village of north bennington hazard mitigation plan · 6/15/2017 · village of north bennington...

VillageofNorthBenningtonHazardMitigationPlan

June15,2017

NorthBennington,Vermont

TableofContentsListofTables............................................................................................2

ListofFigures..........................................................................................3

I. Introduction.................................................................................4A. Purpose............................................................................................................................................4

B. MitigationGoals...............................................................................................................................5

II. VillageProfile...............................................................................5A. RegionalContext..............................................................................................................................5

B. DemographyandLandUse..............................................................................................................5

C. EconomicandCulturalResources....................................................................................................6

D. CriticalFacilities................................................................................................................................7

III. PlanningProcess..........................................................................7A. PlanningTeam..................................................................................................................................7

B. PublicInvolvement...........................................................................................................................8

C. HazardAssessment..........................................................................................................................8

IV. HazardAssessment...................................................................10A. FloodingandFluvialErosion...........................................................................................................10

B. WinterStorms................................................................................................................................19

C. HighWindEvents...........................................................................................................................23

D. Hail.................................................................................................................................................29

E. TemperatureExtremes..................................................................................................................31

F. Drought..........................................................................................................................................32

G. Wildfire...........................................................................................................................................34

H. Earthquake.....................................................................................................................................36

I. Landslide........................................................................................................................................38

J. InvasiveSpecies..............................................................................................................................40

K. HazardousMaterialSpill................................................................................................................43

L. WaterSupply..................................................................................................................................44

M. InfectiousDiseaseOutbreak..........................................................................................................45

V. VulnerabilityAssessment..........................................................46A. PrioritizationofHazards.................................................................................................................47

B. ListofPriorityHazards...................................................................................................................47

VI. MitigationMeasures.................................................................49A. HazardMitigationGoals.................................................................................................................49

B. 2005HazardMitigationPlan..........................................................................................................49

C. VillagePlan.....................................................................................................................................52

D. StateandRegionalPlansandPrograms.........................................................................................52

E. CurrentProgramsSupportingMitigation.......................................................................................55

F. VillageCapabilities.........................................................................................................................56

G. MitigationActions..........................................................................................................................60

VII. PlanMaintenance......................................................................67A. AnnualMonitoringandContinuedPublicInvolvement.................................................................67

B. PlanEvaluationandUpdate...........................................................................................................67

C. PostDisasterReviewandRevision.................................................................................................68

VIII. References.................................................................................69A. LiteratureandReports...................................................................................................................69

B. MapDataSources..........................................................................................................................73

C. PersonalCommunicationSources..................................................................................................74

AppendixI.CommentsReceived...........................................................75

ListofTablesTable1.Numberofbuildingsbytype.........................................................................................................6Table2.NorthBenningtonCriticalFacilities................................................................................................7Table3.Planningteammembers................................................................................................................8Table4.Datesofplanningmeetingsandpublicandagencyreview...........................................................8Table5.TotalnumberoffloodeventsbytypeandyearforBenningtonCounty.....................................12Table6.Monthswhererainfallexceededthe90thpercentile(precipitationtotals,ininches,inparentheses)ofmonthlyprecipitationatthePeru,PownalandSunderlandCooperativeObserverStationsfrom1990to2013.......................................................................................................................17Table7.StructuresbytypeinfloodhazardareasinNorthBennington,VT..............................................18Table8.TotalnumberofwinterstormeventsbytypeandyearforBenningtonCounty.........................19Table9.SummaryofwindeventsinBenningtonCounty..........................................................................24Table10.Pownalnormaltemperaturesandprecipitationfor1981to2010............................................31Table11.YearsandnumberofmonthswhenthePHDIindicatedsevereorextremedroughtsfrom1985to2015.......................................................................................................................................................33Table12.Wildlandfiresizeclasses............................................................................................................34Table13.EarthquakeMagnitudeandintensityscaledescriptions...........................................................37

Table14.EarthquakesinVermont............................................................................................................38Table15.Landslideanddebrisflowtypes.................................................................................................39Table16.DesignatedClassBnoxiousweedsinVermont.........................................................................40Table17.AquaticinvasivespeciesinVermont..........................................................................................41Table18.Vulnerabilityassessmentfactors(VermontHazardMitigationPlan2014)...............................47Table19.Vulnerabilityassessment...........................................................................................................48Table20.Mitigationactionslistedinthe2005BenningtonCountyMulti-JurisdictionalHazardMitigationPlanAnnexforNorthBennington.............................................................................................................50Table21.ComparisonofhazardsconsideredinthedraftVermontHazardMitigationPlanvs.theNorthBenningtonHazardMitigationPlan...........................................................................................................53Table22.CapabilitiesoftheVillageofNorthBennington.........................................................................58Table23.Rankingofmitigationactions.....................................................................................................60

ListofFiguresFigure1.Typicalfloodplain........................................................................................................................17Figure2.Rivercorridors............................................................................................................................18Figure3.Plotofearthquakesandmagnitudeforoccurrenceswithin100milesofNorthBennington,Vermont.....................................................................................................................................................36Figure4.DiseasecasesinBenningtonCountyfrom2006to2015............................................................46

ListofMaps(followendofdocument)Map1.VillageofNorthBenningtonMap2.NorthBenningtonLandCoverMap3.NorthBenningtonLandUseDesignationsMap4.NorthBenningtonCriticalFacilitiesMap5.NorthBenningtonFloodHazardAreasMap6.NorthBenningtonWildfirePotentialMap7.NorthBenningtonLandslidePotentialMap8.NorthBenningtonAshSurveyResultsMap9.NorthBenningtonTransportationSystemMap10.NorthBenningtonCompositeHazardAssessment

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I. Introduction

A. Purpose

Hazardmitigationactionsaredesignedtoreducepotentiallossesfromnaturalhazardssuchasflooding,landslides,wildlandfire,andsimilarevents.Hazardmitigationplansidentify,assessandprioritizethosehazardsandpresentactionsthatacommunitycanundertaketoreducerisksanddamagefromthosenaturalhazards(FederalEmergencyManagementAgency2013a).

Thisplanisintendedtoidentify,describeandprioritizepotentialnaturalhazardsthatcouldaffecttheVillageofNorthBenningtoninBenningtonCounty,Vermontandprovidespecificmeasurestoreduceoravoidthoseeffects.TheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA),withintheU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurityandtheVermontDivisionofEmergencyManagementandHomelandSecuritybothadvocatetheimplementationofhazardmitigationmeasurestosavelivesandpropertyandreducethefinancialandhumancostsofdisasters.

Theformatofthisplanisasfollows.SectionIIprovidesaprofileoftheVillage,including

adiscussionoftheenvironmentalsetting,demographicsandsettlementpatterns.SectionIIIdescribestheplanningprocessalongwithlistsofmembersoftheplanningteamanddatesofmeetingsandpublicandagencyreview.SectionIVanalyzesthefollowinghazards:

• FloodingandFluvialErosion• WinterStorms• HighWindEvents• Hail• TemperatureExtremes• Drought• Wildfire• Landslides• Earthquake• HazardousMaterialsSpill• WaterSupply• InfectiousDiseaseOutbreak• InvasiveSpecies

SectionVassessesvulnerability,andSectionVIdiscussesmitigationgoalsandactions,

includingcurrentprogramsandVillagecapabilities.SectionVIIdescribeshowtheplanwillbemaintainedandupdated.

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B. MitigationGoalsTheVillageidentifiedthefollowingmitigationgoals:

1. Reduceinjuryandlossofliferesultingfromnaturaldisasters.2. Reducedamagetopublicinfrastructure,minimizedisruptiontotheroadnetworkand

maintainbothnormalandemergencyaccess.3. Establishandmanageaprogramtoproactivelyimplementmitigationprojectsforroads,

bridges,culvertsandothermunicipalfacilitiestoensurethatcommunityinfrastructureisnotsignificantlydamagedbynaturalhazardevents.

4. Designandimplementmitigationmeasuressoastominimizeimpactstorivers,waterbodiesandothernaturalfeatures,historicstructures,andneighborhoodcharacter.

5. IncreasetheeconomicresiliencyofNorthBenningtonbyreducingtheeconomicimpactsincurredbymunicipal,residential,agriculturalandcommercialestablishmentsduetodisasters.

6. Incorporatehazardmitigationplanningintoothercommunityplanningprojects,suchastheVillagePlan,CapitalImprovementPlan,andLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan.

7. Ensurethatmembersofthegeneralpubliccontinuetobepartofthehazardmitigationplanningprocess.

II. VillageProfile

A. RegionalContext TheVillageofNorthBenningtonislocatedinthenorthwesternportionoftheTownofBenningtoninthesouthwesternpartofBenningtonCounty,Vermont(Map1).TheVillageisaseparatemunicipalityandissurroundedbythetownsofBenningtonandShaftsbury.ThemajorroutethroughtheVillageisVTRoute67/67A.ArailroadfromNewYorkpassesthroughthenorthernendoftheVillageonitswaytoRutland.ThetracksplitsintheVillagewiththesoutherntrackpassingjustsouthofLakeParantoanareawhererailcarsarestoredonthetrack.ThesoutherntrackcontinuesontoBennington,butthatportionofthetrackisnolongerinuse.SometimesrailcarsarestoredonthetrackjustsouthofLakeParan.

B. DemographyandLandUse Thepopulationasof2010was1,643(U.S.CensusBureau2010).TheVillagepopulationincreased15.1%from2000.InNorthBennington,54%ofhousingunitsareowner-occupied,38%arerenter-occupiedand4%areseasonal(BenningtonCountyRegionalCommission2015). NorthBenningtonoccupiesatotallandareaof2.1squaremiles,centeredonParanCreek,whichbisectstheVillageandflowsfromLakeParan,inthenorth,totheWalloomsacRiveratthesouthernmunicipalboundary.TheVillagecenterislocatedinthenorth-centralpartofthecommunityalongVTRoute67A(WaterStreet).Commercialdevelopmentislimitedto

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theareainandaroundtheVillagecenter,andindustrialdevelopmentareasfollowthelowvalleyalongParanCreek.TheeasternandwesternpartsoftheVillageconsistofscatteredresidentialdevelopmentandpatchesofopenfieldsandwoodlandareasamongrollinghills.ThehighestdensityofhousingexistsaroundtheVillagecenterandinthesouthernpartoftheVillagealongandnearVTRoute67A(Map2).

Mostlandisatrelativelylowelevationandslopesaregenerallynotverysteep.Otherthansmalldrainageways,surfacewaterresourcesarelimitedtoParanCreekanditsassociatedmillpondsandwetlands,LakeParanandtheWalloomsacRiver.

C. EconomicandCulturalResources

Economicresourcesarebestsummarizedbythetypesofuses.ThedifferentlandusesbybuildingtypefoundinNorthBenningtonarelistedinTable1.Map3showsthelandusedesignationsfromthe2013NorthBenningtonVillagePlan.

TheVillagehousesamarket,smallprofessionaloffices,library,restaurants,smallbusinesses,churches,anelementaryschoolandprivateschool,partoftheBenningtonCollegecampus,andapostoffice.PartoftheBenningtonCollegecampusisalsolocatedinNorthBennington.Therearenolarge-scalecommercialdevelopmentsfoundintheVillage.IndustrialbusinessesoccupybuildingslocatedalongParanCreek,whichwasonceusedforpowergenerationformanufacturing.

Largecommercialbusinesses,suchasgrocerystoresandlargeretailstoresarelocatedintheTownofBennington.Thehighschoolandmiddleschool,aswellasSouthwesternVermontMedicalCenterandsupportingpersonalservicebusinessesarealllocatedinBennington.

NorthBenningtoncontainsaconcentrationofhistoricstructuresintheVillagecenter.

ThisareaformsadistrictthathasbeenrecognizedbytheVermontDivisionforHistoricPreservationandincludedintheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.TheVillagehasadoptedhistoricdistrictdesignstandardsasapartofthemunicipalzoningbylaws,andhasreceived

Table1.Numberofbuildingsbytype.Source:VCGI2016E911dataSingle-familyResidential 326

MobileHome 13Multi-familyResidential 38

OtherResidential 15

Commercial 28OtherCommercial 9

Industrial 2

VillageOffice 1VillageGarage 1

FireDepartment 1Education(E911datashowedinaccuratedataandmultiplefacilitiesforBenningtonCollege,thoughitwasincludedonceinthistable)

4

PostOffice 1HouseofWorship 5

PublicGathering/Recreation 3

Museum 1AccessoryBuilding 2

Utility 2

Other 11Total 463

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VillageCenterdesignationthroughtheVermontAgencyofCommerceandCommunityDevelopment,whichprovidesincentivesforhistoricpreservationactivities(Map3).

DuetotherelativelysmalltaxbaseintheVillage,damagetolargerlocalbusinesses

wouldimpactthetaxcollectionandputafinancialstrainontheVillage.Inaddition,damagetoinfrastructure,suchasabridgeorpublicbuilding,wouldhaveasubstantialimpactonNorthBennington’sbudget.

D. CriticalFacilities

Table2listsanddescribescriticalfacilitiesincludingVillagefacilities,sheltersandsiteswithextremelyhazardoussubstances.ThesearelabeledandshownonMap4.

Thetransportationsystemalsorepresentsasetofcriticalfacilities.NorthBenningtoncontains9.78milesofTownHighway(1.67milesofClass1,0.08milesofClass2and8.0milesofClass3),and0.40milesofStateHighway(VermontAgencyofTransportation2015b).Table2.NorthBenningtonCriticalFacilities.Source:VCGIS,NorthBenningtonPlanningTeam,and2016LocalEmergencyOperationsPlan

Label Name Description

1 NorthBenningtonFireStation FireStation,EmergencyOperationsCenter,EmergencyShelter

2 NorthBenningtonVillageSchool EducationFacility,EmergencyShelter3 NorthBenningtonVillageOffice VillageOffice,EmergencyOperationsCenter4 NorthBenningtonVillageGarage VillageGarage,EmergencyOperationsCenter

5 NorthBenningtonWaterReservoir(locatedinShaftsbury) PublicWaterSupply

6 PublicWaterSupply(BasinBrooklocatedinShaftsbury) PublicWaterSystem

7 BenningtonWastewaterTreatmentFacility(locatedinBennington) WaterTreatmentFacility

8 PaulinInc. HazardousMaterialsStorageFacility9 SouthshireSchool EducationFacility

III. PlanningProcess

A. PlanningTeam TheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommissionbegandiscussionswiththeVillageondevelopingahazardmitigationplanin2015.TheNorthBenningtonTrusteesdecidedtoinitiateplanninginNovember2015.Thisisthefirststand-alonehazardmitigationplanforNorthBennington,thoughtheVillagewaspartofamulti-jurisdictionalplanthatexpiredin2010.ThehazardmitigationplanningteamconsistedofmemberslistedinTable3below.

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Table3.PlanningteammembersName Affiliation

JaniceLerrigo VillageTrusteeNormLeblanc VillageRoadForemanMartyCummings VillageDevelopmentReviewBoardEdMyers NorthBenningtonFireDepartmentEdHarrington NorthBenningtonFireDepartment

B. PublicInvolvement

NorthBenningtonstartedtheplanningprocessinJanuary2016andheldseveralplanningteammeetings.ThesemeetingswerewarnedaccordingtotheVermontOpenMeetingsLaw,anddatesarelistedinTable4.DuringtheMaymeeting,twoVillageresidentswerepresent.Theyprovidednocommentsontheplan.

Table4.DatesofplanningmeetingsandpublicandagencyreviewMeeting Date(s)

VillageTrusteesinitiateplanningprocess November10,2015Planningteammeeting January20,2016Planningteammeeting February3,2016Planningteammeeting March23,2016Planningteammeeting May10,20161stDraftmadeavailableforpublicandagencyreviewbytheplanningteam

February7,2017

PublicmeetingattheNorthBenningtonDepotBuilding February7,2017VillageTrusteesmeetingandvotetosendtoFEMA,pendingsubstantivecomments

February7,2017

VillageTrusteesadoptionofFEMAapprovedplan

TheplanwaspostedontheVillagewebsiteandonthewebsiteoftheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission.TheplanwasalsosenttotheSelectBoardChairsofthesurroundingtownsofBenningtonandShaftsbury,andtheChairoftheLocalEmergencyPlanningCommittee7.Eachwereaskedtosharetheplanwithappropriatestaffandofficials.Commentswererequestedbyemail,phoneorletterandweretobesenttoJaniceLerrigooftheVillageTrustees,orAllisonStrohlattheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission.CommentsreceivedwereaddedtothisplanandcanbeseeninAppendixI.

C. HazardAssessment

ThefollowingsectionsprovideadetailedassessmentofeachofthehazardsidentifiedbytheplanningteambasedondatafromthefollowingsourceslistedinSectionVIIIReferences:

a. Localknowledge.b. TheNationalClimateDataCenter(NCDC)stormeventsdatabase(mostrecentdatafrom

theirFTPsite).c. FEMAlistsanddescriptionsofpastdisasterdeclarations.

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d. TheVermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreationdataonwildfires.e. HAZUSrunsonpotentialearthquakedamage.f. Cooperativeweatherobserverdataandstationnormalswhereavailable.g. PalmerHydrologicDroughtIndexcalculatedfrom1985to2014fromtheNational

OceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).h. HazardousmaterialsspillsfromtheVermontAgencyofNaturalResources(VTANR).i. InfectiousdiseaseoutbreakslistedfromtheVermontDepartmentofHealth.j. Observationsofinvasivespeciescomparedtothestateandfederallistsofnoxious

species.k. TheVermontHazardMitigationPlan(2013).l. NewEnglandWeather,NewEnglandClimate(ZielinskiandKeim2003),Vermont

WeatherBook(Ludlum1996).m. FederalEmergencyManagementAgency2010FloodInsuranceStudy,Bennington

County,VermontandIncorporatedareas,FederalEmergencyManagementAgencyStudyNumber5003CV000A.

n. NationalWeatherService2015.AdvancedHydrologicPredictionService,streamgaugeinformationfortheWalloomsacRivernearNorthBennington.Availablevia:http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=aly&gage=bntv1.

o. SpatialHazardEventsandLossesDatabase(SHELDUS)recordswhichwerenotascompleteasNCDCand,therefore,notused.

p. FueltypesandpotentialforwildfirefromLANDFIRE(http//:www.landfire.gov)andtheVermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreation.

q. VermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesandVermontAgencyofAgriculture,FoodandMarketsoninvasivespecies.

r. AshtreesurveytodeterminethepotentialthreatfromtheemeraldashborerbyJulianaQuant(2016).

s. IdentificationofrankingofthepotentialforlandslidesbyJoshDuncan(2015),astudentatGreenMountainCollegeusingamodifiedprotocolbasedonCliftandSpringston(2012).WithrespecttoNCDCdata,therehavebeennumerouschangestothatdatabaseinjust

thelastfewyears.WhileNCDCdatagoesbackto1950,therewasadramaticchangein1996inthewaydatawerecollected.Thenumberofeventsrecordedinyearspriorto1996isfarfewerthanfrom1996onward.Therefore,forthebestreliabledata,weusedonlydatafrom1996onwards.Wehavealsolookedattheothersourcesofhistoricalweatherdata.ThecooperativeweatherobserversforPeru,SunderlandandPownalinVermonthavethemostconsistentlong-termdata,thoughsomedatawasavailablefromtheNorthAdams,MAobserver,andprecipitation(rain)datawasavailablefromtheBenningtonMorseStateAirportStation.TheonlystreamgaugeforBenningtonCountyisinBenningtonneartheNewYorkborderontheWalloomsac.Therearenoweatherstationsthatrecordorkeeplong-termdatarecordsinNorthBenningtonorBenningtonexceptforthecooperativeweatherstationslistedabovethatrecorddailyobservations,butnotthespecificsofstormevents.

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WehavecommunicatedwithUSGS,whichisworkingonmodelsofareasimpactedbydifferentstormeventsusingLidarandstreamgaugedata,buttheyarenotworkinginVermontyet,asfarasweknow.WelookedattheUSGShighwatermarksforIrene(MedalieandOlson2013).InNorthBennington,theywerelocatedalongportionsofParanCreekandtheWalloomsac.However,wereliedmostlyontheupdatedspecialfloodhazardmapsforpotentialfloodingextent.

Finally,wereviewedseveralstudiesonpotentialimpactsofclimatechangedeveloped

bytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(Christensenetal2013),theVermontAgencyofNaturalResources(TetraTech2013),theUniversityofVermont(Galfordetal2014),theGlobalClimateChangeResearchProgram(Hortonetal2014),andtheU.S.ForestService(Rustad2012).Therelationshipbetweenclimatechangeandthefrequencyandextentofnaturalhazardsisadevelopingscience,andwedescribed,whereappropriate,howclimatechangemightaffecthazardsinthefuture.IV. HazardAssessment

A. FloodingandFluvialErosion

1. Descriptiona. FloodingFloodingandassociatedfluvialerosionarethemostfrequentanddamagingnatural

hazardsinVermont.TheNationalWeatherService(2010)definesafloodas“anyhighflow,overflow,orinundationsbywaterwhichcausesorthreatensdamage.”Aflashfloodis…”arapidandextremeflowofhighwaterintoanormallydryarea,orarapidwaterriseinastreamorcreekaboveapredeterminedfloodlevel.”Theseareusuallywithinsixhoursofsomeevent,suchasathunderstorm,butmayalsooccurduringfloodswhenrainfallintensityincreases,therebycausingrapidriseinflow.TheNWSusesthefollowingimpactcategories:

• MinorFlooding-minimalornopropertydamage,butpossiblysomepublicthreat.• ModerateFlooding-someinundationofstructuresandroadsnearstream.Some

evacuationsofpeopleand/ortransferofpropertytohigherelevations.• MajorFlooding-extensiveinundationofstructuresandroads.Significantevacuationsof

peopleand/ortransferofpropertytohigherelevations.• RecordFlooding-floodingwhichequalsorexceedsthehigheststageordischarge

observedatagivensiteduringtheperiodofrecordkeeping.

