vincent j. mannino, county extension director fort bend integrated pest management (i.p.m.)...

Vincent J. Mannino,County Extension Director

Fort Bend

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT(I.P.M.)

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

forPROFESSIONALS

GOALS

Understand the Definition of Pest and Integrated Pest

Management.

Understand the Benefits of IPM.

Understand IPM Prevention.

Understand IPM Monitoring.

Understand IPM Control Techniques.

Be Familiar with Specific Control Techniques.

Understand the Importance of Educating Others in IPM.

Be Familiar with IPM Guidelines.

BACKGROUND In 1972, 2.8 million tons of pesticide were used worldwide,

by 1990, the amount had grown to 46 million tons worldwide, and by 2012 – 110 million tons worldwide.

In 2010 in the U.S., there were more than 1 million people poisoned from pesticides (60% children)

Currently there are 25,000 pesticides registered for use in the United States. However, 19,000 of them have not been re-registered since 1972 when legislation required testing for carcinogenic effects.

Not all “pesticides” are registered. Examples: soaps, household boric acid, homemade concoctions, etc.

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) controls the:◉ distribution, ◉ sale, and ◉ use of pesticides.

FIFRA requires all pesticide manufacturers to register their pesticides with the U.S. EPA before they are allowed to be marketed.

FIFRA

The primary focus of FIFRA was to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use

EPA was given authority under FIFRA not only to study the consequences of pesticide usage but also to require users to register when purchasing pesticides

EPA is required to make instructional materials concerning integrated pest management (IPM) techniques available to individuals at their request

FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (FIFRA)

Pertinent Regulations:

FIFRA has been codified in 40 CFR Parts 150—189 40 CFR 170 addresses Worker Protection Standard IPM is not addressed specifically in any regulations,

however, as you will see, IPM is the best management practices for pesticides

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Pests are plants and animals in undesirable

locations according to man’s liking

Common pests are insects, mites, snails, birds, weeds,

nematodes, and pathogens

Pests can cause health problems, including malaria, hantavirus

and plague from mosquitoes, fleas and rodents

Insects, rodents and weeds can also cause structural damage to buildings, roads and landscape

WHAT ARE PESTS?

Types:Algaecides are used for killing algae.Defoliants cause plants to drop their leaves.Disinfectants control germs and microbes.Fungicides are used to control fungus (molds, mildew, rust...)Herbicides kill or inhibit the growth plants, aka weeds.Insecticides are used to control insects.Insect Growth Regulators disrupt the growth and reproduction of insects.Miticides control mites that feed on plants and animals.

Q - What Kills a Pest?A – A Pesticide!

Molluscicides are designed to control slugs & snails. Ovicides are used to control eggs of insects and mites. Pheromones are biologically active chemicals used to attract

insects or disrupt their mating behavior. The ratio of chemicals in the mixture is often species-specific.

Plant Growth Regulators are used to alter the growth of plants. For example, they may induce or delay flowering.

Repellents are designed to repel unwanted pests, often by taste or smell.

Rodenticides are used to kills rodents (mice, rats, gophers...) Wood Preservatives are used to make wood resistant to insects,

fungus and other pests.

More pesticides….

Specifically these include: Lack of complete health and safety data on many pesticides currently in use Possible adverse short- and long-term health effects from acute and low-level long term exposure to pesticides Health care professionals not recognizing the exposure symptoms of the 25,000 registered pesticides Contamination to the surrounding environment including waterways and food web Pest resurgence due to resistance to toxic chemicals Inconsistencies in the regulation of pesticide applications

THE PROBLEM WITH PESTICIDES

IPM utilizes a combination of: Preventive measures Monitoring Control techniques

IPM’s goal is to suppress pests by the least toxic measures IPM does not exclude the use of chemical pesticides,

but utilizes them sparingly and only as a last resort & considering safety first.

WHAT IS IPM?

