

2-3

Year 3

Develop and implement

training modules for

increased women’s

participation in irrigation

management and value

added livelihood activities

20 training programmes focused on PIM

conducted in Tranche 1 areas resulting in the

increased access to water for cropping and

domestic use especially by tail end, small and

marginal and women farmers/households

50 women’s and men groups/cooperatives

strengthened and training and marketing

support provided to micro enterprises and

livelihood clusters

PIO/PSC Year

2-4

Year

2-4

Develop the capacities of

WRD staff including

women in IWRM

6 certified training programme focused on

IWRM conducted for 240 WRD staff (40%

women staff)

PIO/PSC Year 2

Monitor progress of gender

and socially inclusive

focused activities in water

resources management

Project management information system with

gender indicators

PIO/PSC Year

1-4

Assess the impact of the

programme

Sex disaggregated data collected, analysed and

key findings disseminated to address

implementation of GAPs

PIO/PSC Year

4-5



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7 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

Anegundi

45 Men & 2 Women Partisipated in the discussion at Anegundi

Shivapur

29 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Shivapur

Siruguppa

13 Men Participated in the discussion at Siruguppa



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Gangavathi

24 Men and 1 Women Participated in the discussion at Gangavathi

Mohammadnagar

34 Men & 9 Women Participated in the discussion at Mohammadnagar

Nagenahalli

21 Men & 28 Women Participated in the discussion at Nagenahalli



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Hosuru

10 Men & 3 Women Participated in the discussion at Hosuru

Bichal

23 Men participated in the discussion at Bichal



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8 ANNEXURES

SCHEDULE OF VISITS

Date Places Visited

23.05.2016

KNNL

Executive Engineer, Munirabad

KNNL

Chief Engineer, Munirabad

KNNL

Superintending Engineer, Munirabad

CADA

Administrator, Munirabad

CADA

Assistant Registrar of Co-operative Societies

Discussion with Farmers’ Association

24.05.2016

Emminur

Belagodhal

Kampli

Ramasagar

Kamalapur

25.05.2016 Anegundi

26.05.2016

Shivapur

Upper Gangavathi

Lower Gangavathi

27.05.2016

Siruguppa – KNNL office

Deshnur

Kenchangudda

Mohammad Nagar

28.05.2016

Nagenahalli

Narasapura

Hosuru

19.07.2016

to

23.07.2016

Manvi-Bichal – meeting with Junior Engineer

Bichal Panchayat farmers meeting

Visiting Canals and Anicut

Meeting with EE Incharge, KNNL



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INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED DURING VISITS

No Individual

Contacted Name Designation

1 KNNL Mallikarjun CE Munirabad

Bhoja Naik SE Munirabad

Nagabhushan EE Munirabad

Jankar AEE Munirabad

Yallappa AE Munirabad

Vishwanath AE Gangavathi

B H M Manjunath AEE Gangavathi

Vijay Prasad K R JE Siruguppa

D Nagendra Prasad FDA Siruguppa

2 CADA Rajappa Administrator

Tippeswamy

Assistant Registrar of Co-operative

Societies.

3 Panchayat /

Municipality

Lalitha Rani X ZP Member & Chairman

State Handi Craft Nigam

S Muddukumar X Municipal Councilor Siruguppa

K Suresh Babu Vice President Shivapur

Usman Sab GP Member Shivapur

Renukamma Kattigi GP President Bandi Harlapura

Dharmanna GP President

Hausain Basha GP Member Halebandi Harlapur

B Ramanna GP Member Halebandi Harlapur

Emunurappa GP Member Halebandi Harlapur

Y Ramesh TP Member Halebandi Harlapur

Devanna Mekali TP X President Halebandi Harlapur

Raghavendra GP Bill Collector Anegundi

H Manjunath Gowda GP Member Anegundi

Anjana Devi GP Member Anegundi

B Chandra Shekar X GP Member Nagenahalli

D Channappa GP President, Nagenahalli

Mathramma GP President, Mohammadnagar

ZP Member, Gangavathi

4 WUCS/Farmers

Association Kashim Sab WUCS President Emminur

Adivega Swamy WUCS Secretary Emminur

Kumarappa WUCS Directory Emminur

P Mallikarjun WUCS President Siruguppa

K Ramarao WUCS Director Shivapur

Kashyya Swamy WUCS Secretary Bandi Harlapur

Alam Hussain WUCS Director Bandi Harlapur



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No Individual

Contacted Name Designation

Elluru Ramakrishna WUCS President Anegundi

K Mehaboob Hussain WUCS Director Anegundi

K S Sudarshan Varma WUCS Director Anegundi

J Pampapathi Society Member

Jyothi Swa Sahaya Sangha

T M Manjulla Anganavadi Teacher

vijayanagara canals (vnc) feasibility study report …knnlindia.com/kaveri2/kiswrmip/documents/vnc...

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