Floodsmayreachthesemagnitudelevelsinoneormorereaches,butnotnecessarilyall.Runofffromsnowmeltinthespring,summerthunderstorms,andtropicalstormsandhurricanescanallresultinfloodinginNorthBennington.IcejamfloodingcanoccuronVermontriverswhensubstantialiceformsfollowedbyseveraldaysofwarmth,snowmeltandany

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rainfallleadingtoicebreakup.Astheicebreaksupontherivers,chunksoficeformjamswhichcauselocalizedfloodingonmainstemandtributaryrivers.IcejamsaremostprevalentduringtheJanuarythaw(lateJanuary)andinMarchandAprilasspringapproaches.

Flashfloodscanoccurafterspringmeltofmountainsnow,followinglargestormssuch

asTropicalStormIrene,oraftersignificantthunderstorms.Digitalfloodzonemaps(DFIRMs)becameeffectiveDecember2,2015andwereadoptedbyNorthBennington.Map5showsthelocationofbothfloodhazardareasandrivercorridors(formerlyfluvialerosionhazardzones).SeeSectionA.3.formoreinformationonfloodhazardareasandrivercorridors.

MuchofNorthBennington’sdevelopmentislocatedalongParanCreekandintheVillagecenter,witheightbuildingslocatedinthefloodhazardarea.Sincethe2005BenningtonCountyMulti-JurisdictionalHazardMitigationPlan,newdevelopmenthasoccurredonScareyLane.Thisnewdevelopmentislocatedintherivercorridor.Inaddition,afactoryalongWaterStreethasbeenturnedintoabout70rentalunits.Thisbuildingislocatedjustoutsidethefloodhazardareabutisalsolocatedintherivercorridor.TherehasnotbeenanynewdevelopmentinthefloodhazardareainNorthBennington.Therefore,thevulnerabilitytoNorthBenningtonhasnotchanged.Moreinformationaboutthe2005multi-jurisdictionalplancanbefoundinSectionVI.B.

NorthBenningtonhasfivedams.TheLakeParandamwascompletedin1851andis

ownedbytheStateofVermontAgencyofTransportation.Thisdam,listedintheNationalInventoryofDams,waslastinspectedin2012(U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers2015).AccordingtotheVermontDamInventory,managedbytheDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservationandHydrologySection,thisdamisclassifiedashavinghighhazardpotential.

SouthoftheLakeParandambutonParanCreekarefourmoredams.Allofthesedamsareconsideredtobeoflowhazardpotential,accordingtotheVermontDamInventory.ThefirstisWhitesMilldam,ownedbytheVillageofNorthBennington.Thecompletiondateandlastinspectiondatearebothunknown.NextistheStarkMilldam,privatelyownedandbuiltin1918.Theinspectiondateisunknown.ThenthereistheCushmandam,privatelyownedbytheNationalHangerCompany.Thecompletiondateandinspectiondateareunknown.ThelastdamlocatedonParanCreek,beforereachingtheWalloomsacRiver,islistedasunknownandisprivatelyowned.Thecompletiondateandthelastinspectiondatearealsobothunknown.TheonlydamincludedintheNationalInventoryofDamsistheLakeParandam.

b. FluvialErosion

InVermont,mostriversflowthroughrelativelyconfinedvalleys,butstillmeanderovertimeacrossthefloodplain.Rivercorridorsprovideanareawithinwhicharivercanmoveacrossthelandscapeasitdissipatesenergyandtransportsanddepositssediments.Whereriversareconstrictedbybridgesandotherstructures,orriprap,thewatermovesathighervelocity,resultingindowncuttingandcollapseofthebanks.Thismayunderminestructureswithinthecorridor.

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2. PreviousOccurrencesLudlum(1996)describesnumerousstormeventsthathaveaffectedVermontsince

settlement,butthelocalimpactsofthesearedifficulttotrace.The1927floodwasthelargestrecordeddisasterinthehistoryofthestate.Thestatereceivedoversixinchesofrain,withsomeareasreceiving8-9inches.FollowingarainyOctober,thisstormoccurredfromNovember2ndthroughthe4thcausingextensiveflooding.TwostormsoccurredinMarchof1936.Heavyrainsandsnowmeltcausedsignificantflooding.Twoyearslater,the1938hurricanecausedbothfloodingandextensivewinddamage.

Inadditiontotheseevents,theBenningtonEveningBanner,thelocalnewspaperatthe

time,recordedthreemorefloodevents.The1869floodoccurredafternearly36hoursofviolentrainfallandfloodeddowntownBennington.Astormin1948causeddowntown

BenningtontofloodandrenderedtheNorthStreetandRiverStreetbridgesimpassable.Lastly,thenewspapermentionedastormin1973thatclaimedlives,causedpropertydamageandfloodedseveralcommunitiesinVermont.

Table5showsatotalof49floodeventsin

BenningtonCountyfrom1996to2015,usingNCDCdata.Thesehavebeenprimarilyminorandaffectedeitherspecificstreams,suchastheWalloomsacandBattenKill,orspecifictownsorvillages.

Hurricanesandtropicalstormsthatform

intropicalwatershavehistoricallyaffectedNewEngland,butarerelativelyinfrequent.Besidesthe1938storm,TropicalStormBellebroughtsignificantrainstoVermontin1976andHurricaneGloriabroughtrainandwinddamagein1985.NorthBenningtonhasbeensubjectedtotwomajortropicalstormsinthepasttwentyyears.HurricaneFloydwasaCategory4stormbeforehittingNorthCarolina,andthenwasreducedtoatropicalstormwhenitreachedsouthernNewEngland.TropicalStormIrenewastheremnantof

HurricaneIrene,whichwasaCategory1hurricane.Acategory1stormhaswindsof74-95milesperhourandcoulddamageroofs,downshallow-rootedtreesanddamagepowerlines(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php).

Thefollowingdescribes25moderateandextremeeventsthathaveoccurredsince1996,

usingtheNationalWeatherService(2010)categories,whichaffectedNorthBenningtonor

Table5.TotalnumberoffloodeventsbytypeandyearforBenningtonCounty.Source:NationalClimateDataCenter2015

Year FlashFlood Flood Total

1996 3 6 91997 1998 1 3 41999 2

2

2000 4 1 52001 2002 1

1

2003 2 22004 1 5 62005

5 5

2006

1 12007 1 1 22008 2009 2

2

2010 2011 3 3 62012 2013 4 42014 2015 Totals 22 27 49

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nearbyareas.TheseeventsweredescribedintheNationalClimateDatabaserecords(2015).Itshouldbenotedthatonlythethreeeventsoccurredinthewinter,withallothereventsinthespring,summerorfall.Icejamfloodingalsooccursandoneinstanceisdiscussedbelow.January19-20,1996(DR-11011/19to2/21996):AnintenseareaoflowpressurewhichwaslocatedovertheMid-AtlanticregiononFridaymorningJanuary19producedunseasonablywarmtemperatures,highdewpointsandstrongwinds.Thisresultedinrapidmeltingof1to3feetofsnow.Inadditiontotherapidsnowmelt1to3inchesofrainfellasthesystemmovednortheastalongthecoast.Thisresultedinnumerousroadwashoutsandthefloodingofseveralhomesacrossthecounty.*NotethatthiswasalsocategorizedasaHighWindevent.April24,1996:SignificantrainsonTuesdayeveningApril23resultedinfloodingalongtheWalloomsacandBattenKillRivers.TheWalloomsacRivercrested1.5feetoverfloodstageatNorthBenningtonandtheBattenKillcrested1footoverfloodstageatArlington.Thefloodingresultedinseveralroadclosuresbutmuchofthefloodingwasminor.May1,1996:HeavyrainonTuesdayeveningApril30causedtheWalloomsacRivertoflood.FloodingoccurredatPaperMillVillageinBennington.May11-12,1996:AlowpressuresystemtrackedacrossNewYorkStateandNewEnglandduringMay10and11.OnMay12thesystemmovedtotheeastcoastandintensified,thisprolongedtheperiodofprecipitation.Rainfallinexcessof2inchesfellduringthisperiodovermuchofwesternNewEngland.ThisresultedinfloodingalongtheWalloomsacRiver.Therivercrested2.5feetoverfloodstage.Route67inBenningtonwasfloodedduringthemorninghoursofMay12.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalrecorded2.10inchesofrainonMay12.December2,1996:RainfallduringthelatefallseasonresultedinfloodingacrosspartsofBenningtonCounty.TheWalloomsacRiverfloodedinNorthBennington.SeveralhomeswerefloodedalongwithRoute67A.TheBattenKillatArlingtonfloodedwithseveralhomesaffected.January24,1999:ThecombinationofrainandverymildtemperaturesproducedrapidsnowmeltinsouthernVermont.ThisrunoffandicejamstriggeredfloodingontheupperBattenKillnearArlingtonandontheWalloomsacRivernearBennington.TheBenningtonMorseStateAirportrecorded0.69inchesofrainandmeltedsnow.September16-17,1999(DR-13079/16-211999):TheremnantsofHurricaneFloydbroughthighwindsandheavyrainfall(3-6inches)tosouthernVermont.Manysmallertributariesreachedorexceededbankfull.Estimatedwindgustsexceeded60mph,especiallyoverhilltowns.PoweroutagesoccurredacrosssouthernVermont.ACooperativeWeatherObserverrecorded4.60inchesofraininPownaland2.94inchesattheBenningtonMorseStateAirport. July14-17,2000(DR-13367/14-182000):ThunderstormscausedtorrentialrainfallwithflashfloodingwashingoutsectionsofroadwaysinnortheastBenningtonCountyandsouthernBenningtonCounty.Route7wasclosedduetofloodingandrockslidesand67wascloseddue

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toflooding.Numerousotherroadswereclosed,someevenwashedout.ThisrainproducedenoughrunofftocausetheBattenKilltoexceedthesix-footfloodstagebyaboutonefootatArlington,a47-yearhigh.TheswelledriverfloodedtheBattenKillCanoeCompanyandadjacentriverproperty.Specificamountsincluded3.00inchesatBennington.LightningfromathunderstormstruckamanwhilehewasjogginginBennington,injuringhim.TheBenningtonMorseStateAirportrecorded2.79inchesofrain.May28,2002:Scatteredthunderstormsdevelopedalongaquasi-stationaryfrontontheafternoonofMay28.ThesestormswereslowmovingandcontainedtorrentialrainfallacrosssouthernVermont.RainfallamountsreachedaroundthreeinchesinacoupleofhoursinBenningtonCounty.TheresultwaslocalizedflashfloodinginPownal.Routes346andsectionsofRoute7werefloodedinPownal.March29,2003:Anareaoflowpressure,movingalongaslowmovingcoldfrontonMarch29and30,producedupto2inchesofrainfallacrossextremesouthernVermont.Therain,combinedwithseasonablymildtemperatures,meltedmuchoftheremainingsnowpackacrossthisareaandproducedasignificantrunoff.BoththeWalloomsacandBattenKillRiversbrieflywentabovefloodstagesinsections.TheWalloomsacgageatBenningtoncrestedat8.19feet,comparedtothefloodstageof7.5feet.TheBattenKillgageatArlingtoncrestedat6.3feet,0.3feetaboveitsfloodstage.July21toAugust18,2003(DR-14887/21-8/182003):SeverestormsandfloodingaffectedVermontincludingBenningtonCounty.(Note:thiseventdoesnotappearintheNCDCdata.)BoththeBenningtonMorseStateAirportandtheCooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalrecordedsporadicandsometimeslargeamountsofprecipitationduringthisperiod.March31toApril2,2004:Asmuchas3inchesofrainfellbetweenMarch31throughApril2acrosssouthernVermont.Thisraincombinedwiththelastofthesnowmeltproducedanexcessiverunoffofwater.Asaresult,floodingtookplaceinBenningtonatthePaperMillVillagealongtheWalloomsacRiver.May25,2004:TheWalloomsacRiverexceededitsfloodstageof7.0',crestingat7.75'atthegageinBennington.September18,2004:TheWalloomsacRiverexceededitsfloodstageof7.0',crestingat7.21'attheBenningtongage.October9,2005:NorthBenningtonRoadatBenningtonclosedduetoflooding.November30,2005:OnNovember30,theWalloomsacRiverhadminorfloodingatBennington.Therivercrestedat8.51feet.

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January18-19,2006:Highwindand1to2inchesofrainfellacrosseasternNewYorkandwesternNewEngland.FloodingoccurredontheWalloomsacRiveratBenningtononJanuary18andJanuary19.Floodstageis7.0feet;therivercrestedat8.00feet.April16-17,2007(DR-16984/15-212007):AnintensecoastalstormspreadheavyprecipitationacrosssouthernVermont,startingasamixtureofsnow,sleetandrainwhichchangedtoallrain.Liquidequivalentprecipitationtotalsrangedfrom3to6inchesleadingtominorfloodingacrossportionsofsouthernVermont.ACooperativeWeatherObserverrecorded2.20inchesofraininPownalandtheBenningtonMorseStateAirportrecorded1.41inchesfromApril15to17.June15,2009:NumerousthunderstormsdevelopedacrosssouthernVermont,manyofwhichcontainedlargequantitiesofhail.Somethunderstormswereslowmoving,andproducedlocallyveryintenserainfallrates.Thisledtoflashfloodinginsomeareas.CarswerereportedstalledinfloodwatersindowntownBenningtonduetoflashfloodingfromheavyrainfall.June30,2009:TorrentialrainfromthunderstormsproducedflashfloodinginBennington.SeveralvehiclesweredisabledinhighwateronSouthStreetinBennington.August28-29,2011(DR-40228/27-292011):TropicalStormIreneproducedwidespreadflooding,anddamagingwindsacrosstheregion.Rainfallamountsaveraged4to8inchesandfellwithinatwelve-hourperiod.ACooperativeWeatherObserverrecorded4.70inchesofraininPownalandtheBenningtonMorseStateAirportreported4.23inchesofrainfromAugust27to28.InBenningtonCounty,widespreadflashfloodingandassociateddamagewasreportedcountywide,withmanyroadsclosedduetofloodinganddownedtreesandpowerlines.StrongwindsalsooccurredacrosssouthernVermont,withfrequentwindgustsof35to55mph,alongwithlocallystrongerwindgustsexceeding60mph.Thecombinationofstrongwinds,andextremelysaturatedsoilledtowidespreadlongdurationpoweroutages.InBenningtonCounty,approximately5,000customerswereaffectedbypoweroutages.RecordfloodingoccurredontheWalloomsacRiver.TheWalloomsacgageexceededitssevenfootfloodstageat8:48amESTonAugust28th,itsninefootmoderatefloodstageat9:50am,its11footmajorfloodstageat11:46am,crestedatarecord12.82feetat2:30pm,andfellbelowfloodstageat5:32amonAugust29th.Route9wasclosedfromBenningtontoBrattleboroduetonumerousreportsofflooding.PortionsofRoute9remainedclosedafterthefloodwatersrecededduetodamage.DuringIrene,themainwatersourcetoBenningtonwascutofftothetownforseveraldaysafterabridgecollapsedinWoodforddamagingthetownwaterline.Manyresidentsandbusinesseswerewithoutpower.StormdrainageissuesoccurredalongNorthsideDrivecausingthefloodingofseveralbusinesses.Thewastewatertreatmentplantwasoperatingnearmaximumloadandcouldn’thavehandledmuchmorewater.September7,2011:LargeamountsofmoisturefromtheremnantsofTropicalStormLeeinteractedwithafrontalsystemproducingheavyrainfallwithtotalrainfallamountsrangingfrom3to7inchesledtowidespreadminortomoderatefloodingacrosssouthernVermont.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalrecorded6.70inchesofrainbetweenSeptember5

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and9,andtheBenningtonMorseStateAirportrecorded3.49inchesfromSeptember4to8.MinorfloodingoccurredontheWalloomsacRiveratBennington.TheWalloomsacgageexceededitsseven-footfloodstageat11:48amESTSeptember7,crestedat8.57feetat2:15pm(moderatefloodstageisninefeet),andfellbelowfloodstageat5:54pmSeptember7.May22,2013:HeavyrainfallfromshowersandthunderstormsreportedlycausedflashfloodingalongRoute67AinNorthBennington.Lawenforcementreportedthattheroadwastemporarilyclosedduetoflooding.TheBenningtonMorseStateAirportrecorded3.43inchesofrainfromMay21to22,andaCooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalobserved3.70inchesofrain.May29,2013:FlashfloodingwasreportedasaresultofheavyrainfallfromthunderstormsinBenningtononNorthBranchStreet.SouthStreet(Route7)wasalsoreportedtobeclosedduetofloodingontheroadway.June2,2013:Showersandthunderstormsdevelopedacrosstheregion.ThesethunderstormswereaidedbyverystrongwindsaloftandafewstormsbecamesevereacrosssouthernVermont,producinglargehailandwinddamage.Thethunderstormsalsoproducedveryheavyrainfall,whichcausedflashfloodingwithintheTownofBennington.Amateurradiooperatorsreportedthat8to10inchesofwaterwasflowingacrossstreetsindowntownBennington.

3. ExtentandLocation Theprimarydamagesfrompasteventshavebeenfromfloodingandfluvialerosionwithsecondarydamagefromwind.TheVillagejoinedtheNationalFloodInsuranceProgram(NFIP)in2011.Thereare3floodinsurancepolicesineffect.TherehavebeennoNFIP-designatedrepetitivelosseswithinNorthBennington.

DuringTropicalStormIrene,floodingoccurredalongthebanksoftheWalloomsac,thoughtherewaslittlepropertydamage.PriortoTropicalStormIrene,ParanCreekfloodedWaterStreetwhenmaterialcollectedattheCushmandam.However,theplanningteamcouldnotidentifyanyfloodingorerosionissuesalongParanCreekinrecentyears.ErosionalongParanCreekseemstobeminimalduetosubstantialvegetationalongthebanks.However,variousresidentialbuildings,theNorthBenningtonFireDepartment,andbusinessesandindustrialbuildingsalongWaterStreetarelocatedwithinthespecialfloodhazardareaandtherivercorridor. AfterTropicalStormIrene,thereweresixhighwatermarkslocatedandmappedinNorthBenningtonbytheUSGS.FourwerelocatedalongParanCreekandtwoalongtheWalloomsac(MedalieandOlson2013).Threewerelocatedwithinthefloodhazardareaandthreewerelocatedslightlyoutsidebutnotenoughtobenoteworthy(Map5).Inotherwords,theFEMADFIRMsappeartobeaccuratebecausefloodingwas,forthemostpart,inlinewiththefloodhazardarea.

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Inadditiontotheaboveevents,thePeru,PownalandSunderlandCooperativeObserversrecordedprecipitation.Table6showsthosemonthsbyyearwherethatvalueexceededthe90thpercentile,whichvariesbysiteandmonth.SeveraleventsofthatmagnitudehaveoccurredwherefloodingwasnotrecordedinNCDCrecordsorlocalknowledge,butthisdoesprovideadditionalinformationonpotentialfloodingextent.Table6.Monthswhererainfallexceededthe90thpercentile(precipitationtotals,ininches,inparentheses)ofmonthlyprecipitationatthePeru,PownalandSunderlandCooperativeObserverStationsfrom1990to2013.

Sunderland Pownal PeruMonth Year Year Year

January 1990,1998,1999(5.98”) 1996,1998,1999(4.29”) 1990,1999(5.79”)February 2002,2008,2011(3.58”) 1990,2008(3.53”) 2000,2002,2008(4.93”)March 2001,2007,2008(5.35”) 1999,2001,2007(4.42”) 2001,2008(6.15”)April 1993,1996,2002,2007,

2011(4.74”)1990,1993,1996(4.76”) 1996,2007(5.95”)

May 1990,2000,2006(6.31”) 1990,2013(6.50”) 1990,2012(7.70”)June 1998,2002,2006(7.67”) 1998,2000,2002,2013

(7.27”)1998,2006,2011,2013(8.94”)

July 1996,2004,2008(6.87”) 2004,2010(6.34”) 1996,2000,2013(7.41)”August 1990,2003,2011(7.38”) 1990,1991,2003,2011

(7.24”)1990,2003,2011(8.65”)

September 1999,2003,2011(5.75”) 1999,2004,2011(6.13”) 1999,2003,2011(7.13”)October 2005,2007,2010(7.05”) 1995,2003,2010(5.46”) 1995,2005,2006,2010

(8.30”)November 2002,2004,2005(5.28”) 2005(5.36”) 2002(6.37”)December 1996,2003,2008(6.42”( 1990,2003,2011(4.62”) 1996(7.18”)

TheaverageannualprecipitationinVermonthasincreased5.9”since1960.ThistrendispredictedtocontinuesothatVermontstreamswillhavehigherflowsandpossiblyexperiencemorefrequentandgreaterfloodingevents(Galfordetal2014).SpecialFloodHazardAreas:theseareareasmappedbyFEMAandusingtheLIDARderivedzonesthatwereadoptedinlate2015.Table7showsthenumberofstructures,bytype,inthespecialfloodhazardareaandrivercorridors,andbothareasareshowninMap5.Figure1belowshowsthepartsofatypicalfloodplain.Figure1.Typicalfloodplain

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RiverCorridors:Rivercorridors(Figure2)havebeenmappedbytheVermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesusinggeospatialdataandwillbemodifiedbyVTANRriverscientistsusingavailablefielddata.Thedatawereusedtocalculatethe“meanderbeltwidth”orareawithinwhichariverwouldmoveacrossthevalley.Asriversshifttheirlocationbothverticallyandhorizontally,erosionofadjacentlandscanoccurandthreatenpropertiesthatmaybeoutsideofspecialfloodhazardareas(VermontRiverManagementProgram2010). ThemapsdevelopedbyVTANRshowthepotentialextentoffluvialerosioninNorthBennington.Thisistheonlyinformationavailablethatshowstheamountoffluvialerosionthatcouldoccur.Therefore,thesemapsprovidethebestdatatodetermineextentoffluvialerosion.Figure2.Rivercorridors

4. Probability,Impact,andVulnerability

Basedondatafrom1996

to2015,25moderateormajorfloodeventshaveaffectedareaswithinornearNorthBenningtonresultingina100%chanceofsuchaneventoccurringinanygivenyear.Probabilityandimpactpercentagesweredeterminedbyanassessmentofcurrentavailabledata.