IPM uses the following criteria:

Using pesticides whose health and safety data are known Using very low toxic pesticides to minimize acute and

chronic effects of pesticide exposure Limiting the number of pesticides used to aid physicians in identifying any effects of exposure Using preventative measures when at all possible and

when using chemical pesticides limiting their use Using methods which are not easily resisted by pests Using the least toxic method should always stay within

the bounds of all pesticide regulations and laws

WHAT IS IPM?

Mostly “out-the-window!”

What about spray schedules?

The benefits include: Economic Safety Effectiveness Environmental Piece of mind

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Economic Pesticides and fertilizers are costly The costs associated with hazardous waste disposal

and reporting are also averted Health risks and health monitoring are also reduced

by using IPM

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Safety IPM reduces risk IPM results in fewer pesticide

applications, at reduced rates, using the safest possible materials In many cases, the handling of

hazardous pesticides is eliminated altogether

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits - Effectiveness IPM delays pest resistance Genetic resistance is one of the

most serious facing pesticide users

IPM does not rely solely on chemical controls, therefore genetic

resistance is less likely to occur Preserving the effectiveness of existing pesticides helps reduce costs for everyone

BENEFITS OF IPM

1. Our favorite variety is not planted

2. The leaves are dry3. The dang predator

wasp have taken over.

4. And, reproduction is down

5. Any more bad news!

Benefits - Environmental IPM preserves the environment Indiscriminate pesticide and fertilizer use can reduce populations of beneficial plants, insects, fish, animals and other organisms

BENEFITS OF IPM

Benefits – Peace of Mind

BENEFITS OF IPM

Disturb the habitat/pattern of insects Prevention means planning for a potential

pest and taking the necessary steps aimed at disturbing the pest’s habitat in such ways as erecting a physical

barrier, eliminating food or water, or introducing a predator The choice of pest-resistant varieties of

species that are well adapted to local conditions precludes pest infestation

Taking action after a pest infestation occurs could be too late to save landscape or buildings

PREVENTION

Re: Urban/Structural IPM Pesticide use around infants and children, hospital patients, food, or other sensitive environments can create real or perceived risks IPM principles for urban environments

are the same as those for crops and ornamental plants Alternatives to pesticides, such as exclusion or sanitation, can sometimes provide permanent solutions to otherwise chronic problems

PREVENTION

Re: Entryways Keep doors shut when not in use Place weather stripping on doors Caulk and seal openings in walls Install or repair screens Install air curtains Keep vegetation, shrubs, and wood mulch at least 1 foot away from structures

PREVENTION

Re: Classrooms and Offices Allow food and beverages only in designated areas If indoor plants are present, keep them healthy Keep areas as dry as possible by removing standing water and water damaged or wet materials In science labs, store animal foods in tightly sealed containers and regularly clean cages In all areas, remove dust and debris Routinely clean closets, lockers and desks Frequently vacuum carpeted areas Consult with your local health department if head lice is

present via school nurse

PREVENTION

Re: Food Preparation and Serving Areas Store food and waste in containers that are inaccessible to pests Containers must have tight lids and be made of plastic, glass, or metal Place screens on vents, windows, and floor drains to prevent cockroaches and other pests from using unscreened ducts or vents as pathways Improve cleaning practices, including promptly cleaning food preparation equipment after use and removing grease accumulation from vents, ovens, and stoves Use caulk or paint to seal cracks and crevices

PREVENTION

Re: Rooms & Areas With Extensive Plumbing Promptly repair leaks and correct other plumbing problems to deny pests access to water Routinely clean floor drains, strainers, and grates Seal pipe chases Keep areas dry Increase ventilation when necessary Store paper products or cardboard boxes away from moist areas