Table7talliesthenumberofstructuresbytypewithintherivercorridorandspecialfloodhazardarea.North

Benningtonhasatotalof326single-familyresidences,38multi-familydwellings,13mobilehomes,15otherresidentialbuildings,2commercialwithresidentialbuildings,37

Table7.StructuresbytypeinfloodhazardareasinNorthBennington,VT.Source:VermontCenterforGeographicInformationwww.vcgi.org

Type NumberinSpecialFloodHazardArea RiverCorridor

Single-Family 1 22Multi-Family 3 4MobileHome 1CommercialwithResidential

2

FireStation 1 1Commercial 7OtherCommercial 1 1Industrial 1 1Utility 1 1Other 2Totals 8 42

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commercial/industrialestablishments,and14government,churchandschoolestablishments.AsshowninTable7,thereare8structuresinthespecialfloodhazardareaand42intherivercorridorrecentlymappedbyVTANR.Therefore,thepotentialproportiondamagedwithintheVillagefromseverefloodingwouldrangefrom1-10%withinjuriesof1-10%.Mostservicesrecoverinlessthansevendays,thoughhelpforspecificpropertyownersmaytakesignificantlylonger.

B. WinterStorms

1. Description

WinterstormsarefrequentinVermont.Winterstormsmayconsistofheavysnow,mixedprecipitation,oricestormsandallmaybeaccompaniedbystrongwinds.Potentialdamagescanincludepoweroutages,trafficaccidents,andisolationofsomeareas.Forexample,theOctober4,1987stormstrandedtravelersintheareaandknockedoutpowerforseveraldays.The"Blizzardof’93,"oneoftheworststormsonrecord,virtuallyshutdownVermontontheweekendofMarch13-14,forcingtheclosureofroadsandairports.Snowfallamountsrangedfrom10to28inchesacrossthestate.

Table8.TotalnumberofwinterstormeventsbytypeandyearforBenningtonCounty.Source:NationalClimateDataCenter2015

Year Blizzard HeavySnow IceStorm WinterStorm

WinterWeather Totals

1996

5

2

71997

1

7 2 10

1998

2 1 31999

4

4

2000

1

6

72001

6

6

2002

5

52003

5

5

2004

2

22005 1 3

2

6

2006 2007

3 1 6 4 14

2008

4 1 1 11 172009

3

1 10 14

2010

3

1 2 62011

5 5 10

2012 4 2 62013 2 1 4 72014 2 4 62015 2 6 8Totals 1 29 2 64 47 143

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Inrarecases,theweightofsnowmaycollapseroofsandcauseotherstructuraldamage.Windaccompanyingsnowstormscanincreasetheeffectofthesnowdamages.Inadditiontosnow,icestormsoccurwhenthelowerlevelsoftheatmosphereand/orgroundareatorbelowfreezing,andrainisfallingthroughwarmerairaloft.Theprecipitationfreezesuponcontactwiththeground,objectsontheground,treesandpowerlines.

2. PreviousOccurrencesTable8summarizesthe143winterstormeventsthathaveoccurredinBennington

Countysince1996.Ascanbeseen,ahighnumberofeventsoccurredin1997,2007,2008,2009and2011.UsingNCDCdata,wecategorizedtheextentofeachstormwithstormsrankedas“High”iftheyproducedmorethantwelveinchesofsnoworwerecategorizedbytheNCDCasproducingheavyorrecordsnowsorblizzardsorsignificanticing.TheBlizzardof1993wascategorizedas“Extreme.”TheNCDCalsoreportsnumerousstormsproducingonetooverthreefeetofsnowintheGreenMountains,butthesewerenotlistedastheydidnotaffectmajorpopulationcenters.Thefollowingisasummaryofsignificantevents.

January2to3,1996HeavySnow:AmajorwinterstormdevelopedovertheGulfcoaststatesonJanuary2andtrackednortheastalongtheeasternseaboardduringJanuary3.HeavysnowfellacrosssouthernVermontwiththeaveragesnowfallrangingfrom10to12inches.November26,1996WinterStorm:OverBenningtonandWindhamCounties,snowandheavyfreezingraindownedtreesandpowerlinesandcausednumerousaccidents.AcrosssouthernVermont,approximately10,000customerslostpower.December7to8,1996WinterStorm:HeavywetsnowfellacrosssouthernVermontresultingin20,000customerslosingpower.TwelveinchesofsnowwererecordedinShaftsburyandeleveninPownal.Downedtreescausedroadclosuresandsomewerewithoutpowerforseveraldays.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalrecorded14.5inchesofsnowduringthisevent.March31toApril1,1997WinterStorm:Anor’easterformedbringingrainthatchangedtosnowwithtotalsof12inchesinShaftsbury.Thewetsnowcausedpoweroutagesandroadclosures.December29to30,1997WinterStorm:Wetsnowandstrongwindscombinedtodowntreesandpowerlinescausingscatteredpoweroutages.Route7wasclosedforseveralhourstocleardebris.InBennington,a60footby30-footsectionofacinemaroofwaspeeledoffbygustingwinds.StrongwindsrippedthemetalskirtingoffseveralmobilehomesattheWillowsMobileHomePark.Snowfalltotalsgenerallyrangedfrom5to10inchesacrossBenningtonandWindhamCounties.January14to15,1999WinterStorm:HeavysnowfellacrosseasternNewYorkandsouthernNewEnglandwith5inchesreportedbyaCooperativeWeatherObserverinPownal.Thestormwasaccompaniedbyextremelycoldconditionswithreportedtemperaturesof-9F.

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December30to31,2000WinterStorm:Ageneralswathof6to12inchesofsnowfellacrosstheregionwithlocallyhigheramountsacrossthehills.Specificamountsincluded13inchesinPownal,and8inchesinBennington.February5to6,2001WinterStorm:AswathofheavysnowfallaccumulatingofafootormorefellacrosssouthernVermont.InBenningtonCounty,specificaccumulationsincluded12inchesinBenningtonand14inchesinPownal. March5to6,2001WinterStorm:Anextendedperiodofmoderatetoheavysnowresultedin26inchesofsnowinPownal.ThiswasoneofthelargestsnowfallsinsouthernVermontsincetheBlizzardof93.January6to7,2002WinterStorm:TwostormsystemsmanagedtoproduceaswathofsnowinexcessofafootacrosssouthernVermont.InPownal,15inchesofsnowfell.December6to8,2003WinterStorm:Thefirstmajorsnowstormofthewinterresultedin20.5inchesofsnowreportedinPownal.January15to16,2007IceStorm:Freezingrainandsleetresultedinwidespreaddownedtreesandpowerlineswithaccompanyingwidespreadpoweroutages.Significanticing,withiceaccretionsof½inchupto1inch,occurredfromthefreezingrain.February14,2007HeavySnow:SnowfallinexcessoftwofeetacrossportionsofBenningtonCountyresultedinclosedschoolsandbusinesses.Strongwindscreatednearblizzardconditionsduringpartsoftheevent.April15to16,2007WinterStorm:Heavy,wetsnow,rangingfrom8to12inches,downedtreesandpowerlinescausingwidespreadoutages.December16to17,2007WinterStorm:Snow,heavyattimes,mixedwithsleetSundayafternoonandevening.Totalsnowandsleetaccumulationsrangedfrom10to14inches,with14inchesreportedatWoodford.Thecombinationofstrongwinds,andtheextraweightofheavywetsnowontreelimbsalsodownedtreesandpowerlinesinportionsofBenningtonCountyduringSunday.TheheavysnowandsleetresultedinnumerousschoolandbusinessclosingsMondaymorning,andalsocreatedtreacheroustravelconditionsforthemorningcommute.February12to13,2008WinterStorm:Snowaccumulatedto4to7inchesandwasaccompaniedbyfreezingrainwith¼to⅓ofaninchofice.December11to12,2008IceStorm:Rainfallinratesof¼to⅓ofaninchperhourfellcreatingiceaccumulationsof½to¾ofaninch.Snowandsleetmixedinsomeareas.Anestimated15,000customerslostpowerandbusinessesandschoolswereshutforseveraldays.Verycoldtemperaturesfollowedthestorm.Numerouswarmingsheltersweresetuptoassistthosewhowerewithoutpowerandheat.

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January1to3,2010HeavySnow:Astrongstormbrought10inchestoovertwofeetofsnowacrossBenningtonandWindhamcounties.Overthisthree-dayperiod,aCooperativeWeatherObserverreported13inchesofsnow.February23to24,2010HeavySnow:HeavysnowtotalingonetotwofeetfellacrosssouthernVermontwithhighestamountsatelevationsabove1500feet.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalreported9.7inchesofsnowonFebruary24.February26to27,2010HeavySnow:Justafterthestormdescribedabove,asecondstormbroughtonetotwofeetinhigherelevationswithlesseramountsbelow1000feetinelevation.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalreported13.4inchesofsnowfromFebruary25to27.December26to27,2010WinterStorm:Heavysnowfallingatratesof1to3inchesperhourresultedin1to2feetofsnow.Windswerestrongandgustedto35-45mph.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalreported20inchesofsnowonDecember27.January12,2011WinterStorm:Astrongstormresultedin14inchesto3feetofsnowfallingatratesof3to6inchesperhour.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalreported20.6inchesofsnowfromJanuary12to13.February1to2,2011WinterStorm:Snowfallwasgenerally10-18inchesbutrangedto25inchesinsomeareas.February25,2011WinterStorm:Snowfellatratesof1to2inches/hourwithtotalsof12to17inchesacrosssouthernVermont.October29to30,2011WinterStorm:Whilenotyetwinterandwithtreeswithmuchoftheirfoliagestillon,5to14inchesfellacrossBenningtonCounty.Treesandpowerlinescamedownduetotheweightofthewetsnow.ACooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalreported9.3inchesofsnowonOctober30.December14to15,2013HeavySnow:Snowfellatratesinexcessof1inchperhourovermuchoftheregionandsnowrateslocallywereashighasupto3inchesperhourattimes.Inaddition,gustysoutheastwindsoccurredduringthelatenighthours,withafewgustsof40-55mph.ThehighestsnowfallamountsoccurredacrossthehigherpeaksofthesouthernGreenMountains,withupto18inchesoccurringinWoodford.February13to14,2014WinterStorm:Snowfellatratesofupto3inchesperhour.Overthetwodaysofthestorm,8to21inchesfellinsouthernVermont.Attimes,windsgustedto40mphasthestormleftthearea.November26to27,2014WinterStorm:AnearlystormaffectedsouthernVermontovertheThanksgivingperiodwith8to15inchesoftotalsnowaccumulation.

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February2,2015HeavySnow:Mostareasreceived9to15inches,althoughsomeareaswithinthehighterrainofthesouthernGreenMountainsawupto19inches.February7to10,2015HeavySnow:Snowamountsbetween1and2feet,withthehighestamountsacrossthehighterrainofthesouthernGreenMountains.

3. ExtentandLocation

TheaverageannualsnowfallinBenningtonCountyis64.4inches,withDecember,January,FebruaryandMarchastheprimarymonthsforsnowfall.Extremesnowfalleventsforone,twoandthreedayeventshaverangedfrom12toover20inches.TheskillofroadcrewsinVermontmeansthatonlytheheaviestsnowstorms(>12inches)oricestormsaffectthepopulations.

Increasingtemperaturesthatarepredictedtooccurwilllikelyreducetotalwinter

snowfall.Ifprecipitationfallsasraininthewinter,riverflowswillbehigherduetothelowerevapotranspirationinthewinter.Freezingrainmaybecomemorefrequent,withresultingimpactstothetransportationandpowersystems(Galfordetal2014).

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerability

Thereisa100%probabilityofamoderateorgreatersnowstormaffectingBenningtonCounty,includingNorthBenningtoninanygivenyear.Thesearelarge-scaleevents,thoughlocalimpactsmayvarygreatly.Powerlinesandroadsaremostvulnerable,withtrafficaccidentsthemostlikelytocreateinjuries.Poweroutagescouldbeshortterm(afewhours)orlastsevenormoredays.Someroadsmayremainimpassableforlongperiodsaswell.

C. HighWindEvents

1. Description

Highwindeventscanoccurduringtropicalstormsandhurricanes,winterstormsandfrontalpassages.Thunderstormscanproducedamagingwinds,hailandheavyrainfall,thelatterpotentiallyproducingflashfloods.TheNCDCrecorded69thunderstormswithdamagingwindsinBenningtonCountysince1996. Tornadoesareformedinthesameconditionsasseverethunderstorms.Intense,butgenerallylocalizeddamagecanresultfromtheintensewinds.TheprimaryperiodfortornadoactivityinNewEnglandismid-summer(ZielinskiandKeim2003).Tornadoeswillgenerallyfollowvalleysinthenortheastanddissipateinsteepterrain.TheNCDCrecordedthreetornadoesinBenningtonCountysince1990.

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2. PreviousOccurrences Table9summarizesthetotalnumberofsignificantwindeventsincludingthunderstorms,strongwinds,andtornadoesfrom1996to2015.The1998tornadoregisteredF2ontheFujitadamagescale.The2002tornadoinBenningtonCountyregisteredF1whilethe2003tornadowasanF0toF1(NationalClimateDataCenter2015).TheFujitascaleisbasedonwindspeedandtypicaldamage.AnF0tornadohaswindsoflessthan73milesperhourandcoulddamagechimneys,branchesanddownshallowrootedtrees.AnF1tornadohaswindsof73-112milesperhourandcoulddamageroofs,pushmobilehomesofffoundationsandblowcarsoffofroads.AnF2tornadohaswindsof113-157milesperhourandcouldtearoffroofs,destroymobilehomesandsnaptrees(http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html). Windspeeddataisnotavailableforwindeventsduetothelackofweatherstations.NCDCdata(2015)rarelyincludedestimatesofwindspeed.Generally,windspeedsofgreaterthan55milesperhourareconsidereddamaging(NationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration2006).EventsthatoccurredinornearNorthBenningtonaredescribedbelow.

Table9.SummaryofwindeventsinBenningtonCounty.Source:NationalClimateDataCenter2015

Year HighWind

StrongWind

ThunderstormWind Tornado Funnel

Cloud Totals

1996 5 51997 2 2 6

10

1998 1

8 1 101999 2

4

6

2000 1

1

22001

3

3

2002 1

3 1 52003 1

1 2

2004 2005 1

3

4

2006 6

4

102007 3

6

9

2008 3 5

82009 2

1

3

2010 5

3

1 92011 1

8

9

2012 2 3 52013 6 62014 3 32015 2 2Totals 33 5 69 3 1 111

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February24to25,1996HighWind:DamagingwindsdownedmanytreesacrosssouthernVermontandproducedscatteredpoweroutages.March19to20,1996HighWind:DamagingwindsdownedthreeutilitypolesnorthofBenningtononRoute7.InShaftsbury,treesfellontwohomesandtherewerenumerousreportsoftreesandwiresdown.December1,1996HighWind:InBenningtonandPownal,winddownednumeroustreesandpowerlines.May31,1998ThunderstormWindsandTornado:StrongthunderstormsgeneratedanF2tornadoinNewYork,whichbecameanF1aftercrossingintoVermont.ThetornadofollowedRoute67throughNorthBenningtonandSouthShaftsbury.September7,1998ThunderstormWind:AderechodownedtreesinWoodford.July6,1999ThunderstormWind:DestructivethunderstormwindsbroughtdowntreesandpowerlinesinPownalandStamford.August13,1999ThunderstormWind:AstormknockeddownnumeroustreesandwiresinBennington.Downedtreesblockedvariousroadways.AdownedtreegashedaholeintheroofofahouseonGoreRoadinBennington.AtreealsofellonaFordExplorerbringingconsiderabledamagetothevehicle.September16to18,1999(DR-13079/16-211999):RemnantsofHurricaneFloyd(seefloodingandflashflooding)broughtwindsgustingtoover60mphanddownedtreesandpowerlinesinsouthernVermont.November2,1999HighWind:LocalizedhighwindgustsoccurredintheGreenMountainsduringtheeveninghours.Awindgustof66mphwasrecordedattheBenningtonAutomatedSurfaceObservingSystem(ASOS)site,locatedattheBenningtonMorseStateAirport.August3,2000ThunderstormWind:AseverethunderstormblewnumeroustreesdowninBennington.December12,2000HighWind:StrongwindsdownedtreesandpowerlinesacrossBenningtonCounty.August9,2001ThunderstormWind:ScatteredsevereweathercausedtreestobeblowndowninBenningtonaswellasinArlington.

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June5,2002ThunderstormWindsandTornado:ThunderstormsoriginatinginNewYorkproducedanF1tornadothattoucheddowninWoodfordHollow.Tornadowindswereestimatedbetween125and150mph.Non-tornadicthunderstormwindsblewsometreesdownintheTownofPownal.LightningstruckahomeinNorthBenningtoncausingaverysmallfirewithminimaldamagetothestructureofthehouse.July21,2003Tornado:Asupercell,thatoriginatedintheMid-HudsonValleyofNewYorkandproducingalonglivedsignificanttornado,spawnedasecondtwisterwhichtoucheddownintheTownofPownal.Thetwistercutaswathlongerthan25milesandup150yardswide.AftertouchingdowninPownal,thetornadomovednortheastintoBennington,thencontinuedintotheGreenMountainStateForestinextremewesternWindhamCountywhereitcausedsignificantforestdamage.Mostofthedestructionwastotrees.TherewasalsosomestructuraldamagesinBenningtonCounty.Atreecollapsedontoahouse.Anothermassivepineslammedintoa100-year-oldhouse'sroofinPownal.AsteakhouseinBenningtonsuffereddamagethatcloseditforacoupleofdays,includingshatteredwindowsandwaterdamageduetoanopenroof.Anawninghadbeenblownfromthedeckofthestructure,allthewayacrossRoute7A.Theownerwasslammedagainstawallwhileventuringoutsideontheopendeckbutreceivednoinjuries.Duringtheheightofthestorm,powerwasknockedouttoover2,000customersinextremesouthernVermont.February17,2006ThunderstormWind:Awindgustof66mphwasmeasuredduringathunderstormatBenningtonMorseStateAirport.May30,2006ThunderstormWind:AthunderstormblewdowntreesinBenningtonlateintheafternoon.October29,2006HighWind:Strongwinds,somereaching60mph,blewfromtheeveningofOctober28throughpartsofOctober29.December1,2006HighWind:Ameasuredwindgustof58mphwasrecordedbytheBenningtonASOS.TreeswerereporteddowninShaftsburyduetothunderstormwinds.March2,2007HighWind:Highwindswererecorded,alongwithsnowandfreezingrain.WindsatBenningtonMorseStateAirportreached59mph.July15,2007ThunderstormWind:WireswerereporteddowninShaftsburyduetostrongthunderstormwinds.August3,2007ThunderstormWind:NumerousshowersandstrongthunderstormsdevelopedacrosseasternNewYorkandwesternNewEngland.Somethunderstormsbecamesevereduringthistimeperiod.NumeroustreesandwireswerereporteddowninBennington.

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August25,2007ThunderstormWind:ScatteredstrongtoseverethunderstormsdevelopedacrosseasternNewYorkandwesternNewEngland.TreesandwireswerereporteddowninNorthBenningtonduetostrongthunderstormwinds.December16,2007HighWind:Asnowstormbrought8to14inchesofsnowalongwithstrongwindsthatcombinedtodowntreesandpowerlines.AtreereportedlyfellonatrailerlocatedonChapelRoad,inBennington.Thisoccurredatapproximatelyat15:45LST,duetothecombinationofhighwinds,andtheaccumulationofheavywetsnowontreebranches.Inaddition,severalthousandpoweroutageswerereportedthroughoutBenningtonCountySundayafternoon,alsoduetothecombinationofhighwindsandheavysnowfall.May31,2008ThunderstormWind:TreesandwireswerereporteddowninBenningtonasaresultofstrongthunderstormwinds.June30,2009ThunderstormWind:Awindgustof59mphwasrecordedbytheBenningtonASOS.December9,2009HighWind:PoweroutageswerereportedduetohighwindsacrossBenningtonCountyaffectingthetownsofBennington,Pownal,Shaftsbury,Sunderland,Sandgate,ManchesterandDorset.Ameasuredwindgustof59mphwasrecordedattheBenningtonMorseStateAirport.June5,2010ThunderstormWind:TreesandlimbswerereporteddowninBenningtonduetostrongthunderstormwinds.July17,2010FunnelCloud:AfunnelcloudwasreportedonRoute279inBennington.August22,2010HighWind:Strongwindsformedduringpassageofacoldfront.DownedtreesandwireswerereportedinArlington,Bennington,ShaftsburyandSunderland.September30toOctober1,2010HighWind:AlowpressuresystemandremnantsofTropicalStormNicoleoffshorecreatedwindsgustingtoover55mphwithpoweroutagesreported.Eighty-twopoweroutageswerereportedacrossBenningtonCountyduetohighwinds.December1,2010HighWind:Strongwindgustsdownedtreesandpowerlinesresultinginpoweroutages.Generally,1½to3inchesofrainfellacrossthearearesultinginsomeurbanandsmallstreamflooding.TreesandpowerlineswerereporteddowninvariouslocationsaroundBenningtonduetostrongandgustywinds.Somedownedtreeswereblockingroads.April26,2011HighWind:TreesandwireswerereporteddownduetohighwindsalongEastRoadinBennington.

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May26,2011ThunderstormWind:TreeswerereporteddownonCedarHillRoadinPownalduetostrongthunderstormwinds.TreeswerealsoreporteddownonHiddenValleyRoadandatreewasreporteddownonahouseonJacksonCrossRoadinPownal.HundredsofbrancheswerereporteddownonroadsthroughouttheBenningtonareaduetostrongthunderstormwinds.June9,2011ThunderstormWind:Apre-frontaltroughformedalineofseverethunderstormsthatmovedacrosseasternNewYorkandsouthernVermont.August21,2011ThunderstormWind:Thereweretwodistinctroundsofstrongtoseverethunderstorms,whichcreateddamagingwinds.TreeswerereporteddowninBennington,andonRoute9justeastofBennington,duetostrongthunderstormwinds.August28-29,2011(DR-40228/27-292011):Alongwithfloodingdescribedabove,TropicalStormIrenebrought35-55mphwindswithgustsexceeding60mphresultingindownedtreesandpowerlines.September4,2011ThunderstormWind:TheAutomatedSurfaceObservingSystemattheBenningtonMorseStateAirportmeasuredawindgustof64mph.TreeswerereporteddowninBenningtonduetostrongthunderstormwinds.September8,2012ThunderstormWind:MultipletreesandwireswerereporteddownduetothunderstormwindsinBennington.October29to30,2012HighWind:SuperstormSandybroughtstrongwindsof40-60mph,withagustof41mphrecordedattheBenningtonMorseStateAirport.ThehighestwindgustinsouthernVermontoccurredinWoodford,whereawindgustof58mphwasreported.December21,2012HighWind:AtreewasreporteddowninBenningtonduetohighwinds.June2,2013ThunderstormWind:Showersandthunderstormsdevelopedacrosstheregionaidedbyverystrongwinds.Afewstormsbecamesevere,producinglargehailandwinddamage.Thethunderstormsalsoproducedveryheavyrainfall,whichcausedflashfloodinginBennington.Multipletreeswerereporteddownandonetreefellontwoparkedtrucksasaresultofthethunderstormwinds.June23,2015ThunderstormWind:TreeswerereporteddowninBenningtonduetothunderstormwinds.July1,2015ThunderstormWind:AlargetreewasdownedinBenningtonasaresultofthunderstormwinds.

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3. ExtentandLocationDamagingwinds,includingthepreviousoccurrencesdescribedabove,arethose

exceeding55milesperhour(NationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration2006andundated).DuringaDecember2009event,windsweremeasuredat59mphattheMorseAirportinBennington.Higherwindswerelikelycreatedduringthetwotornadoes.Highwindeventscanstrikeanywhere.Wherestormsarefunneledupthevalleys,damagecanbesignificant,butmostlikelylessthan10%ofstructureswouldbeaffected.Again,poweroutagescouldlastuptosevenormoredays.TherearenoweatherstationsnoranyrecordsofwinddatainNorthBennington.

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerabilityWindeventscausingmoderateorgreaterdamageoccuralmosteveryotheryear(40-

50%)inBenningtonCounty,andcanrangefromlocalizedeventsfromthunderstormstowiderangingeventsfromlargerstorms.Theprimaryvulnerabilitywouldbepoweroutagesfromdownedtreesandlinesandthepotentialexpectedprobabilitywouldbe10-100%inNorthBennington.

D. Hail

1. DescriptionsHailisfrozenprecipitationthatformsinseverethunderstorms.Hailstonescanrangein

sizefrom¼”(aboutthesizeofapea)tooverfourinches(grapefruitsized),thoughmosthailisinthesmallercategoriesoflessthan1.5inches.ThestrongupanddowndraftswithinthunderstormspushtofreezeanddowntocollectwaterandthisrepeatedcycleresultsinaccumulationoficeuntilgravitypullsthehailstonetoEarth. 2. PreviousOccurrences

TheNationalClimateDataCenterhas28reportsofhailstormsinBenningtonCountybetween1996and2015,allassociatedwiththunderstorms.ThefollowingwerewithinNorthBenningtonornearbytowns.May31,1998ThunderstormWindsandTornadoandHail:StrongthunderstormsgeneratedanF2tornadoinNewYork,whichbecameanF1aftercrossingintoVermont.ThetornadofollowedRoute67throughNorthBenningtonandsouthShaftsbury.HailwasreportedinShaftsbury.July18,2000Hail:HailwasreportedinBennington.June27,2002Hail:OneinchhailwasreportedinNorthBennington.

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August3,2007Hail:PingpongballsizedhailwasreportedinShaftsbury.June24,2008Hail:QuartersizehailwasreportednearPownalduringathunderstorm.June15,2009Hail:QuartersizehailwasmeasuredattheBenningtonMorseStateAirportduringathunderstorm.Inaddition,nickeltoquartersizehailwasalsoreportedintheTownofBennington.July7,2009Hail:PennysizehailwasreportedinBenningtonduringathunderstorm.July17,2010Hail:QuartersizehailwasreportedduringathunderstorminBennington.July21,2010Hail:QuartersizehailwasreportedduringathunderstorminBennington.June1,2011Hail:MultiplereportsoflargehailwerereportedduringathunderstorminShaftsbury.Hailstonesof3.25inchesand2.75inchesindiameterweremeasured.Hailthesizeofagolfballwasreported.Hailsizesofgreaterthanoneinchindiameterwerecommon,withreportsofgreaterthanbaseballsizehail,3inches,beingreported.QuartersizehailwasreportednearBenningtonduringthisthunderstorm.June2,2013Hail:QuartersizehailwasreportedduringathunderstorminBennington.

3. ExtentandLocationHailcancoverwideareasandhasthepotentialfordamagingcrops,automobilesor

glasswithinstructures,aswellascausinginjury.Generally,however,hailstormsaffectrelativelysmallareasastheyforminthunderstorms,whicharelocalized.StormswiththelargesthailstonesnearNorthBenningtonwereinShaftsburyin2007and2011.Pingpongsizehailwasreportedin2007,andmultiplelargesizehail,fromgolfballsizetogreaterthan3inches,wasreportedin2011.

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerabilityHailstormsaregenerallylocal,affectingsubareaswithintheVillage,thoughagroupof

thunderstormscancausehailinmultiplelocationsoverawidearea.Frompastoccurrences,aboutonethunderstormperyeargenerateshailthatwasrecorded.So,thepossibilityofhailoccurringinNorthBenningtoncouldrangefrom10-100%.Thepotentialvulnerabilitywouldbelocalizedtodamagetostructuresorautomobiles,thoughtherecouldalsobedamagetovegetation.Ingeneral,theseimpactswouldbelocalized.

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E. TemperatureExtremes

1. Descriptions

Temperatureextremesentailperiodsofeitherexcessiveheatorextremecold.Excessiveheatisgenerallydefinedasperiodswhenthenormalhightemperatureisexceededbytendegrees.So,inthesummer,thiswouldequalapproximately88degreesinNorthBennington(Table10).Excessiveheatisrecordedatothertimes,butdoesnothavethehealthconsequencesofsummerperiods.Inaddition,theheatindex,whichfactorsinthehighrelativehumiditylevelsofsummer,isalsoafactor.

Extremecoldisnotwelldefined.Forthoseinvolvedinoutdooractivities,extremecold,accompaniedbywind,iswhenexposedskinwouldbesubjecttofrostbite.However,forperiodsofpoweroutagesthatmightaccompanywinterstorms,extremecoldcouldbethoughtofaswhentemperaturesfallbelowfreezingasthatwouldnotonlyaffectpersonalhealthandthehealthofhouseholdanimals,butcouldresultinpipesfreezing,andthelossofwatersuppliesandperishables.Table10.Pownalnormaltemperaturesandprecipitationfor1981to2010.Source:NationalClimateDataCenter:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/land-based-station-data/climate-normals/1981-2010-normals-data

Month HighTemperature(0F)

LowTemperature(0F)

MeanTemperature(0F) Precipitation(in)

January 28.8 10.6 19.7 2.98February 32.1 13.5 22.8 2.52March 40.9 21.4 31.2 3.25April 55.3 33.2 44.3 3.51May 66.1 42.9 54.5 4.12June 74.1 51.7 62.9 4.86July 78.2 56.2 67.2 4.58August 76.5 54.8 65.6 4.15September 69.8 47.4 58.6 4.06October 58.1 37.4 47.7 4.29November 46.0 29.1 37.5 3.90December 34.3 18.8 26.6 3.11Annual 55.0(Avg) 34.8(Avg) 44.9 45.33

ThestationnormalreportfortheCooperativeWeatherObserverinPownalindicatesanaverageofonedayperyearwhenthemaximumtemperaturewouldequal90degrees,54dayswhenthemaximumtemperaturewouldbelessthan32degreesand156dayswhentheminimumtemperaturewouldbelessthan32degrees.

2. ExtentandLocation

Extremetemperatureisawidespreadphenomenon.ThepopulationsaffectedcouldbesmallifoneisconsideringoutdoorworkersortheentireVillageinapoweroutage.ThehighestrecordedtemperaturefromthePownalCooperativeWeatherObserverwas97degreesonJuly

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6,2010andJuly18,2012.ThecoldestrecordedtemperaturefromthePownalCooperativeWeatherObserverwas-26degreesonJanuary27,1994.

AveragetemperaturesinVermonthaverisen2.7degreessince1941withanincreaseof1.5degreessince1990.Wintertemperatureshaverisenmorethansummertemperatures.Ifthesetrendscontinue,thenumberofdaysabove88degreeswilllikelyincreaseandminimumtemperaturesalsoincrease(Galfordetal2014). 3. Probability,ImpactandVulnerability Extremeheatisrelativelyrarewithoccurrencesofapproximatelylessthanonedayperyear.Extremecold,heredefinedaslessthanfreezingtemperature,isafrequentphenomenoninVermont.Impactsofeithertypeofeventcouldbewidespread,andvulnerabilityisdependentonthepopulationsexposed.

F. Drought

1. Description

Thereareseveraltypesanddefinitionsofdrought:meteorological,climatological,atmospheric,agriculturalandhydrological.Thelatterisbasedonstreamflowandgroundwateravailabilityandisprobablymostimportantfromanaturalhazardassessmentperspective.Reductionsinprecipitationoverlongenoughperiods,particularlyduringthegrowingseasonwhenplantstakeupmoisture,canresultinhydrologicdrought. 2. PastOccurrences ThePalmerHydrologicDroughtIndex(PHDI)isanindicatorofpotentialsurfaceandgroundwateravailabilitybasedonclimaticconditions.Thecategoriesofdroughtincludemoderatedrought,severedroughtandextremedrought.Table11showsperiodswhentheindexshowedsevereandextremedroughtsusingdatafrom1985to2015.Nodroughtconditionswererecordedfrom2003through2015.

3. ExtentandLocation TheNationalClimateDataCentercalculatesthisindexbackto1895.Sincethen,severedroughtsoccurredin26yearsor21.7%whileextremedroughtoccurredin8yearsor6.7%.Severeandextremedroughtshavebeenofshortduration,exceptoccurrencesintheearly1960s.Mildtomoderatedroughtshavebeenmorefrequent.Severeandextremedroughtsarelikelytoaffectthosepropertieswithshallowwells.BasedonwelldatafromtheVermontCenterforGeographicInformation,thereareatotalof652wellsinBennington,OldBenningtonandNorthBenningtoncombined.Fromthisdata,25wellsappeartobelocatedin

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NorthBennington.OfthewellsobservedinNorthBennington,3ofthemhavedepthsoflessthan100feet.TherearenopublicwatersupplywellslocatedinNorthBennington.

4. Probability,Impactand Vulnerability

BasedonthePalmerDroughtSeveritydata,thereisa21.7%chanceofasevereorextremedroughtoccurringinanyoneyear.Exceptforlong-termdrought,mostwellsshouldsupplysufficientwater,thoughstructureswithshallowwellsaremostlikelytobeaffected.Droughtmayaffectthepotentialforwildfire,whichisdiscussedbelow.Increasingtemperaturesorchangesinprecipitationpatternsduetoclimatechangemayaffectthefrequency,lengthanddegreeofdrought.

TheVillage’swatersourcecomesfromBasinBrookinShaftsbury.NorthBenningtonhascontrolofthewaterstation,ownsthelandwherethestationislocatedandthewaterrightsforBasinBrook.ThewaterpipetravelsthroughdowntownShaftsburythenouttoNorthBennington(Map4).

Weatherrelateddamagetothepublic

watersupplywouldmostlikelybefromflooding,ahighwindeventortornado.Thedamagecouldcauseablockageinthesystem,orthestoragetankcouldgetdamaged.Ifablockageoccurred,thewatersupplycouldbeshutdownforsometime.Ifthereweredamagetotheholdingtank,atemporarytank

wouldneedtobeinstalled,whichcouldtakedays.ThereisnotasecondaryspringfordrinkingwaterforNorthBennington.However,therearebackupwellsthatareusedwhenthemainsystemiscompromised.

DuringIrene,thereservoirintakebecameblockedwithrocksandmudandneededtobe

cleared.Thewaterdepartmenthadtochangethesourceofwatertothebackupwellsandit

Table11.YearsandnumberofmonthswhenthePHDIindicatedsevereorextremedroughtsfrom1985to2015.Source:NationalClimateDataCenter.Source:ftp://ftpncdd.noaa.gov/pub/data/cirs/climdiv/(RichardHeims,personalcommunication)

Year Extreme Severe

1907 1

1908 2 1

1909 1 2

1910 2

1911 5 4

1912 2

1913 5

1914 5

1915 3 1

1921 2

1922 1

1930 1

1931 4

1941 5

1942 2

1949 1

1953 2

1957 1

1959 1

1963 3

1964 1 6

1965 8 1

1995 2

1999 1

2001 2 1

2002 1 1

Totals23months;8

years58months;26

years

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tookseveraldaystocleartheintakeandrestoreflowfromBasinBrook.Theplanningteambelievesshuttingthesystemdownduetonaturalcausesisunlikelybecauseofthesiteofwatersystemcomponents.Inaddition,closureduetocontaminationthroughman-madecauseswouldbequicklydetectedbyexistinginstrumentation.Dependingonthecauseofthecontamination,Villageresponsewouldbetoinformthepublictoboiltheirwaterortousebottledwater.

G. Wildfire

1. Description Wildfireorwildlandfireisanyunplannedfireaffectingopenlandsincludingforests,grasslandsorotherfeatures.Thepotentialforwildlandfireisdependentonfueltypes,whichvarywithvegetation,topographyandweather.Fireintensity,measuredbytheamountofenergyreleasedinafireandexhibitedbythelengthofflamesandratesofspreaddictatethedegreeofwildlandfirehazardandmethodsofcontrol.Table12showshowwildfirescanbecategorizedbasedonsize.

Table12.Wildlandfiresizeclasses.Source:NationalWildfireCoordinatingGroup2011Magnitude(Size) Description Probability

ClassA <¼acre HighClassB ¼to10acres HighClassC 10to100acres ModerateClassD 100to300acres LowClassE 300to1000acres VerylowClassF 1000to5000acres VerylowClassG >5000acres Verylow

InVermont,foreststendtobedominatedbynorthernhardwoodspeciessuchassugarmaple(Acersaccharum),birch(Betulaspp.),whitepine(Pinusstrobus)andhemlock(Tsugacanadensis).Thesespeciestendtocreaterelativelylowflammabilityfire,sothatsurfacefireshavelowintensityandratesofspread,therebylimitingfirehazard(Anderson1982).MostofthelandareainNorthBenningtoniscoveredbybroadleaflitterfuelsthatexhibitfiresoflowintensityandslowratesofspread(U.S.ForestService2010). Inbothforestedandopensettings,structuresmaybethreatenedbyevensmallwildfires.Thesewildland-urbaninterfaceareasarethemostlikelyareaswhereresourceswillbeneededtosuppresswildlandfireandtoreducepotentialhazards. Firebehaviorismostextremeduringperiodswhentherelativehumidityislow,generallylessthan35-45%.Theseconditionsaremostprevalentinthespring,followingsnowmelt,betweenMarchandlateMayorearlyJune.Afterthat,vegetationbecomesincreasinglygreen,andtheresultingmoistureinthelivevegetation(fuel)reducesflammability

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significantly.Precipitationandevapotranspirationincreaseambientrelativehumiditylevelssothatfiresinthesummeraregenerallyrareandlimitedinsize. Fallagainbringsdryingfuelsandweatherconditionsincreasingfirehazard.However,relativehumiditylevelsincreaseafterdark,andshorterdaysalsolimittheamountoftimeforfuelstodryandintense,fastmovingfirestooccur(NorthCentralResearchStation2005). NorthBenningtonlikelyhassomestructureswithinthe“wildlandurbaninterface,”whichrepresentsareaswherestructuresaredirectlyadjacenttowildlandfuels(FederalRegister2001).Theseareashavenotbeenmapped. 2. PastOccurrences AccordingtorecordsfromtheVermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreation,from1992to2015,179wildfiresoccurredinBenningtonCounty,43occurredwithinBennington,whichincludesNorthBenningtonandOldBennington.However,thisdatawasonlylistedbytown,notbyspecificlocations.AccordingtotheNorthBenningtonAnnualReportsfrom2008to2015,therewere23grassandbrushfireswithintheVillageboundary. 3. ExtentandLocation Ofthe43firesfromtheVermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreationrecords,23wereClassA,19wereClassBandonewasClassC.Thelargestfirewas21acres,butitisunknownwhetherthisfireoccurredinNorthBennington,BenningtonorOldBennington.GrassandbrushfiresaremorecommonthanforestfiresinNorthBennington,astherearemoreopenfieldsandfewerforests.

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerabilityMap6showswildfirerisk,asdeterminedbytheVermontDepartmentofForests,Parks

andRecreation(2010)andmeanfirereturnintervalfromLANDFIRE.ThefirereturnintervalinforestedareasinVermontisgenerallygreaterthan100years,meaningthatthenaturalreturnintervalisrelativelylong.Thisreturnintervalisshorterforareasdominatedbyherbaceousvegetationinthefieldswithinvalleys.Giventhenumberofgrassfiresthathaveoccurred,thereisa100%probabilityofawildfireoccurringinNorthBennington,inanygivenyear,butthesearemostlikelytobesmall.

Thearea’sdeciduousandconiferousforestscreatelitterthatisrelativelylowin

flammabilitysothatwildfireshaverelativelylowintensityandratesofspread.Themainhazardisforwildlandfirefightersworkinginsteepterrain.ThenaturalfirereturnintervalsinmostforestsinVermontaregreaterthan50years(Malamudetal2005)thoughfirescanbemorefrequentinoldfields(Map6).Recurrenceislikelyrelatedtoprecipitationratherthanthebuildupoffuels,sodroughtrecurrenceisalreadyfactoredintotheseintervalestimates.

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Therefore,thepotentialforlargefiresisverylimitedduetothefuelcharacteristicsandtherelativelyurbanizedlandcoverofNorthBennington(Maps3and6).

H. Earthquake

1. Description

Vermonthasnoactivefaults,buthasexperiencedminorearthquakes.Table14belowshowsthemostrecentoccurringwithinthestate,thoughtherehavebeenotherslocatedoutsidethestatethathavebeenfeltinVermont(SpringstonandGale1998).TheU.S.GeologicalSurveypredictsatwopercentprobabilityofanearthquakecausingconsiderabledamageinVermontsometimeinthenext50years(SpringstonandGale1998). 2. PastOccurrences DatafromtheWestonObservatoryatBostonCollege(NortheastEarthquakeMapsandCatalog)wasusedtoidentifyearthquakesoccurringwithin100milesofNorthBenningtonsince1990.NoearthquakesoccurredineitherNorthBenningtonorBenningtonCountyduringthatperiod.Figure3belowplotsthenumberofearthquakesbyyearbymagnitude.Figure3.Plotofearthquakesandmagnitudeforoccurrenceswithin100milesofNorthBennington,Vermont.Source:NortheastEarthquakeMapsandCatalog2015

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Magnitude

Year

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Table13.EarthquakeMagnitudeandintensityscaledescriptions.Source:http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.php

Magnitude ModifiedMercalliIntensity Description

1.0-3.0 I I.Notfeltexceptbyaveryfewunderespeciallyfavorableconditions.3.0-3.9 II-III II.Feltonlybyafewpersonsatrest,especiallyonupperfloorsof

buildings.III.Feltquitenoticeablybypersonsindoors,especiallyonupperfloorsofbuildings.Manypeopledonotrecognizeitasanearthquake.Standingmotorcarsmayrockslightly.Vibrationssimilartothepassingofatruck.

4.0-4.9 IV-V IV.Feltindoorsbymany,outdoorsbyfewduringtheday.Atnight,someawakened.Dishes,windows,doorsdisturbed;wallsmakecrackingsound.Sensationlikeheavytruckstrikingbuilding.Standingmotorcarsrockednoticeably.V.Feltbynearlyeveryone;manyawakened.Somedishes,windowsbroken.Unstableobjectsoverturned.Pendulumclocksmaystop.

5.0-5.9 VI-VII VI.Feltbyall,manyfrightened.Someheavyfurnituremoved;afewinstancesoffallenplaster.Damageslight.VII.Damagenegligibleinbuildingsofgooddesignandconstruction;slighttomoderateinwell-builtordinarystructures;considerabledamageinpoorlybuiltorbadlydesignedstructures;somechimneysbroken.

6.0-6.9 VII-IX VII.Damagenegligibleinbuildingsofgooddesignandconstruction;slighttomoderateinwell-builtordinarystructures;considerabledamageinpoorlybuiltorbadlydesignedstructures;somechimneysbroken.VIII.Damageslightinspeciallydesignedstructures;considerabledamageinordinarysubstantialbuildingswithpartialcollapse.Damagegreatinpoorlybuiltstructures.Fallofchimneys,factorystacks,columns,monuments,walls.Heavyfurnitureoverturned.IX.Damageconsiderableinspeciallydesignedstructures;well-designedframestructuresthrownoutofplumb.Damagegreatinsubstantialbuildings,withpartialcollapse.Buildingsshiftedofffoundations.

7.0andhigher

VIIIorhigher VIII.Damageslightinspeciallydesignedstructures;considerabledamageinordinarysubstantialbuildingswithpartialcollapse.Damagegreatinpoorlybuiltstructures.Fallofchimneys,factorystacks,columns,monuments,walls.Heavyfurnitureoverturned.IX.Damageconsiderableinspeciallydesignedstructures;well-designedframestructuresthrownoutofplumb.Damagegreatinsubstantialbuildings,withpartialcollapse.Buildingsshiftedofffoundations.X.Somewell-builtwoodenstructuresdestroyed;mostmasonryandframestructuresdestroyedwithfoundations.Railsbent.XI.Few,ifany(masonry)structuresremainstanding.Bridgesdestroyed.Railsbentgreatly.XII.Damagetotal.Linesofsightandlevelaredistorted.Objectsthrownintotheair.

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Table14.EarthquakesinVermont.Source:VermontGeologicalSurvey(Ebeletal1995)http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/EBEL.htmconsistingofexcerptsfrom:AReportontheSeismicVulnerabilityoftheStateofVermontbyJohnE.Ebel,RichardBedellandAlfredoUrzua,a98pagereportsubmittedtoVermontEmergencyManagementAgencyinJuly,1995.

Location Date Magnitude MercalliIntensitySwanton July6,1943 4.1 Feltbynearlyeveryone;manyawakenedwithsomedishes

andwindowsbrokenandunstableobjectsoverturnedBrandon March31,1953 4.0 Feltindoorsbymany,butbyfewoutdoors.Sensationwould

besimilartoaheavytruckstrikingabuildingMiddlebury April10,1962 4.1 Feltbynearlyeveryone;manyawakenedwithsomedishes

andwindowsbrokenandunstableobjectsoverturned 3. ExtentandLocation Table14showsearthquakesthathaveoccurredinVermontbasedonthe1995report.NoearthquakeshavebeenrecordedinNorthBenningtonorinBenningtonCounty.Thoseoccurringwithin100mileshaverangedinmagnitudefrombarelyregisteredto3.9,withmostintherangeof0.5to3.0(Figure3).NodamagewasrecordedinanyoftheseinBennington.In2003,theVermontGeologicalSurveycompletedsimulationsusingFEMAHAZUSsoftwareofpotentialdamagewithinBenningtonCountyfroma500-yearrecurrenceearthquakecenteredinMiddlebury,VT,Tamworth,NHandGoodnow,NY.TheresultsindicatedminimaldamageandinjuryfromanyoftheseeventsinBennington(Kim2003).


Basedonthe2003HAZUSanalyses,boththeprobabilityandimpactofanearthquakeoccurringwithamagnitudelargeenoughtocausesubstantialdamageinVermontislow.However,earthquakepredictionscienceisverylimited.

I. Landslide

1. Description Landslidesaretypicallyassociatedwithperiodsofheavyrainfallorrapidsnowmeltandtendtoworsentheeffectsoffloodingthatoftenaccompaniestheseevents.Somelandslidesmoveslowlyandcausedamagegradually,whereasothersmovesorapidlythattheycandestroypropertyandtakelivessuddenlyandunexpectedly.Gravityistheforcedrivinglandslidemovement.Factorsthatallowtheforceofgravitytoovercometheresistanceofearthmaterialtolandslidemovementincludesaturationbywater,steepeningofslopesbyerosionorconstruction,andalternatefreezingorthawing.Table15showshowlandslidescanbecategorized.

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Table15.Landslideanddebrisflowtypes.Source:U.S.GeologicalSurvey2006Magnitude Description Probability

Localized Falls:abruptmovementsofrocksandboulders,generallyonsteepslopes

Lowtomoderate

Topples Topples:movementsinvolvingsomeforwardrotationasmaterialmovesdownhill

Lowtomoderate

Flows Arangeoflandmovementgenerallyinvolvingamassofloosesoil,rock,organicmatter,airandwatermovingdownhillrapidlyandpossiblycoveringawideareaOneformcalledcreepinvolvesslowmovementofmaterialandisoftenrecognizablebytreesgrowingsoastoremainverticalwhilebentnearthegroundastheygrowtokeepupwiththeslowmaterialflow.

Highlyvariablebutcanbefairlycommon.

2. PastOccurrencesNolandslideswerereportedduringTropicalStormIreneandnonehavebeenreported

frompreviousorsubsequentevents.NorockfallareaswereidentifiedbytheVermontAgencyofTransportation(EliasonandSpringston2007). 3. ExtentandLocation

UsingaprotocoldevelopedfortheVermontGeologicalSurvey(CliftandSpringston2012),Dale(2015)usedgeographicinformationsystemdataandanalysestodevelopapotentiallandslidemapfortheVillage.ThemapshowsverylittlelandslidepotentialinNorthBennington.AreasofmoderatepotentialwereidentifiedalongthehillsidesthatfollowParanCreektotheWalloomsacandborderingLakeParan.

TherehavebeennoreportedlandslidesinNorthBennington.However,thereisanareaonWaterStreetwherearetainingwallisfallingin,whichishighlightedinMap7. 4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerability TheprobabilityoftheidentifiedareasinMap7affectingsettledareasislow,astherearefewbuildingslocatedintheseareas.Inaddition,givenpastevents,theprobabilityislowthatalandslidewilloccur,andthereforethepotentialimpactandvulnerabilityarebothlow.

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J. InvasiveSpecies

1. Descriptions Invasivespeciesareorganismsthatarenotnativetoageographicareaandwhichcanordocauseeconomicorenvironmentalharm.Invasivespeciesarecharacterizedbyorganismsthatspreadrapidly,candisplacenativespecies,andhavefewornopredatorstokeeptheirpopulationsincheck.Atthesametime,theyhavecharacteristicsthatmayreducethevalueanduseofnaturalresources.Forexample,Japaneseknotweedcolonizesstreambanks,anddoesnotholdsoilwell,leadingtoincreasedstreambankerosion.Bushhoneysucklecanbecomeadominantshrubinsomeforests,reducingthepotentialfortreeregeneration(VermontInvasives2016). Vermonthastwoinvasivespecieslists:ClassAspeciesareontheFederalNoxiousWeedListbutarenotknowntooccurinVermont.Thesearelistedin7C.F.R.360.200,asectionoftheCodeofFederalRegulations.ClassBspeciesareknowntooccurinthestateandareconsideredathreat(Table16).

Table16.DesignatedClassBnoxiousweedsinVermont.Source:VermontAgencyofAgriculture,FoodandMarkets:http://agriculture.vermont.gov/plant_pest/plant_weed/invasive_noxious_weeds/noxious_weeds_listThosewitha*havebeenidentifiedinBenningtonCounty.Source:EarlyDetectionandMappingSystem:http://www.eddmaps.org/tools/query/Thosemarkedwithan(A)arealsoontheaquaticinvasivespecieslist(Table17)

ScientificName CommonNameAcerginnala* AmurmapleAcerplatanoides* NorwaymapleAegopodiumpodagraria* Bishop'sgoutweedorgoutweedAilanthusaltissima TreeofheavenAlliariapetiolata* GarlicmustardBerberisthunbergii* JapanesebarberryBerberisvulgaris* CommonbarberryButomusumbellatus(A) FloweringrushCelastrusorbiculatus* OrientalbittersweetEuonymusalatus* BurningbushFallopiajaponica* JapaneseknotweedHydrocharismorsus-ranae(A) FrogbitIrispseudacorus*(A) YellowflagirisLonicerajaponica JapanesehoneysuckleLoniceramaackii AmurhoneysuckleLoniceramorrowii* MorrowhoneysuckleLoniceratatarica* TartarianhoneysuckleLoniceraxbella* BellhoneysuckleLythrumsalicaria*(A) PurpleloosestrifeMyriophyllumspicatum*(A) EurasianwatermilfoilNajasminor(A) EuropeannaiadNymphoidespeltata(A) Yellowfloatingheart

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Table16.DesignatedClassBnoxiousweedsinVermont.Source:VermontAgencyofAgriculture,FoodandMarkets:http://agriculture.vermont.gov/plant_pest/plant_weed/invasive_noxious_weeds/noxious_weeds_listThosewitha*havebeenidentifiedinBenningtonCounty.Source:EarlyDetectionandMappingSystem:http://www.eddmaps.org/tools/query/Thosemarkedwithan(A)arealsoontheaquaticinvasivespecieslist(Table17)

ScientificName CommonNamePhragmitesaustralis*(A) CommonreedPotamogetoncrispus(A) CurlyleafpondweedRhamnuscathartica* CommonbuckthornRhamnusfrangula* GlossybuckthornTrapanatans*(A) WaterchestnutVincetoxicumnigrum Blackswallow-wort

Table17showsaquaticinvasivespecieslistedbytheAgencyforNaturalResources.

Table17.AquaticinvasivespeciesinVermont.Source:WatershedManagementDivision,DepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation:http://dec.vermont.gov/watershed/lakes-ponds/aquatic-invasives/gallery

ScientificName CommonNameDreissenapolymorpha ZebramusselAlosapseudoharengus AlewifeOrconectesrusticus RustycrayfishDidymospheniageminata DidymoBythotrepheslongimanus SpinyWaterfleaCorbiculafluminea AsianclamDidymospheniageminata Didymo1Nitellopsisobtusa StarryStonewordMyriophyllumheterophyllum Variable-leavedWatermilfoil

2. PastOccurrences Invasivespeciesarepresentandrepresentacontinuoushazardthatwillvarywiththeirabundanceandtheirimpactsonstructuresandinfrastructure. 3. ExtentandLocation TheextentofinvasiveplantsinNorthBenningtonandinBenningtonCountyhasnotbeenfullymapped.Inadditiontothespecieslistedintheabovetables,thefollowingarepotentialinvasivespecies:

Pastinacasativa(Wildparsnip)isabundantalongroadsidesandcancauseskinburnswhenchemicalsintheplantonexposedskininteractwithsun,whichcanharmthosewhoworkonoralongroadsorutilityrightsofway.Anthriscussylvestris(cowparsniporwildchervil)alsodominatesroadsidesandcaninvademeadows.Phalarisarundinacea(reedcanarygrass)caninvadewetlandsandcrowdoutnativeplants.Thebushhoneysuckles(Loniceraspp.)havealso

1Recentlythisspecieshasbeendeterminedtobenative,butthatstatusmaychange.

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beenobservedalongroadsides.Itislikelythatbuckthorn(Rhamnuscathartica)andbarberry(Berberisthunbergii)haveinvadedforestsandwetlandedgesandthatJapaneseknotweed(Fallopiajaponica)hasinvadedstreambanksandotherdisturbedareas.

Insectsandpathogenshavethepotentialfordramaticallyalteringthecompositionandstructureofforestsaswellasaffectingtreesinsettledareas.Hemlockwoolyadelgid(Adelgestsugae)hasdramaticallyreducedhemlocktreessouthofVermontandwasrecentlyfoundinPownal.Theemeraldashborer(Agrilusplanipennis)isalsoasignificantthreattoforestsasitkillsallashspecies.

ArecentstudywascompletedthatsurveyedashtreesinNorthBenningtonforthe

potentialimpactoftheemeraldashborer(Quant2016).AlthoughthisexoticbeetlehasnotyetbeenspottedinVermont,itisexpectedtospreadhere;thesurroundingstatesofNewHampshire,NewYork,andMassachusettsallhaveinfestationswithin50milesofVermont’sborder,accordingtothesurvey.Emeraldashborersareoftendispersedthroughthemovementoffirewood.Unfortunately,oncetheemeraldashborerisestablished,itcannotbeeradicatedandmostashtreesdiewithinsixyears(DepartmentofForests,Parks,&Recreation2016).Thiswillresultinalargenumberoftreesthatneedtocomedown,creatingalossofcanopyandlargeexpenseformunicipalities.

Inadditiontotheaboveinsects,thereareotherinsectsandpathogensthatareaffecting

Vermontforests.Thesemayconstituteanemerginghazard(Schultzetal2015).Climatechangemayincreasetheabundanceandrangesofforestpestspeciessuchashemlockwoolyadelgidandinvasivespeciescurrentlyfoundinmoresoutherlylocations(Rustad2012).

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerability Thelikelihoodofincreasedabundanceofinvasivespeciesis75-100%andpotentialimpactstoforestedareasareveryhigh.Invasiveinsectsthatcancausetreedeath,particularlytheemeraldashborer,couldresultinroadclosures,poweroutagesandpropertydamage.Increasesintheabundanceofinvasiveplantspeciescouldlimitregenerationofnativetreesandshrubsandaffectthelong-termintegrityoftheforests(VermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreation2010,VermontInvasives2016). Theashtreesurveyfoundthattherewere277ashtreesobservedwithintheVillageright-ofway(i.e.25feetfromthecenterlineoftheroad),with81greaterthan12inchesindiameter.ThehighestcountsofasheswereonParkSt.,CollegeRd.,MechanicSt.,andHarringtonRd.ThehighestconcentrationsofasheswereonHarringtonRd.,OverleaRd.,FishingAccessRd.,andCollegeRd.,withthehighestconcentrationoflargeashesonFishingAccessRd.Map8showswheretheashtreeswereobserved.Theemeraldashborerposesagreatthreattotheseashtrees,potentiallycreatingalargeexpensetotheVillagetoremovethetreesbeforetheybecomeahazardtoutilitylines,roadsandbuildings(Quant2016).

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K. HazardousMaterialSpill

1. Descriptions Hazardouswastesarematerialsthatareflammable,corrosive,toxic,orlabeledwithwarningorcautionlabels.Thesematerialsareusedinindustry,inthehomeoronfarmsandaretransportedregularly. 2. PastOccurrences TheVermontspillsitelistindicatestherehavebeen34spillsreportedinNorthBenningtonsince1990.AccordingtotheNorthBenningtonFireChief,theVillagehas,atmost,threesmallhazardousmaterialsspillsperyear. 3. ExtentandLocation Allofthespillsaffectedsmallsitesorareas.ThemainhighwaysthatwouldbeaffectedbyaspillinNorthBenningtonwouldbeVTRoute67Aand67.TheseroadsarethemainarteriesthroughtheVillage,soaspillcouldaffectmanypropertiesandtravelers.

Oneparticularconcerninanyhazardousmaterialsspillwouldbetheimpactonwaterresources.IfanincidentoccurredalongVTRoute67A,ParanCreekandtheWalloomsacRivercouldbeaffectedduetotheproximityoftheroadtothecreekandriver.Map9showsthetransportationsysteminrelationtosurfacewatersincludingstreamsandwetlands.

HazardousroadsandintersectionshavebeenidentifiedbytheVermontAgencyofTransportationandtheplanningteam.Theroadwiththemostaccidents,accordingtotheVTransPublicCrashDataQueryTool(http://apps.vtrans.vermont.gov/CrashPublicQueryTool/#),wasVTRoute67A/WaterStreet,whichturnsintoMainStreet,andtheintersectionswiththemostaccidentswereBankStreetatMainStreetintheVillagecenterandBankStreetatWhiteCreekRoad.Accordingtotheplanningteam,theintersectionatBankStreetandMainStreethasbeencreatingissueswithtruckdriversnotusingthenewmountablecurbandinsteadswingingoutintothelaneofoncomingtraffic.TheBoardofTrusteeshavebeenworkingonadjustingtheturningradiussothattruckdriverswillfeelmorecomfortableusingthemountablecurbandthusstayinthecorrectlane.Thoughitisuncertainwhenthischangewilltakeplace.TheplanningteamalsoidentifiedtheroadcurvewhereRiverRoadandHillsideStreetintersectwithVTRoute67A/WaterStreetashavinglimitedvisibilityandcausingissues.

Roadswithaveragegradesgreaterthan10%alsopresenthazards,particularlywhen

roadsarewetorduringwinterstorms.TheplanningteamidentifiedtworoadswithsteepgradesinNorthBennington,ProspectStreetandRoyalStreet.

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Hazardousmaterialsspillsoccurmorethanannually,thoughtypicallyaffectsmallareas.NorthBenningtonhasamoderateamountoftrucktraffic,whichcanincreasethepossibilityofamajorspill.Manyareasarevulnerableduetotheproximityofsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcestoroads.Localroadscarrymaterialsthatcouldspillandaffectaquaticresourcesaswellasindividualwells.TheNorthBenningtonFireDepartmenthastheabilitytorespondtosmallhazardousmaterialsspills.TheBenningtonFireDepartmentHazardousMaterialsResponseTeamortheStateHazardousMaterialsResponseTeamiscalledtoassistforlargerincidents.

Inaddition,thereisaraillinethattravelsthroughNorthBennington.Themostcommon

substancetransportedontheraillineislimestoneslurry,whichisnotconsideredahazardousmaterial.Thereisalimitedamountofcausticmaterial,intheformofdetergent,alsotransported,butnotenoughtobeaconcernoftheVillage.

Theoveralllikelihoodofahazardousmaterialsspillonanannualbasisis96%,since

spillshaveoccurredin25outof26years.Injuries,exceptinthecaseofdirectinjuriesfromatrafficaccident,arelikelylow.However,thelong-termimpactsofaspillcouldbeextensiveifaquaticresourcesand/orwatersupplieswereaffected.

L. WaterSupply

1. Descriptions

MostofNorthBenningtonisservedbyapublicwatersystemfromBasinBrookinShaftsbury,aboutfourmilesnortheastoftheVillageboundary.ThewatersystemalsoservessomepartsofShaftsbury.Propertiesnotconnectedtothepublicwatersystemrelyonprivatewells.Bothpublicwatersystemsandprivatewellsarevulnerabletocontamination.Ifthepublicwatersystemwerecontaminated,itwouldaffectmorepeopleintheVillage,butprivatewellsaremoresusceptibletocontaminationduetochemicalspills.Inaddition,publicwatersystemshaveroutinewatertestingrequirementstheymustfollow,buttherearenorequirementsforthetestingofprivateresidentialwells.Thismeansthatapropertycouldhavecontaminatedwaterfromtheirprivatewellforanextendedperiodoftimewithoutknowingit.

2. PastOccurrences

Atthebeginningof2016,concernsweremaderegardingthegroundwaterinNorthBenningtonandtheformerChemfabproperty,whichwasamanufacturingbusinessthatproducedTeflon-coatingforfabrics.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation(DEC)wascontactedtotestfiveprivatewellsinNorthBennington.Theprivatewellswereanalyzedforperfluorinatedcompoundsaswellasvolatileorganiccompounds.Eachofthefivewellsshowedthepresenceofperfluorooctanicacid(PFOA)atconcentrationsabovetheVermontDepartment

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ofHealthdrinkingwaterhealthadvisorylimitsof20partspertrillion(ppt).PFOAwasnotfoundintheNorthBenningtonpublicwatersourceorsystem.

PFOAisamanufacturedchemicalusedtomakeproductsthatresistheatandchemical

reactions,andrepeloil,stains,grease,andwater.PFOAdoesnotbreakdowneasilyandcanpersistintheenvironmentforaverylongtime,especiallyinwater.Itstoxicityandpersistenceintheenvironmentmeansitisapotentialdangertohumanhealthandtheenvironment.

AftertheinitialwellstestedpositivetoPFOA,morewellsweretestedinNorthBenningtonandBennington.InamapdevelopedbytheVermontDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation,thewellsthathavebeentestedsinceAugust30,2016areshown,asarethefindings(http://dec.vermont.gov/commissioners-office/pfoa/communities).ThisisthefirstwatercontaminationissueforNorthBenningtonbutlikelynotthelast,asveryfewchemicalsareregulatedandmonitored.

3. ExtentandLocationSinceSeptember26,2016,theDEChasreceivedsamplingresultsfrom541wellsin

NorthBenningtonandBennington,ofwhich266hadPFOAconcentrationsgreaterthan20ppt,76wellshadPFOAlessthan20ppt,and199hadnodetections.Theradius,whichwasfirstestablishedat1.5miles,hasbeenexpandingtoincludevariousotherareasoutsideofNorthBennington.

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerabilityTheprobabilityofanotherwatercontaminationissuearisingishigh.PFOAhadbeen

contaminatingthegroundwaterinNorthBenningtonandBenningtonforseveralyearsbeforeitwasdetected.Currently,therecouldbeothercontaminantsinthegroundwaterthatarenotshowingupintestsbecausetheDECdoesn’tknowtotestforthemyet.

NorthBenningtonandothercommunitieswithcurrentorpreviousmanufacturing

industriesareallvulnerabletowatercontamination.Thelikelihoodofwatercontaminationissuesarisinginanygivenyearis100%,sincetherecouldbeotherchemicalsalreadyinthegroundwaterthathavenotbeendetected.Theimpactcouldvaryfromafewwellsinthedirectvicinityoftheproblemarea,toawholemunicipalityandbeyond.

M. InfectiousDiseaseOutbreak

1. Descriptions

Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbybacterialinfections,viruses,fungiandotherorganismsthatcanspreadthroughthehumanpopulation.

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2. PastOccurrences ThemostprevalentinfectiousdiseaseinBenningtonCounty,trackedbytheVermontDepartmentofHealth,hasbeenLymedisease,carriedbyandtransmittedbyticks.Thesymptomscanrangefromminortoverysevere,andareaclearthreattoanyoneinthemunicipality.Figure4showsthediseasestrackedbytheVermontDepartmentofHealth.Figure4.DiseasecasesinBenningtonCountyfrom2006to2015.Source:ChelseaDubie,VermontDepartmentofHealth

3. ExtentandLocation Ingeneral,individualsandfamiliesaremostaffectedbyinfectiousdiseases,butschoolsandbusinessescouldbeaffectedaswell.

4. Probability,ImpactandVulnerability Givenpasthistory,thereisalowprobabilityofadiseaseaffectingalargeportionoftheVillage,buthighprobabilityofcontinued,isolatedoccurrences.Lymediseaseandothertickbornediseasescouldaffectresidentsandthoseusingrecreationaltrailsandvisitingnaturalareas.

361643494

3026410

5741099

11012872114

Varicella(Chickenpox)Tuberculosis

Shigatoxin-producingEscherichiacoli(STEC)Salmonellosis

PertussisNeisseriameningi{dis,invasive(Mening.disease)

LymediseaseListeriosis

LegionellosisHepa{{sCVirusInfec{on,chronicorresolved

Hepa{{sB,acuteHepa{{sBvirusinfec{on,Chronic

Hepa{{sA,acuteGroupAStreptococcus,invasive

CryptosporidiosisCarbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae

CampylobacteriosisAnaplasmaphagocytophilum

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

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V. VulnerabilityAssessment

A. PrioritizationofHazards TheinformationdescribedabovewasusedtoprioritizehazardsusingcriteriafromtheVermontHazardMitigationPlanasdescribedinTable18below.Table18.Vulnerabilityassessmentfactors(VermontHazardMitigationPlan2014)FrequencyofOccurrence:Probability1=Unlikely<1%probabilityofoccurrenceperyear2=Occasionally1–10%probabilityofoccurrenceperyear,oratleastonechanceinnext100years3=Likely>10%but<100%probabilityperyear,atleast1chanceinnext10years4=HighlyLikely100%probabilityinayearGeographicAreaAffected:Howlargeanareawouldlikelybeaffected?1=Community-wide2=State-wide3=Region-wideWarningTime:Amountoftimegenerallygiventoalertpeopletohazard1=Morethan12hours2=6–12hours3=3–6hours4=None–MinimalPotentialImpact:Severityandextentofdamageanddisruption1=NegligibleIsolatedoccurrencesofminorpropertydamage,minordisruptionofcriticalfacilitiesandinfrastructure,andpotentialforminorinjuries2=MinorIsolatedoccurrencesofmoderatetoseverepropertydamage,briefdisruptionofcriticalfacilitiesandinfrastructure,andpotentialforinjuries3=ModerateSeverepropertydamageonaneighborhoodscale,temporaryshutdownofcriticalfacilities,and/orinjuriesorfatalities4=MajorSeverepropertydamageonametropolitanorregionalscale,shutdownofcriticalfacilities,and/ormultipleinjuriesorfatalities

B. ListofPriorityHazards

TheplanningteamassessedeachofthehazardsthoroughlythenscoredthehazardsbasedonthecriteriainTable18todeterminewhichhazardswouldneedmitigationactions.Table19showstheresultsofthescoring,withFloodandFlashFloods,WinterStorms,HighWindEvents,Drought,HazardousMaterialsSpills,WaterSupply,InfectiousDiseasesandInvasiveSpeciesrankedhighest.Theplanningteamdeterminedthat,whileearthquakesrankedhigh,thescorewaslikelyduetotheshortwarningtimeand,therefore,wasnotanaccuraterepresentationofthethreatofthishazard.

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Table19.Vulnerabilityassessment

Hazard NumberofEvents

Frequencyof

Occurrence

GeographicAreaAffected

WarningTime

PotentialImpacts

TotalScore

FloodsandFlashFloods

49eventsfrom1996to2014 2 3 2 3 10

WinterStorms 143eventsfrom1996to2015 4 3 1 3 11

HighWindEvents 111eventsfrom1996to2015 3 1 3 3 10

Hail 28eventsfrom1996to2015 2 1 4 1 8

TemperatureExtremes

Annual>90F:1dayonaverage

Annualmaximum<32F:54days

Annualminimum<32F:156days

2 2 1 1 6

Drought Severedroughtshaveoccurredin25yearsfrom1895to2014

3 3 1 2 9

Wildfire 43eventsfrom1992through2015

1 1 4 1 7

LandslidesandDebrisFlows

Norecords 1 1 4 1 7

Earthquake Noeventscausingdamage 1 3 4 2 10

HazardousMaterialsSpills

34eventsfrom1990to2016 4 1 4 2 11

WaterSupply 1eventin2016 1 1 4 2 8InfectiousDiseaseOutbreak

Annual 3 3 1 3 10

InvasiveSpecies Ongoing 3 3 1 2 9

Map10isacompositemapshowingspecialfloodhazardareas,rivercorridors,andareasidentifiedbytheplanningteamasvulnerabletoflooding,steepgrades,andareasneedingmajorculvertupgrades.Otherpriorityhazardssuchasinvasivespeciesorinfectiousdiseaseswerenotmappedeitherasadequatesurveyshavenotbeencompleted,ortheycouldaffecttheentireVillage.

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VI. MitigationMeasures

A. HazardMitigationGoals

Aspartoftheplanningprocess,NorthBenningtonidentifiedthefollowingmitigationgoals:

1. Reduceinjuryandlossofliferesultingfromnaturaldisasters.2. Reducedamagetopublicinfrastructure,minimizedisruptiontotheroadnetworkand

maintainbothnormalandemergencyaccess.3. Establishandmanageaprogramtoproactivelyimplementmitigationprojectsforroads,

bridges,culvertsandothermunicipalfacilitiestoensurethatcommunityinfrastructureisnotsignificantlydamagedbynaturalhazardevents.

4. Designandimplementmitigationmeasuressoastominimizeimpactstorivers,waterbodiesandothernaturalfeatures,historicstructures,andneighborhoodcharacter.

5. IncreasetheeconomicresiliencyofNorthBenningtonbyreducingtheeconomicimpactsincurredbymunicipal,residential,agriculturalandcommercialestablishmentsduetodisasters.

6. Incorporatehazardmitigationplanningintoothercommunityplanningprojects,suchastheVillagePlan,CapitalImprovementPlan,andLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan.

7. Ensurethatmembersofthegeneralpubliccontinuetobepartofthehazardmitigationplanningprocess.

B. 2005HazardMitigationPlan

NorthBenningtonwasoneof13jurisdictionsinBenningtonCountythatadoptedamulti-jurisdictionalhazardmitigationplanin2005.Inthatplan,NorthBenningtonidentifiedflood,structurefireanddamfailureastheirworstthreats.Thishazardmitigationplanaddressesfloodinganddamissues(inthefloodingsection).However,structurefirewasnotincluded,asthisplanfocusesmoreonnaturalthreatsandhazards.

Thetablebelowlistsactionsidentifiedinthe2005BenningtonCountyMulti-JurisdictionalHazardMitigationPlanandthestatusoftheactionsasofSeptember2016.Asdescribedbelow,theVillagehasbeenaddressingmanyoftheactionslistedinthe2005plan.

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Table20.Mitigationactionslistedinthe2005BenningtonCountyMulti-JurisdictionalHazardMitigationPlanAnnexforNorthBennington

PriorityScore

MitigationAction

WhoIsResponsible

ApproximateTimeFrame&

PotentialFundingSources

InitialImplementation

StepsStatusofActionsasofMay2017

33 UpdateRapidResponsePlanatleastannually

SelectBoard&EmergencyManagementDirector

• ShortTerm• Local

Resources

TechnicalassistancefromBCRC

TheVillageannuallyupdatestheirLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan,whichreplacedRapidResponsePlan.Thisactionwillremainintheplanas:MaintainacurrentLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan.

29 Upgradeflooddrainagestructures

SelectBoardw/supportfromRoadForeman

• ShorttoLongTerm

• Local&StateResources

• PDM-cFunds

Conduct“needsassessment”;TechnicalassistancefromBCRC&VEM

Flooddrainagestructuresareupgradedwhennecessary.Inaddition,culvertsarereplacedasneededthroughouttheVillage.TheVillagereceivedagrantin2016toupdatetheculvertinventoryandtodoaroaderosioninventory.Needsassessmentsarecompletedeverythreeyears,withthemostrecentcompletedin2016.Thisactionwillremainintheplanas:Completeinventoryofroadnetworktoassesswhetherroadsegmentsconnectedtosurfacewatersthroughditches,culvertsorotherdrainagestructuresmeetthenewstormwaterstandardscurrentlyunderdevelopmentbytheDECMunicipalRoadsProgram.

29 Flood-proofstructureslocatedinFloodHazardAreas

SelectBoard,OtherAgencies,Community

• Med.toLongTerm


• PDM-cFunds

Conductassessment&exploreoptions

ThePlanningCommissionhasdevelopedamapoffloodplainswithintheVillage,identifyingstructuresatrisk.However,theVillagehasnottakenactiontoflood-proofanybuildings.Thisactionwillnotremainintheplanbecauseitistheresponsibilityofindividualbuildingownerstoflood-prooftheirbuildings.

29 Landacquisitioninhighhazardareas

SelectBoard,OtherOfficials

• Med.toLongTerm


• PDM-cFunds

Conductassessmentanddeterminepriorities;workwithlandowners

TheVillagehasnotaddressedthisaction.Thisactionwillremainintheplanas:Identifypossibleacquisitionofwetlandsandspecialfloodhazardareastoassurenaturalsystemsprotection.

27 AdoptBuildingCodes

SelectBoard,OtherOfficials

• ShorttoMed.Term

• LocalResources

TechnicalAssistancefromBCRCandVEM

TheVillagefollowsthesamebuildingcodesasBennington.Thisactionwillnotremainintheplanbecausethereisnofurtheractiontotake.

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Table20.Mitigationactionslistedinthe2005BenningtonCountyMulti-JurisdictionalHazardMitigationPlanAnnexforNorthBennington

PriorityScore

MitigationAction

WhoIsResponsible

ApproximateTimeFrame&

PotentialFundingSources

InitialImplementation

StepsStatusofActionsasofMay2017

33 AdditionaltrainingforBuildingInspectors

SelectBoard,BuildingInspectors

• ShorttoLongTerm


WorkwithlocalBuildingInspectorsandStateAgencies

TheVillagehasnotaddressedthisaction.ThisactionwillnotremainintheplanbecausetheVillagedoesnothaveanybuildinginspectors.

33 ConductreviewofEmergencyManagementProgram

SelectBoard,EmergencyManagementDirector,FirstResponseAgencies

• ShorttoMed.Term

• LocalResources

Conductassessmentofcurrentconditions

Periodicassessmentsarecompleted.Thisactionwillnotremainintheplanbecauseassessmentsarealreadycompleted.

32 Prepareevacuationstudiesandplans

SelectBoard,EmergencyManagementDirector,FirstResponseAgencies

• ShorttoMed.Term

• LocalResources

Conductassessmentofcurrentplans;reviseplanasneeded

Atpresent,evacuationplanningisprimarilydonebyindividualbusinesses.Thisactionwillnotremainintheplanbecausetheyarecompletedbyindividualbusinesses.

AsnotedintheStatusofActionsasofMay2017columninTable20,theVillageprioritieshavechangedslightlysincethe2005multi-jurisdictionalplan.Fiveoftheactionslistedinthe2005planwillnotbeincludebecausetheyarealreadycompletedorarenolongerrelevanttotheVillage.Theseactionsare:

1. Flood-proofstructureslocatedinFloodHazardAreas(nolongerrelevant)2. AdoptBuildingCodes(nolongerrelevant)3. AdditionaltrainingforBuildingInspectors(nolongerrelevant)4. ConductreviewofEmergencyManagementProgram(alreadycompleted)5. Prepareevacuationstudiesandplans(nolongerrelevant)

Thethreeremainingactionsfromthe2005planarestillprioritiesoftheVillageand

havebeenincludedinthisplanbutwithchangestothewordingtoreflectthecurrentormorespecificterminologyusedinVermont.Theseactionsare:

1. UpdateRapidResponsePlanatleastannually(changedtocurrentterminology)2. Upgradeflooddrainagestructures(changedtomorespecificterminology)3. Landacquisitioninhighhazardareas(changedtomorespecificterminology)

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C. VillagePlan

The2013NorthBenningtonVillagePlan(VillageofNorthBennington2013)includesseveralobjectivesthatsupporthazardmitigation.Theseobjectivesfocusonfloodhazardareas,shorelineprotection,andstormwatermanagement.

Theplanstatesthatdevelopmentinthefloodplainareamustbeverycarefullyplanned

toavoidflooddamageandwaterpollution,andanydevelopmentinanyfloodplainareasmustmeetstatestandardsfordevelopmentinfloodproneareasandshouldpreserveanaturalvegetatedbufferalongthestreambank.Bycontrollingthetypeofdevelopmentandthenatureofconstructioninthefloodhazardareas,theVillageseekstoprotectpublichealthandsafety,andprotectthecommunityagainstthecostsassociatedwithflooddamage.Theplanalsoincorporatesthebenefitsprovidedbywetlands,whichincludesfloodandstormwatercontrol,maintenanceofsurfaceandgroundwaterquality,openspaceandaestheticappreciation,fishandwildlifehabitat,andsourcesofnutrientsforfreshwaterfoodchains.

TheplanalsodiscussesastrongefforttoprotectLakeParan’swaterqualityandto

conservesurroundinglandbycontrollinginvasivespecies,limitingdevelopmentalongtheshorelinetoreduceerosionandsourcesofpollution,andadoptingtheShorelineProtectionOverlayDistrictthatrequiresa200footnaturalbuffertobemaintainedalongtheshore.Thisdistrictisintendedtoprovideasafetyzonetoavoidflooddamage,preserveaestheticqualities,protectpublicwatersfrompollution,protectspawninggroundsandwildlifehabitat,andpreventerosion.

Lastly,stormwatermanagementisdiscussed.Roadsideditchesandnaturaldrainage

coursesprovidestormwaterdrainageinmanylocationsbuttheplanstatesthatdrainagestructuresshouldbeinstalledaspartofroadwayorotherimprovementprojectstopreventfloodingandtoavoiddirectdischargesofcontaminatedwaterstosurfacewaters.

D. StateandRegionalPlansandPrograms

1. VermontHazardMitigationPlan(2013) TheVermontHazardMitigationPlan(2013)identifiedaseriesofhazardsshowninTable21belowalongwiththoseweconsideredinthisplan.TheNorthBenningtonplantracksthestateplanexceptsomehazardsarecombinedandafew,includingnuclearplantaccident,werenotconsidered.

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Table21.ComparisonofhazardsconsideredinthedraftVermontHazardMitigationPlanvs.theNorthBenningtonHazardMitigationPlan

VTHazardMitigationPlan NorthBenningtonHazardMitigationPlanAtmosphericHazards NaturalHazards

Drought DroughtEarthquake EarthquakeFlooding FloodingandFluvialErosionFluvialErosion SeeFloodingandFluvialErosion

Hail HailHighWinds HighWindsHurricane/TropicalStorm SeeHighWindsandFloodingandFluvialErosionIceStorm SeeSevereWinterWeather/IceStormIceJams SeeFloodingandFluvialErosionInfectiousDiseaseOutbreak InfectiousDiseaseOutbreakLandslide/DebrisFlow Landslide/DebrisFlowSevereThunderstorm SeeHighWindsandSeeFloodingandFluvialErosion

SevereWinterWeather SevereWinterStormsTemperatureExtremes TemperatureExtremesTornado SeeHighWindsWildfire Wildfire

TechnologicalHazards TechnologicalHazards

DamFailure SeeFloodingandFluvialErosionHazardousMaterialsSpill HazardousMaterialsSpillInvasiveSpecies InvasiveSpeciesNuclearPowerPlantAccident Notaddressed

RockCuts SeeLandslideTerrorism Notaddressed

TheVermontHazardMitigationPlanidentifiedfloodingandfluvialerosion,winter

storms,highwindsandseverethunderstormsashighriskforBenningtonCountyandradiologicalaccidentriskandhazardousmaterialsspillsasmoderaterisk.

2. BenningtonRegionalPlanPoliciesandActions(adoptedMarch19,

2015) TheBenningtonRegionalPlanliststhefollowingpoliciesandactionssupportinghazardmitigationincludingseveralpolicyrecommendationsemphasizingprotectingnaturalresources,maintainingVillageandurbancentersandavoidingdevelopmentonsensitivelandsincludingareasofsteepslopeandwetlandsalongwiththeprotectionofsurfaceandgroundwaterresourcesandforestedlands(SectionsVIIandVIII).Theregionalplanalsoincludesafloodresiliencesection(IX)asrequiredbyVermontstatutethatidentifieshazardsfromfloodingandfluvialerosion.Thesectionencouragesavoidingdevelopmentinfloodhazardareas,reconstructionofbridgesandculvertsthatimpedeflows,undisturbedbufferareasalongstreamstoprovideforlateralmovementandattenuationofoverlandflow,participationinthe

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NationalFloodInsuranceProgram,updatingoffloodbylaws,adoptionofuptodateroadandbridgestandardsandparticipationinthecommunityratingsystem.

3. VermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesTheVermontAgencyofNaturalResourceshasworkedwithNorthBenningtonandother

communitiestoadoptupdatedfloodandrivercorridorregulations.VTANRhasmappedrivercorridorsandcanregulateactivitieswithinthosethatarenotsubjecttoreviewbymunicipalities.VTANRreviewspermitapplicationsfordevelopmentwithinthespecialfloodhazardarea.VTANRalsoreviewspermitapplicationsforstreamalterationsorregulatedactivitieswithinwetlandsaswellaspermittingfortransportinghazardousmaterials.

TheVermontShorelandProtectionActisastateregulationforguidingdevelopment

within250feetofthewaterlevel,inwhatisknownastheProtectedShorelandArea.TheActappliestoalllakesandpondsgreaterthan10acresinsize.TheintentoftheActistopreventdegradationoflakewaterquality,preservehabitatandnaturalstabilityofshorelines,andmaintaintheeconomicbenefitsoflakesandtheirShorelands.

4. Act250ReviewTheVermontNaturalResourcesBoardimplementsAct250,whichrequirespermitsfor

severalactivities,includingdevelopmentsabove2,500feetinelevation,commercialandindustrialusesgreaterthan10acres,constructionofmorethan10housingunits,subdivisionofmorethan10lots,amongotheractivities.DuringAct250proceedings,agenciesandthepubliccanoffercommentsonsuchproposeddevelopments.

5. OtherOrganizationsAPhaseIandIIgeomorphicassessmenthasbeencompletedfortheWalloomsacRiver

Watershed.PhaseIidentifiedphysicalfeaturesoftheriveranddiscussedtheimpactsofhumanalterations.TheBenningtonCountyConservationDistrictconductedtheassessmenttotargetareasthatneedrestorationtoreduceriverinstability.PhaseIIfurtheridentifiesphysicalfeaturesoftheriveranddiscussesrestorationactivities.TheVermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesRiverManagementProgram,theBenningtonCountyConservationDistrict,andtheTownofBenningtonworkedtogethertodeveloptheassessment.

TheVermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesWatershedManagementDivisiondeveloped

aTacticalBasinPlanfortheBattenKill,Walloomsac,andHoosicRivers(VermontAgencyofNaturalResources2016).Theplandiscussesactionstoprotect,maintain,improveandrestoresurfacewatersinthebasin.

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E. CurrentProgramsSupportingMitigation

NorthBenningtonjoinedtheNationalFloodInsuranceProgramin2011.ThecommunityreportforNorthBennington(availableviafloodready.vermont.gov/)indicatesthereareninebuildingsintheSpecialFloodHazardAreaandthreefloodinsurancepolicies.NorthBenningtonadoptedarevisedzoningordinancein2013which:

• Ensuresthatproposedusesdonotadverselyaffectsurfaceorsubsurfacewater

resources,includingfloodplains,wetlands,streams,ponds,andgroundwater.• Statesthatstormwatermanagementcomplywithstatestandards,andnotleadto

adverseimpactsonthemunicipaldrainagesystem,surfaceorgroundwater,oranyotherpropertyinthearea.

• Ensuresthatthebasefloodelevationandfloodwaydataisusedtodeterminethatthelowestfloor(includingbasement)ofresidentialbuildingsiselevatedtobeonefootormoreabovethebasefloodelevationandthefloodwaybekeptfreeofobstructions.

• Prohibitsfillinthefloodway.• Prohibitsencroachmentsordevelopmentabovegradeandbelowtheelevationofthe

floodway.• Noexistingbuildinginthefloodwaymaybeenlargedtocreateagreaterencroachment

onthefloodway.• TheDevelopmentReviewBoarddeterminesthatalldevelopmentis:

§ Reasonablysafefromflooding.§ Designedandanchoredtopreventflotation,collapse,orlateralmovementofthe

structure.§ Constructedofmaterialsandutilityequipmentthatareresistanttoflooddamage.§ Constructedusingmethodsandpracticesthatwillminimizeflooddamage.§ Consistentwiththeneedtominimizeflooddamage.§ Designedsothatpublicutilitiesandfacilities,suchassewer,gas,electrical,and

watersystems,arelocated,elevated,andconstructedtominimizeoreliminateflooddamage.Constructionwillinsurethatelectrical,heating,ventilation,plumbing,andairconditioningequipment,andotherservicefacilitiesaredesignedand/orlocatedsoastopreventwaterfromenteringoraccumulatingwithincomponentsduringconditionsofflooding.

§ Designedsothatadequatedrainageisprovidedsoastoreduceexposuretofloodhazards.

§ Neworreplacementwatersupplysystems,and/orsanitarysewagesystems,aredesignedtominimizeoreliminateinfiltrationoffloodwatersintothesystemsanddischargesfromthesystemsintofloodwaters,andthaton-sitedisposalsystemsarelocatedsoastoavoidimpairmentofthemorcontaminationfromthemduringflooding.

§ Basefloodelevationandfloodwaydatatobeusedtoensurethatthelowestfloor(includingbasement)ofresidentialbuildingsiselevatedtobeonefootormoreabovethebasefloodelevationandthefloodwaybekeptfreeofobstructions.

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§ Enclosuresbelowgradeonallsides(includingbelowgradecrawlspacesandbasements)areprohibited.

§ Encroachmentsordevelopmentabovegradeandbelowtheelevationofthefloodwayareprohibitedunlesshydrologicandhydraulicanalysesareperformedinaccordancewithstandardengineeringpractice,byaregisteredprofessionalengineer,certifyingthattheproposeddevelopmentwillnot:• Resultinanyincreaseinfloodlevels(0.00feet)duringtheoccurrenceofthe

baseflood;and• Increaseanyrisktosurroundingproperties,facilities,orstructuresfromerosion

orflooding.

F. VillageCapabilities

NorthBennington,thoughaVillagelocatedentirelywithintheTownofBennington,isaseparatemunicipalentity.TheVillagehasaBoardofTrustees,PlanningCommission,ZoningAdministrator,DevelopmentReviewBoard,WaterBoard,TreeCommittee,HighwayDepartmentandFireDepartmentprovidingcapabilitiesforimplementationofthishazardmitigationplan.

TheBoardofTrusteeshasfivemembers.Thetrusteesappointmemberstotheotherboardsandcommissions,adoptstheVillageplanandbylaws,proposesVillagebudgets,andapprovesexpenses.ThePlanningCommissionhasfivememberswiththeprimarypurposeofreviewingandupdatingtheVillageZoningBylawsandtheVillagePlanonanongoingbasistoensurethattheyarecurrentandinconformitywiththeVermontstatutesandregulations.ThereisoneZoningAdministratorfortheVillage.Thisindividualistaskedwithissuingzoningpermits.TheDevelopmentReviewBoard,consistingoffourmembers,reviewssiteplans,subdivisions,variances,conditionalusesandtheappealsofthezoningadministrator.TheWaterBoard,consistingoffourmembers,handlespreventativemaintenance,monitorstheuseofwaterbeingtreatedatthefiltrationplant,organizesrequiredwatertestingandhandlesbilling.Inaddition,theWaterBoardhastheresponsibilitytoprovideasafesourceofwaterfordrinkingandotherusestotheVillage.Theboardmaintainsandmonitorssafeandsecuresourcesofwaterincludingtworeservoirs,thefiltrationplantandwaterlinestoresidentsofShaftsburyandNorthBennington.TheTreeCommitteeenhancesthebeautyoftheVillagebyplantingandmaintainingtreesinpublicspacesandthepublicright-of-way,whilealsolookingforhazardoustreesintheVillagethatneedtoberemoved.TheHighwayDepartment,consistingoftwofull-timeemployeespluspart-timestaffasneeded,maintainsroads,bridges,culverts,catchbasins,ditchesandsidewalks,repairsdamagedareasandmonitorsanysensitiveroadinfrastructureintheVillage.TheHighwayDepartmenthasdevelopedstrongcollaborativerelationshipswiththehighwaydepartmentsofShaftsburyandBennington.Thethreehighwaydepartmentsshareequipmentandstaffasneededduringtimesofhighdemandoranemergency.ThishasstrengthenedNorthBennington’scapacitytoaddressneedsduringandafterstorms.TheNorthBenningtonFireDepartmentconsistsof40firefighters.Allare

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volunteersandon-call.Thefiredepartmenthastwopumptrucks,onebrushtruckandonecoldwaterrescuetrailer.

OtheremergencyserviceslocatedneartheVillageincludetheBenningtonRescueSquad,

SouthwesternVermontMedicalCenter,BenningtonPoliceDepartmentwhichpatrolsNorthBenningtonthroughcontractedservices,BenningtonCountySheriff’sDepartmentandthreefiredepartments,alllocatedinBennington.Shaftsburyhasafiredepartmentandhousesastatepolicebarracks.

TotalexpectedexpendituresforFY2016was$51,300forVillagegeneralgovernment,$261,093forthewaterdepartment,$87,450fortheFireDepartment,$24,000forpublicworks,$1,000forthetreecommitteeand$242,100forthehighwaydepartment. Table22belowsummarizesVillagecapabilitiesandareasneedingimprovementtoenhancethosecapabilities.

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Table22.CapabilitiesoftheVillageofNorthBenningtonPlans,Policies,Ordinances Description/ResponsibleAgent Effectiveness ImprovementsNeeded

VillagePlan PlanningCommission;EmergencyManagementDirector;VillageTrustees(approvalofVillagePlan)

Effective;currentVillagePlandoesnotspecificallyaddressemergencymanagementbutdoesaddressfloodhazardareasandtheShorelandProtectionOverlayDistrict

DraftnewsectionsoftheVillagePlanthataddressemergencymanagementandfloodresilienceduringnextupdate

LEOP EmergencyManagementDirector;VillageTrustees(approvalofplan)

Higheffectiveness;hascurrentinformation

ContinuetoupdatetheLEOPannually

FloodHazardAreaRegulations(inZoningBylaws)

PlanningCommission;DevelopmentReviewBoardandZoningAdministrator(permitting);VillageTrustees(approvalofbylaws)

Higheffectiveness;adoptednewfloodhazardarearegulationsin2013

ContinuetomonitorFEMAregulationsandnewlocalfloodhazards.

ZoningBylaws PlanningCommission;DevelopmentReviewBoardandZoningAdministrator(permitting);VillageTrustees(approvalofbylaws)

Effective Reviewregulations;continuetrainingofvolunteerboardmemberstoensureeffectivepermitting.

SoilandWaterResources/StreamsandWaterCourses/ProtectionofShoreland/WaterResources

PlanningCommission;ZoningAdministrator(permitting);VillageTrustees(approvalofbylaws)

Effective;Villagerequiresa200footbuildingsetbackfromthemeanhighwaterlineofLakeParan

Reviewregulations;continuedtrainingofvolunteerboardmemberstoensureeffectivepermitting.

WaterSystem WaterBoardandVillageTrustees Effective Continuetocomplywithregulations;consideridentifyingasecondarysourceforwatersupply.

WastewaterTreatmentFacility VillageTrustees;BenningtonSelectBoardandBenningtonWaterResourcesSuperintendent

Effective EstablishapolicyandprocedurewithBenningtonforenablingnewconnectionsinNorthBennington;identifywherenewstormwaterdrainagestructuresareneeded.

RoadMaintenanceProgramsandStandards

RoadForeman,VillageTrustees Effective;VillageadoptedmostrecentStateofVermont(AOT)roadandbridgestandards

Updateculvertsinfloodareaswhenneeded.

SchoolEmergencyResponse NorthBenningtonGradedSchool;SouthshireCommunitySchool;BenningtonCollege;EmergencyManagementDirector;FireChief;BenningtonPoliceChief

Variesfromschooltoschool;needsomeimprovements

Updateandreviewschoolemergencyplans;conductonsitetrainingwithPoliceDepartmentandFireDepartment.

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Table22.CapabilitiesoftheVillageofNorthBenningtonPlans,Policies,Ordinances Description/ResponsibleAgent Effectiveness ImprovementsNeeded

VulnerablePopulations EmergencyManagementDirector Coulduseimprovementsandupdates

Mapandcatalogvulnerablepopulations;reviewEmergencyManagementplansforschool,medicalfacilities,seniorhousingfacilities;trainemergencypersonnelonresponsetovulnerablepopulations.

MobileHomes EmergencyManagementDirector StateofVermontregulatesmobilehomesandmobilehomeparks

Outreachtomobilehomeresidentsaboutemergencypreparedness.

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G. MitigationActions

Table24belowlistsmitigationactionsforeachofthosehazards.Somewillbe

implementedbytheVillageofNorthBenningtonandothersbyagenciessuchastheVermont

AgencyofTransportation.Mitigationactionsarelistedbythetypeofhazard.Table23liststhe

criteriausedinestablishingprojectpriorities,withrankingbasedonthebestavailable

informationandbestjudgmentastheseproposedprojectswouldneedfurtherstudyand

designwork.Priortotheimplementationofanyaction,abenefit-costanalysiswouldbe

completedtoassuretheactionwouldbefeasibleandcost-effective.

Table23.Rankingofmitigationactions

Criteria Ranking(scoreinparentheses)

Potentialvulnerabilityfromhazard High(3):riskassessmentscore

Medium(2):riskassessmentscore

Low(1):riskassessmentscore

Potentialprotectionoflifeanddegreeof

reductionindamagebyaction

High(3):greaterthan50%reductioninestimateddamage,lossoflife

orinjury

Medium(2):25-50%reductioninestimateddamage,lossoflife,or

injury

Low(1):lessthan25%reductioninestimateddamage,lossoflifeor

injury

ConsistencyoftheactionwithVillage

goalsandplans

High(3):goalsareconsistentwithexistingVillageplans

Low(1):goalsareinconsistentwithexistingVillageplans

Degreeoftechnicalfeasibilityofthe

proposedaction

High(3):projectistechnicallyfeasible

Low(1):feasibilityislow

Implementationcosts High(3):projectcouldbeimplementedforlessthan$25,000

Medium(2):projectwouldcostbetween$25,000and$100,000

Low(1):projectcostswouldexceed$100,000

AbilityoftheVillagetoimplementthe

proposedactionintermsof

administrativecapabilityandlegal

authority

High(3):Villagehascurrentcapabilitytoimplementtheaction

Medium(2):Villagewouldneedtoexpandcapabilitywhile

implementingactionthroughcontractorsoradditionalstaffing

Low(1):Villagewouldneedextensiveassistancetoimplementaction

Degreeoflocalsupportfortheaction High(3):thecommunitysupportstheproposedaction

Low(1):theprojectisopposedinthecommunity

Potentialcoststonaturalsystemsof

implementingtheaction

High(3):naturalsystemswouldnotbeaffected,wouldbeenhancedby

theactionorbeaffectedtoaminimaldegree

Medium(2):naturalsystemswouldbeaffectedbyimpactscouldbe

mitigatedorreduced

Low(1):naturalsystemswouldbenegativelyimpactedandthose

impactscouldnotbemitigatedorreduced

Potentialcoststoculturalresourcesof

implementingtheaction

High(3):culturalresourceswouldnotbeaffected

Medium(2):culturalresourceswouldbeaffectedbyimpactscouldbe

mitigatedorreduced

Low(1):culturalresourcessystemswouldbenegativelyimpactedand

thoseimpactscouldnotbemitigatedorreduced

Potentialcoststosocialandeconomic

resourcesofimplementingtheaction

High(3):socialandeconomicresourceswouldeitherbeunaffectedor

enhancedbytheproject

Medium(2):economicandsocialresourceswouldbeaffectedby

impactscouldbemitigatedorreduced

Low(1):economicandsocialresourceswouldbenegativelyimpacted

andthoseimpactscouldnotbemitigatedorreduced

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Table24.MitigationActions.TypeisbasedoncategoriesinFederalEmergencyManagementAgency2013b

Hazard Type ActionResponsible

PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

AllHazards Educationand

Outreach

Providea“beprepared”sectionoftheVillage

websitewithlinkstoinformationforresidents

VillageTrustees 2018to2019 Villagegeneral

fund

High

AllHazards LocalPlanning

andRegulations

MaintainacurrentLocalEmergencyOperations

Plan

Village

Emergency

Management

Director

2018to2023

(ongoing)

VillageGeneral

Fund

High


andRegulations

Encourageproperconstructiontechniquesand

useofappropriatematerialstoaddresshazards,

particularlyflooding,winterstorms,windevents,

earthquakes,landslidesandwildfire

VillagePlanning

Commission;

Zoning

Administrator

2018to2019 Villagegeneral

fund

High


andRegulations

Integratethishazardmitigationplanintothe

VillagePlan,theLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan

andbudgetingandcapitalimprovementsplan

VillageTrustees;

VillagePlanning

Commission;

Zoning

Administrator

2018to2023

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

Medium

toHigh

AllHazards Educationand

Awareness

Identifyanddevelopmethodstocommunicate

withpopulationsvulnerabletopotentialhazards,

particularlydrought,extremetemperaturesand

infectiousdiseases,butalsothoseinneedof

assistanceforevacuationand/orsheltering

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund

High


andRegulations

Assessneedfordrivewaystandardstoassure

adequateemergencyaccessparticularlytoassure

adequateaccessinwinterstorms,floodsandfor

wildfireprotection

VillagePlanning

Commission


fund

High

AllHazards Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Acquireageneratortoprovidebackuppowerfor

theVillage’swaterfiltrationplant

VillageTrustees;

WaterBoard


fund

FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

Medium

toHigh

AllHazards Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

AcquireageneratorfortheHighwayGarage VillageTrustees;

VillageHighway

Department


fund

FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

Medium

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PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

Educationand

Awareness

Educateownersonimportanceofsecuring

propanetanksandotheritemsthatcouldfloator

blowawayinstorms

VillageZoning

Administrator


fund

Medium

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Developandincorporatefloodresiliencysection,

includingsectionsaddressingtheprotectionof

surfacewaters,landadjacenttostreams,

wetlandsandwaterbodies,uplandforestsand

otherlandsnecessarytoprovidefloodresiliency

intotheNorthBennington

VillagePlanasrequiredbyVermontstatutes

VillagePlanning

Commission;

BCRC


fund;

Municipal

PlanningGrant

Medium

toHigh

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Developawatershedplanningteamwithother

municipalitieswithinthewatershedtocoordinate

planningandotheractionstoprotecttheriver

andpromotefloodresilience

VillagePlanning

Commission;

BCRC


fund;

Watershed

GrantfromVT

ANR

Medium

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Adoptandenforceupdatedfloodhazardandriver

corridorprotectionzonebylaws

Village

Development

ReviewBoard;

Zoning

Administrator


fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

ParticipateintheCommunityRatingSystemto

helpreducefloodinsurancepremiumsfor

residentsandbusinesses


fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Encourageappropriatestormwateranderosion

controlmeasuresinnewdevelopments

Village

Development

ReviewBoard

2018to2023

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

AdoptthelatestVermontTownRoadandBridge

Standardsandrevisionsasnecessary

VillageTrustees 2018to2023

(asstandards

areupdated)

Villagegeneral

fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Inventoryroadsforstormwatermappingaspart

oftheVermontStormwaterprogram

VillageHighway

Department;

BCRC

2018to2021 VTBetterRoads;

Villagegeneral

fund

High

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PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

CompleteVillage-widestormwatermanagement

planinaccordancewiththeVermontStormwater

Manual

VillagePlanning

Commission

2018to2021 VTBetterRoads;

Villagegeneral

fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Mapstormwatersystem VermontDEC 2018to2020 Statefunding High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Updateculvertinventory VillageHighway

Department;

BCRC


fund;

VTBetterRoads

funding

Medium

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

NaturalSystems

Protection

Identifypossibleacquisitionofwetlandsand

specialfloodhazardareastoassurenatural

systemsprotection

Conservation

Commission;

VillagePlanning

Commission;

BCRC


fund;

Municipal

PlanningGrant

Medium

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

NaturalSystems

Protection

Completeinventoryofroadnetworktoassess

whetherroadsegmentsconnectedtosurface

watersthroughditches,culvertsorotherdrainage

structuresmeetthenewstormwaterstandards

currentlyunderdevelopmentbytheDEC

MunicipalRoadsProgram

VillageHighway

Department


fund;

VTBetterRoads

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

NaturalSystems

Protection

Developalong-termplantobringallsectionsof

connectedroadstorevisedstandardsaspartof

themunicipalgeneralpermit.

VillageHighway

Department


fund;

VTBetterRoads

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

NaturalSystems

Protection

Implementstormwatercontrolprojectsandgreen

infrastructurepracticestoreduceflowsand

sediment

VillageHighway

Department;

Bennington

County

Conservation

District

2019to2022

andbeyond

Villagegeneral

fund;

Statefunding;

FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

High

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PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

RelocatetheNorthBenningtonFireDepartment

buildingtoalocationoutsideofthespecialflood

hazardarea

VillageFire

Department

2018to2022 FEMA,HMGP,

PDM,FMA,

StateFunding;

Villagegeneral

fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Roadcrewshouldregularlysurveyculvertsfor

blockagesincludingphotographsandrecordsof

damagesandcosts

VillageHighway

Department

2018to2022

(ongoing)

Villagehighway

fund

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Identifyandreplaceculvertsandbridgesthatdo

notmeetcurrentVermontTownRoadandBridge

Standards

VillageHighway

Department

2018to2023

(ongoing)

Villagehighway

fund;

Stateof

Vermont;AOT;

FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

High

FloodsAnd

FlashFloods

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Reachouttodamownersandencouragethemto

getdamsinspected


fund

Medium

toHigh

WinterStorms Educationand

Outreach

Provideeducationalmaterialsonshelteringin

placeandpreparationforwinterstorms,including

long-termpoweroutages

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund

High

WinterStorms Educationand

Awareness

Providematerialsforresidentsonmethodsto

protectpropertyfromwindevents

Village

Emergency

Management

Director;

Zoning

Administrator


fund;

FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

High

WinterStorms LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Maintainagreementswithadjacenttownsfor

sharingofhighwayequipment

VillageTrustees;

Highway

Department

2018to2023

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

High

WinterStorms Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Placeutilitiesundergroundforcriticalfacilities VillageTrustees 2018to2023 FEMAHMGP,

PDM,FMA

Medium

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PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

HighWind

Events

Educationand

Outreach

Provideeducationalmaterialsonshelteringin

placeandpreparationforwinterstorms,including

long-termpoweroutages

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund

High

HighWind

Events

LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Requireboats,propanetanksandotheritems

storedoutdoorstobesecured

VillagePlanning

Commission;

Zoning

Administrator


fund

High

HighWind

Events

LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Encourageappropriateplantingstoavoidfuture

damagefromdownedtrees

VillageTree

Committee


fund

Medium

HighWind

Events

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Retrofitexistingbuildingstowithstandhighwinds

includingprotectionofpowerlinesandother

utilities

VillageTrustees;

PrivateOwners

2018to2023

(ongoing)

FEMAHMGP,

PDM

Medium

HighWind

Events

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

Placeutilitiesundergroundforcriticalfacilities VillageTrustees;

PrivateOwners

2018to2023 FEMAHMGP,

PDM

High

HighWind

Event

LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Conductatreesurveyforlargedeadtrees VillageTree

Committee


fund

Medium

Drought LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Monitordroughtconditions

Village

Emergency

Management

Director

2018to2022

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

Medium

Drought Educationand

Awareness

Provideeducationalmaterialsondealingwith

drought

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund;

FEMAHMGP,

PDM

Medium

Drought LocalPlanning

andRegulation

Incorporateplanningfordroughtsinthelocal

emergencyoperationsplan

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund

Medium

Hazardous

MaterialsSpill

Structureand

Infrastructure

Projects

WorkwithVTAOTtoidentifyandmitigatehigh

accidentintersectionsandroadsegments

VTAOT 2018to2021 StateAOTfunds Medium

toHigh

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PartyTimeFrame

Funding

Source(s)Priority

WaterSupply NaturalSystems

Protection

Inquireintotheneedofpurchasingmoreland

aroundthepublicwatersourcetoprotectthe

watersourcefromfuturedevelopment


fund

Medium

toHigh

WaterSupply LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Inquireintothefeasibilityofasecondarypublic

watersource


fund

Medium

Infectious

Disease

Outbreak

Educationand

Outreach

Provideeducationalmaterialsinprintedformand

ontheVillagewebsiteonpotentialinfectious

diseases

Village

Emergency

Management

Director


fund;Stateof

VermontHealth

Department

High

InvasiveSpecies LocalPlanning

andRegulations

Monitorextentofinvasivespecies,particularly

forestinvasivespeciessuchasEmeraldAshBorer

VillageTree

committee

2018to2022

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

Medium


andRegulations

Completesurveysforashtreesvulnerableto

EmeraldAshBorer

BCRC;

Bennington

County

Conservation

District

2018to2020 FEMAHMGP,

PDM;

VTDepartment

ofForests,Parks

andRecreation

Medium


andRegulations

Surveyforinvasivespecies(e.g.,Japanese

knotweed)alongstreamstoidentifypotential

erosionareas

Conservation

Commission

2018to2020 Stateof

Vermont

Departmentof

Parks,Forestry

andRecreation

Medium


andRegulations

Encourageuseofnativespeciesinplantingsfor

commercialandresidentialdevelopment

Village

Development

ReviewBoard

2018to2023

(ongoing)

Villagegeneral

fund

Medium

InvasiveSpecies Educationand

Awareness

Provideoutreachmaterialsforlandownerson

usingnativeplantsandcontrollinginvasive

species

Bennington

County

Conservation

District


fund;Stateof

Vermont

Departmentof

Parks,Forestry

andRecreation

High

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VII. PlanMaintenance

A. AnnualMonitoringandContinuedPublicInvolvement CopiesofthisplanwillbekeptattheVillageofficeandmadeavailableviatheBCRCwebsite.TheVillageBoardofTrusteesintendstoinvolvethepublicintheimplantation,reviewandupdateofthisplan.Trackingofactionswilltakeplaceduringtheannualbudgetingprocess,whenfundsareallocatedforvariousprogramstooperatetheVillage,includingcapitalimprovements.TheVillageBoardofTrusteesisresponsiblefordevelopingaVillagebudget,whichisapprovedduringTownMeetingDayinMarch. ThisplanwillbeintegratedintoexistingplanningeffortsincludingupdatestotheVillageplanaswellastheannualLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan.NewdatafromavarietyofstudiescompletedbytheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission,theStateofVermontandotherswillbeusedinupdatingtheVillageplan,astheywereusedtodevelopthishazardmitigationplan.TheprocessofupdatingtheVillageplanwillincorporatepublicinvolvement,agencyreviewandadjacenttownreviewrequirementsofVermontstatutes.

B. PlanEvaluationandUpdate TheNorthBenningtonVillageBoardofTrusteeswillberesponsibleforservingasorcreatingaplanningteamforevaluatingandupdatingtheplan. 1. PlanEvaluation TheeffectivenessoftheplanwillbedeterminedbywhetherornotactionslistedinTable24areimplemented.Inaddition,theVillageTrusteeswillannuallyevaluatetheplantoassessifthegoalsarebeingachieved.

a) PriortotownmeetinginMarch,theplanningteamlead(assignedbytheVillageTrustees)andEmergencyManagementDirectorwillrevieweachoftheactionsinTable24todeterminetheirstatus.Statuscategorieswillincludecompleted,inprogress,scheduled,noprogress.

b) TheevaluationwillbepresentedtotheVillageTrusteesandtootherofficialsatapublicmeetingtoallowforadiscussiononprogressinimplementingtheplanandtheneedforapplyingforfundingortoaddressprogramandbudgetingpriorities.

c) TheevaluationwillbeusedtoupdatetheLocalEmergencyOperationsPlan,whichisrequiredannually,andtoidentifypotentialchangestootherVillageplans,programsandpolicies.

Ifrequested,theBenningtonCountyRegionalCommissionwillprovideadviceandassistanceontheplanevaluation.

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2. PlanUpdate Atleastoneyearbeforethefive-yearperiodcoveredbythisplan,theplanningteamwillinitiateareviewoftheplanby:

a. Updatingthedescriptionsandanalysesofeventsusingnewinformationsincecompletionofthe2017draft.

b. Identificationofanynewbuildingsorinfrastructureorchangesincriticalfacilities.c. Estimationofpotentialprobabilityandextentofhazardsbasedonanynewinformation

sincecompletionofthe2017planandtheVillagePlan.d. Reviewofcompletedhazardmitigationprojects.e. Identificationofnewprojectsgiventherevisedhazardevaluation.f. Reviewofanychangesinprioritiessinceadoptionofthe2017plan.g. Revisionoftheassessmentofrisksandvulnerabilityfromidentifiedhazards.h. Developmentanduseofcriteriatoassessthepotentialbenefitsandcostsofidentified

actionsforuseinprioritizingthoseactions.i. IntegrationoftheupdatedplanintotheNorthBenningtonVillagePlanandotherplans

andprograms.

Theplanningteamwillholdopenmeetingstosolicitopinionsandtoidentifyissuesandconcernsfrommembersofthepublicandstakeholders.TheplanningteamandtheNorthBenningtonVillageBoardofTrusteeswillworkwiththeBenningtonCountyRegionalCommissionandtheStateHazardMitigationOfficer(SHMO)toreviewandupdatetheirprograms,initiativesandprojectsbasedonchanginglocalneedsandpriorities.BCRCwillassistinanynecessarycoordinationandcommunicationwithneighboringtownstoassurethatmitigationactionsaddressregionalissuesofconcern.TherevisedplanwillbesubmittedforreviewbytheStateHazardMitigationOfficerandFEMAandrevisedbasedontheircomments.FollowingapprovalbyFEMA,theVillageTrusteeswilladoptthecompletedplan.

C. PostDisasterReviewandRevision Shouldadeclareddisasteroccur,NorthBenningtonmayundertakespecialreviewofthisplanandtheappropriateupdatesmade.AfterActionReports,reviews,anddebriefingsshouldbeintegratedintotheupdateprocess.Theplanshouldalsobeupdatedtoreflectthefindingsofanyotherstudies.

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VIII. References

A. LiteratureandReportsAnderson,H.E.1982.Aidstodeterminingfuelmodelsforestimatingfirebehavior.U.S.ForestServiceGeneralTechnicalReportINT-122,IntermountainForestandRangeExperimentStation,Ogden,UT.BenningtonCountyRegionalCommission2015.BenningtonCountyRegionalPlan,adoptedMarch19,2015bytheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission,Bennington,VT.Availablevia:www.bcrcvt.orgChristensen,J.H.,K.KrishnaKumar,E.Aldrian,S.-I.An,I.F.A.Cavalcanti,M.deCastro,W.Dong,P.Goswami,A.Hall,J.K.Kanyanga,A.Kitoh,J.Kossin,N.-C.Lau,J.Renwick,D.B.Stephenson,S.-P.XieandT.Zhou,2013:ClimatePhenomenaandtheirRelevanceforFutureRegionalClimateChangeSupplementaryMaterial.In:ClimateChange2013:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[Stocker,T.F.,D.Qin,G.-K.Plattner,M.Tignor,S.K.Allen,J.Boschung,A.Nauels,Y.Xia,V.BexandP.M.Midgley(eds.)].Availablefromwww.climatechange2013.organdwww.ipcc.chClift,A.E.andG.Springston2012.ProtocolforidentificationofareassensitivetolandslidehazardinVermont.ReportpreparedfortheVermontGeologicalSurvey,byNorwichUniversity,Northfield,VT.Dale,J.2015.LandslidepotentialinBenningtonCounty,Vermont.ReportpreparedforMajorieGale,VermontGeologicalSurveyfromGreenMountainCollege,Poultney,VT.DepartmentoftheArmy1975.FloodPlainInformationWalloomsacRiver–SouthStream–RoaringBranch,TownofBennington,Vermont.ReportpreparedfortheDepartmentofWaterResources,StateofVermont,bytheDepartmentoftheArmy,NewYorkDistrict,CorpsofEngineers.Ebel,J.E.,R.BedellandA.Urzua1995.ExcerptsfromaReportontheSeismicVulnerabilityoftheStateofVermont.Availablevia:http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/EBEL.htmEliason,T.D.andG.E.Springston2007.RockfallhazardratingofrockcutsonU.S.andstatehighwaysinVermont.ResearchProjectRSCH010-974,VermontAgencyofTransportation,Montpelier,VT.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency2010.Floodinsurancestudy,BenningtonCounty,Vermontandincorporatedareas,FederalEmergencyManagementAgencyStudyNumber50003CV000A.

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FederalEmergencyManagementAgency2013a.LocalMitigationPlanningHandbook.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,Washington,D.C.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency2013b.Mitigationideas;aresourceforreducing.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,U.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,Washington,D.C.FloodReadyVermont2016.Availablevia:http://floodready.vermont.govFederalRegister2001.Urbanwildlandinterfacecommunitieswithinthevicinityoffederallandsthatareathighriskfromwildfire.Availablevia:https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/01/04/01-52/urban-wildland-interface-communities-within-the-vicinity-of-federal-lands-that-are-at-high-risk-from#h-10Galford,GillianL.,AnnHoogenboom,SamCarlson,SarahFord,JulieNash,ElizabethPalchak,SarahPears,KristinUnderwood,andDanielV.Baker,Eds,2014:ConsideringVermont’sFutureinaChangingClimate:TheFirstVermontClimateAssessment.GundInstituteforEcologicalEconomics,219pp.Availablevia:http://vtclimate.org/Horton,R.,G.Yohe,W.Easterling,R.Kates,M.Ruth,E.Sussman,A.Whelchel,D.Wolfe,andF.Lipschultz,2014:Ch.16:Northeast.ClimateChangeImpactsintheUnitedStates:TheThirdNationalClimateAssessment,J.M.Melillo,Terese(T.C.)Richmond,andG.W.Yohe,Eds.,U.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram,16-1-nn.Availablevia:http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/regions/northeastKim,J.2003.ReporttoLissaLuke,BenningtonCountyRegionalCommissionfromtheVermontGeologicalSurvey.Ludlum,D.M.1996.VermontWeatherBook.VermontHistoricalSociety,Montpelier,VT.Malamud,B.D.,J.D.A.Millington,G.L.W.Perry,andD.L.Turcotte2005.CharacterizingwildfireregimesintheUnitedStates.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,102(13):4694-4699.Medalie,Laura,andOlson,S.A.,2013,High-watermarksfromfloodinginLakeChamplainfromAprilthroughJune2011andTropicalStormIreneinAugust2011inVermont:U.S.GeologicalSurveyDataSeries763,11p.,availablefromhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/763/NationalClimateDataCenter2015.Stormeventsdatabase.NationalClimateDataCenterstormseventsdatabase.Availablevia:www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/NationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministration2006.NationalOceanographicandAtmosphericAdministrationDamagingWindBasic.Availablevia:http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/wind/wind_basics.html

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NationalWeatherService2010.Manual10-950,HydrologicServicesProgram10-9Definitionsandgeneralterminology.Availablevia:http://www.nws.noaa.gov/directives/010/010.htm

NationalWeatherService2015.AdvancedHydrologicPredictionService,streamgaugeinformationfortheWalloomsacRivernearNorthBennington.Availablevia:http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=aly&gage=bntv1NationalWildfireCoordinatingGroup2011.NationalWildfireCoordinatingGroupglossaryofwildlandfireterminology.Availablevia:http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/glossary/index.htmNorthCentralResearchStation2005.Atmosphericdisturbanceclimatology:fireweatherpatterns.Availablevia:http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/4401/focus/climatology/firewx/NortheastEarthquakeandMapCatalog2015.BostonCollege,WestonObservatory,Boston,MA.Availablevia:http://www.bc.edu/research/westonobservatory/northeast/eqcatalogs.htmlQuant,J.2016.Summaryofashsurveys(Fraxinusspp.):ManchesterVillageandNorthBennington,VT.ReportpreparedfortheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission,Bennington,VT.Rustad,L.E.2012.Northeast.InVose,JamesM.;Peterson,DavidL.;Patel-Weynand,Toral,eds.2012.Effectsofclimaticvariabilityandchangeonforestecosystems:acomprehensivesciencesynthesisfortheU.S.forestsector.Gen.Tech.Rep.PNW-GTR-870.Portland,OR.U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,PacificNorthwestResearchStation.Pp.215-218.Schultz,B.,T.Hanson,S.Wilmot,J.Halman,K.DeckerandT.Greaves2015.ForestinsectanddiseaseconditionsinVermont–CalendarYear2015.VermontAgencyofNaturalResources,DepartmentofForestsParksandRecreation,Montpelier,VT.Availablevia:http://fpr.vermont.gov/forest/forest_health/current_healthSpringston,G.andM.Gale1998.EarthquakesinVermont.VermontGeologicalSurveyEducationalLeafletNo.1.Availablevia:www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/odfdocseduleaf1EQ.pdfTetraTech,Inc.2013.Climatechangeadaptationframework.ReportpreparedfortheVermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesbyTetraTech,Inc.,Montpelier,VT,140pp.Availablevia:http://anr.vermont.gov/sites/anr/files/specialtopics/climate/documents/Adaptation/2013.0610.vtanr_.NR_CC_Adaptation_Framework_Report.pdfU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers2015.NationalInventoryofDams.UnitedStatesArmyCorpsofEngineers,Washington,D.C.U.S.CensusBureau2010.AmericanFactFinder.Availablevia:http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml

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U.S.ForestService2010.NortheastWildfireRiskAssessment.UnitedStatesForestService,Washington,D.C.U.S.GeologicalSurvey2006.Landslidetypesandprocesses.U.S.GeologicalSurvey.Availablevia:http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3072/ U.S.GeologicalSurvey2010.U.S.GeologicalSurveyEarthquakeHazardsProgram.Availablevia:http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mag_vs_int.phpVermontAgencyofNaturalResources2014.Floodhazardareaandrivercorridorprotectionprocedure.Availablevia:http://www.watershedmanagement.vt.gov/rivers/docs/FHARCP_12.5.14.pdfVermontAgencyofNaturalResources2016.BattenKillWalloomsacHoosicTacticalBasinPlan.VermontAgencyofNaturalResources,Montpelier,VT.Availablevia:http://www.watershedmanagement.vt.gov/planning/htm/pl_battenkill.htmVermontAgencyofTransportation2016a.PublicCrashDataQueryTool.VermontAgencyofTransportation.Availablevia:http://apps.vtrans.vermont.gov/CrashPublicQueryTool/home/index#VermontAgencyofTransportation2016b.Vermontgeneralhighwaymap,NorthBenningtonVillage,BenningtonCounty,Vermont.Availablevia:http://vtransmaps.vermont.gov/mapsftp/current.aspVermontCenterforGeographicInformation.Variousdatasetsavailablefromwww.vcgi.orgVermontDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation2016a.DesignatedAreasofConcerninNorthBenningtonandBennington.VermontAgencyofNaturalResources,Montpelier,VT.Accessedvia:http://dec.vermont.gov/commissioners-office/pfoa/communitiesVermontDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation2016b.VermontDamSafetySheet.VermontAgencyofNaturalResources,Montpelier,VT.VermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreation2010.2010VermontForestResourcesPlan,VermontDepartmentofForests,ParksandRecreation,DivisionofForests,VermontAgencyofNaturalResources,Montpelier,VT.VermontDivisionofEmergencyManagementandHomelandSecurity2013.VermontStateHazardMitigationPlan.VermontEmergencyManagement,Waterbury,VT.VermontInvasives2016.Availablevia:www.vtinvasives.org

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VermontRiverManagementProgram2010.Municipalguidetofluvialerosionhazardmitigation.PreparedbyKariDolanandMikeKlineoftheVermontAgencyofNaturalResources,Montpelier,VT.VillageofNorthBennington2013.NorthBenningtonVillagePlan,NorthBennington,VT.Zielinski,G.A.andB.D.Keim.2003.NewEnglandWeather,NewEnglandClimate,UniversityofNewHampshirePress,Lebanon,NH.

B. MapDataSourcesTheVermontCenterofGeographicInformationprovidesdataontransportationsystems,thelocationofstructures(E911),criticalfacilities,jurisdictionalboundaries,andotherinformation.Thatdatawasusedinallmaps.Datafromothersourceswereusedinspecificmapsasnotedbelow.Map1.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/Map2.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/NationalLandCoverDataoriginallyfromUSGS.Map3.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/DatafromtheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommissionNorthBenningtonVillagePlan2013Map4.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/VermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesNaturalResourcesAtlas,http://anrmaps.vermont.gov/websites/anra/Map5.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/VermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesNaturalResourcesAtlas,http://anrmaps.vermont.gov/websites/anra/FEMAFloodMapServiceCenter:https://msc.fema.gov/portal/

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Map6.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/LANDFIREProgram,www.landfire.govVermontForestResourcesPlan,http://anrmaps.vermont.gov/websites/sars_data/Map7.Dale,J.2015.LandslidepotentialinBenningtonCounty,Vermont.ReportpreparedforMajorieGale,VermontGeologicalSurveyfromGreenMountainCollege,Poultney,VT.Map8.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/Quant,J.2016.Summaryofashsurveys(Fraxinusspp.):ManchesterVillageandNorthBennington,VT.ReportpreparedfortheBenningtonCountyRegionalCommission,Bennington,VT.Map9.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/VermontAgencyofNaturalResourcesNaturalResourcesAtlas,http://anrmaps.vermont.gov/websites/anra/Map10.VermontCenterforGeographicInformation,http://vcgi.vermont.gov/U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureGeospatialDataGatewayforNAIPorthoimageryandtopography,http://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/NorthBenningtonHazardMitigationPlanningTeamBCRCData

C. PersonalCommunicationSourcesChelseaDubie,M.Ed.,InfectiousDiseaseEpidemiologist,VermontDepartmentofHealth,[email protected],NOAAregardingdroughtindices,[email protected],NOAAregardingNCDCdata,[email protected],NorwichUniversity,Northfield,[email protected]

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AppendixI.CommentsReceivedComment:Onpage6,thecommentermadeapointthatTable1listsbuildingtypesinsteadoflanduses.Response:Added“buildingtype”tothesentence.Comment:Onpage11,thecommentersuggestedexplainingwhatspecialfloodhazardareasandrivercorridorsare.Response:Sincespecialfloodhazardareasandrivercorridorsarealreadyexplainedfurtherintheplan,weaddedthesentence:“SeeSectionA.3.formoreinformationonfloodhazardareasandrivercorridors.”Comment:Onpage11,thecommenteraskedthatwenametheagencythatlisteddamsasbeinglowhazardpotential.Response:Theagencyhasbeenadded.Comment:Onpage11,thecommentermentionedadocumentthatlistsanddescribesthreemorefloodevents.Response:Thedocumentwasreviewedandthefloodeventswereaddedtothesectionthatdescribespreviousoccurrences.Comment:Onpage16,thecommentermentionedafloodingeventthatwasn’tpreviouslyincluded.TheysaidthatParanCreekfloodedWaterStreetseveralyearsagowhenmaterialcollectedattheNationalHangerdam.Response:Thiseventwasaddedtotheparagraphwherepreviousfloodingeventsarediscussed.Comment:Thecommenteraskedhowtheprobabilityandimpactpercentagesweredetermined.Response:Whereprobabilityisfirstdiscussed,onpage18,anexplanationabouthowprobabilityandimpactweredeterminedwasadded.Comment:Onpage24,thecommenteraskedwhatwasmeantbyshortterm.Response:Wordingwasaddedtodescribewhatshorttermreferredto.Comment:Onpage32,thecommentermentionedthatanimalsandperishablescouldalsobeaffectedduringpoweroutagesinextremecold.

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Response:Animalsandperishableswereaddedtothediscussion.Comment:Onpage44,thecommenteraskedtofurtherexplaintheconnectionbetweenhighaccidentareasandthepotentialforwaterresourcestobecontaminatedfromhazardousmaterialsspills.Response:Anewparagraphwasaddedthatspecifiedwhichareacouldbevulnerabletohazardousmaterialsspillsandwhichwaterresourcescouldbeaffected.Comment:Onpage53,thecommenterwaswonderingiftheVermontShorelandProtectionAct,adoptedin2014,supersedestheVillage’sShorelineProtectionOverlayDistrictincludedinthe2013VillagePlan.TheyaskedifweshouldmentiontheActbecauseitrequiresa250footbuffer,whereastheOverlayDistrictonlyrequiresa200footbuffer.Response:InformationabouttheVermontShorelandProtectionActwasincludedundersectionVI.D.InformationabouttheOverlayDistrictwillremain,asitdemonstratesamitigationmeasuretakenbyNorthBenningtontoprotecttheshoreline,limitdevelopmentandreduceerosion.AllofthecommentscamefromtheBenningtonCountyConservationDistrict.Inadditiontothecommentsabove,thereweresomeeditorialandspellingsuggestions.Noothercommentswerereceived.

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS,NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (HongKong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 1. Village of North Bennington

This map was prepared by the Bennington CountyRegional Commission in October of 2016. This map should be used for planning purposes only. See Section VIIfor sources of information and consult those sourcesfor data use limitations.

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¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 2. Village of North Bennington Land CoverDeveloped, High Intensity

Developed, Medium Intensity

Developed, Low Intensity

Developed, Open Space

Cultivated Crops

Pasture/Hay

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Palustrine Scrub/Shrub Wetland

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d Structures

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Proposed road

EDICONS

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¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 3. North Bennington Land Use Designations

Village Designation

Historic District

ZONE

Conservation (CONS0

Education (ED)

Industrial (I)

LAKE

Village Commercial (VC)

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VR-120

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VRP

This map was prepared by the Bennington CountyRegional Commission in February of 2017. This map should be used for planning purposes only. See Section VIIfor sources of information and consult those sourcesfor data use limitations.

Railroad


U.S. Highway Ramp

State Highway

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

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Private

Discontinued

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¯ 0 1 2 3 4 50.5Miles

Map 4. North Bennington Critical Facilities

# North Bennington Critical Facilities

Surface Water Protection Area

North Bennington Village Boundary


Label Name Type

1 North Bennington Fire Station Fire Station; EOC; Shelter

2 North Bennington School School; Shelter

3 North Bennington Village Office Village Office

4 North Bennington VillageGarage Village Highway Garage

5 North Bennington Water Reservoir Public Water Supply Intake

6 North Bennington Water Treatment Plant Water Tank

7 Bennington Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment Plant;

Hazardous Materials Storage Facility

8 Paulin Inc. Hazardous Materials Storage Facility

9 Southshire Community School School; Shelter

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Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap,increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO,NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL,Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, EsriChina (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, ©OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GISUser Community

¯ 0 1 2 30.5Miles

Map 5. Village of North Bennington Flood Hazard Areas

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Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap,increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS,NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL,Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, EsriChina (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, ©OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS UserCommunity

X Benningong Irene Elevations

# Dams

Wetlands

Water Bodies

Special Flood Hazard AreasAE, FLOODWAY

AE

A

AO

# Dams

River Corridors

Potential Inundation Zone from Paran Dam Failure


Special Flood Hazard Areas River Corridors and Dam Inundation Area

¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 6. North Bennington Wildfire Potential

No riskLowModerateHighVery high

Wildfire RiskMean Fire Return Interval

Mean Return Interval0-5 Years

6-10 Years

46-50 Years

51-60 Years

81-90 Years

91-100 Years

126-150 Years

151-200 Years

201-300 Years

301-500 Years

501-1000 Years

>1000 Years

Water

Barren

This map was created by the Bennington County RegionalCommission in October of 2016. Map sources may be foundin Section VIII. This map may be used only for planningpurposes.

Map 7. North Bennington Landslide Potential

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Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO,NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, EsriChina (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GISUser Community

¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Landslide PotentialHigh

Medium

Low

Railroad

XY XY XY XY State Highway

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Private

Discontinued

This map was created by the Bennington CountyRegional Commission in October of 2016. Map sourcesmay be found in Section VIII. This map may be usedonly for planning purposes.


¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 8. North Bennington Ash Tree Surveys

Number > 12" in diameter

0

1-25

25-50

50-100

>100

Unsurveyed


¹º»¼¹º»¼

¹º»¼

¹º»¼

¹º»¼

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¹º»¼ ¹º»¼¹º»¼¹º»¼

¹º»¼

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cEcE

cERICE LN

WAT

ER S

T

MURPHY RD

WEST ST OVERLEA RDHALL ST

BENNINGTON COLLEGE RD

N BENNINGTON RD

TOWN LINE RD

SPR

ING

HIL

L R

D

HAR

WO

OD

HIL

L R

D

MAIN

ST

MECHANIC ST

CO

LLE

GE

RD

RO

YAL

ST

EDITH RD

RUSS

ETT

DR

LAKE PARAN RD

CAMPUS RD

N BENNINGTON RD

HARWO

OD HILL RD

WAT

ER S

T

¯ 0 0.5 1 1.5 20.25Miles

Map 9. North Bennington Transportation Hazards

cE Hazardous Intersections

¹º»¼ Railroad Crossings


U.S. Highway Ramp

State Highway

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Legal Trail

Private

Discontinued


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cEcE

cE

¯ 0 1 2 30.5Miles

Map 10. Village of North Bennington Composite Hazard Map

Flood Hazard Zones

cE Hazardous Intersections

# Dams

Potential Inundation Area

AE, FLOODWAYAE AAO

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8

2

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11

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4

1

Problem Areas

Label Issue1 Eddington House Cistern2 Lake Paran Dam3 Prospect St. Dam4 Water Street Retaining Wall5 McCullough Hill Drainage/Water Damate6 Fire House in Floodplain7 Culver Improvement Needed8 Undersized Culvert9 Culvert Improvement Needed

10 Flooding Problem11 Pipe Replacement Needed

This map was created by the Bennington CountyRegional Commission in October of 2016. Map sourcesmay be found in Section VIII. This map may be usedonly for planning purposes.

village of north bennington hazard mitigation plan · 6/15/2017 · village of north bennington...

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