PREVENTION

Re: Maintenance Areas After use, promptly clean mops

and mop buckets Allow eating only in designated eating areas Clean trash cans regularly, use plastic liners in trash cans, and use secure lids Keep areas clean and as dry as

possible, and remove debris

PREVENTION

Regular Monitoring of Your Facilities is key to IPM Monitoring must be systematic and regular to be effective Setting up a good monitoring program is a cost-effective way to get started in IPM Proper identification of pests and the problems they

pose is essential in selecting control methods Often, symptoms look similar for different pests It is important to know the pests that can thrive in your area

MONITORING

Benefits of monitoring include: A greater awareness of pest activity, including changes in pest populations Up-to-date information on the health of your facilities and landscape Data that can be used to compare pest outbreaks from season to season Early detection of pest problems resulting

more management options An effective monitoring program can save you money

MONITORING

Knowing your pests: What pests have affected my facilities in the past? What other pests can possibly infest my facilities? What are the hazards if the pest remains unchecked? When is the pest most active? Where is this pest’s habitat preferences? What does the pest look like at different times of its lifecycle? Are there any benefits to the pest? How can you prevent a pest appearing? How can you control a pest once it is established?

MONITORING

What to look for: The Pest Damage Droppings Tracks and traces Hosts

MONITORING

Where to look Where has pest damage

occurred in the past? What areas might the pest

find food and shelter? Ask a pest professional for

ideas where to monitor for pests

MONITORING

What to consider: Weather –

keep records when bugs appear and reappear.

what were the weather conditions Cultural - How soon after applying:

pesticides, fertilizers or water

MONITORING

Thresholds (how much can you stand?) Know your action thresholds The mere presence of a pest is not enough reason to apply a control measure The number of pests must be sufficient to cause

enough harm to pay for the control measure The number of pests required to justify a control

measure is called the "action threshold" This threshold may be a certain number of damaged plants, insects in a trap, or weeds in a field

MONITORINGThis all I can

stands, I can’t stands

no more!

Use IPM checklists During problem times, such as spring, some

areas may have to be visited weekly or more often, looking for pest infestation

Results should be compared to previous findings to determine trends

Records should have dates, temperature, specific location, host plant or area of infestation, pest(s), and natural enemies present, sampling done with a

description of the procedure for sampling, and any counts Records should also document any use of

control measures taken

MONITORING

Using Traps Traps work 24 hours a day Traps can indicate problem areas, or hot spots, requiring corrective action or spot treatments without having to treat all areas Trapping may help you reduce your use of pesticides A well-run trapping program gives you information on which to base and document your decisions

MONITORING w/ traps

The Decision-making process should include:

1.Proven Efficacy

2.Lowest Environmental Impact

3.Operational Feasible

4.Cost-Effective.

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

The Primary Control Methods Used in IPM are: Cultural Mechanical Physical Biological Chemical

*** Some control methods may also kill off potential predators of the pest and exacerbate the pest problem

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

In a word -IPM is all about targeting the true pest

Cultural & Sanatation These controls are modifications of normal facility or plant care activities that reduce or avoid pest problems These include landscape maintenance

such as proper fertilizing and watering Eliminating ponding for potential mosquitoes and reducing trash for insects and vectors are also examples of cultural controls

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Mechanical These controls involve labor, not

including the application of chemical pesticides

Controlling weeds by hand-pulling, weed eaters or mulching are examples

Application of sticky traps, bird netting and hand-picking insects are all mechanical controls

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Physical These controls are environmental manipulations that indirectly control or prevent pests by altering: temperature, light

Aquashade to a pond darkens a pond use of diluted white latex paint applied to trees

to reduce sun scald and repel borershumidity

Controlling diseases by thinning a plant’s canopy

Exclusion devices

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Biological These control methods use beneficial organisms to control unwanted organisms

lady beetles, mantids, phorid flies… Bacillus thuringensis (bacteria)

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

Bt

Chemical

Pesticides may be: Broad-spectrum or targeted Contact killers, plant systemics, baits All pesticides fall into one of the three classes:

1. Class I is Danger,

2. Class II is Warning, and

3. Class III is Caution

*** If a pesticide is warranted, use the least toxic pesticide to be effective in controlling the pest

CONTROL TECHNIQUES

PESTICIDE TOXICITY CATEGORIES

Hazard Indicator

1. – Danger &/or Poison

2. - Warning 3. - Caution

Oral LD50 Up to 50 mg/kg 50-500 mg/kg >500 mg/kg

Inhalation LC50

Up to .2 mg/kg .2-2 mg/kg >2 mg/L

Dermal LD50 Up to 200 mg/kg

200-2000 mg/kg

> 2,000 mg/kg

Eye Effects Corrosive Persistent irritation

Reversible irritation

Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irritation

Moderate irritation

AQUASHADE (colorant) Properties: Aquashade is a commercially registered aqua-blue dye used to filter out sunlight prohibiting algae and plant growth in ponds Safety: The dyes used in Aquashade are safe for animals and humans and are nontoxic to plants Uses and Application: Aquashade is used in ponds to prevent the growth of algae and submerged weeds by shading

Let’ Talk: SPECIFIC CONTROL METHODS

BORAX (stomach poison) Properties: Borax, or sodium tetraborate, is a combination of boron, sodium and oxygen and is mined from the soil in its crude form Safety: Borax is safe around plants and mammals and displays an oral LD50 in rats of 6,000 mg/kg Uses and Application: Borax is effective against most insects and it is recommended that wood be treated with borax to prevent termite damage

Let’s Talk: SPECIFIC CONTROL METHODS

CARBON DIOXIDE (fumigant) Properties: Carbon dioxide is the bi-product from animal respiration Safety: Carbon dioxide is a poison to all animals, but it does occur naturally in the atmosphere and is best used in an enclosed space, it will kill unwanted pests Uses and Application. Carbon dioxide may be the control of choice when faced against large numbers of cockroaches, and pantry moths, beetles and weevils


DIATOMACEOUS EARTH (desiccant) Properties: Diatomaceous earth is mined from fossilized shells of colonized algae known as diatoms and has abrasive and absorptive qualities Safety: Diatomaceous earth is virtually nontoxic to mammals Uses and Application: Diatomaceous earth has microscopic jagged edges is very effective against insects such as ants, beetles, cockroaches, earwigs, fleas, pantry weevils, silverfish, termites, cutworms, and mealybugs


ELECTRO-GUN (electrocutions) Properties: The electro-gun is a patented invention which directs 90,000 volts of electricity at 60,000 cycles per second and is used primarily by termite exterminators Safety: The electro-gun is non-toxic and one of the most effective, proven methods for exterminating termites, though the high voltage of the electro-gun makes it a safety concern Uses and Application: The electro-gun is effective at exterminating termites, carpenter ants or any other wood burrowing insect

Let’s Talk:SPECIFIC CONTROL METHODS

GARLIC OIL (repellant) Properties: The strong scent of garlic oil contains the volatile oil alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfer-oxide) Safety: Though safe around humans, garlic oil can be toxic to pest and beneficial insects Uses and Applications: Garlic oil should be used on plants and shrubs to repel insects


INSECTICIDAL SOAPS (smothering compound) Properties: Insecticidal soaps contain either sodium or potassium hydroxide on a fat, the result is the insect dehydrates and dies Safety: Insecticidal soaps have an oral LD50 of 16,500 mg/kg in rats Uses and Applications: Insecticidal soap should be used on outdoor plants to protect against outdoor ants, aphids, mealy bugs, and scales


LADY BEETLES (predators) Properties: Lady beetles are a carnivorous beetle, feeding upon many pest insects Safety: Lady beetles are completely safe and do not harm plants or animals Uses and Application: Lady beetles can be purchased commercially and released safely in trees or garden areas where aphids, mealy bugs, and scales are a pest


NEEM OIL (smotherant) Properties: Neem oil is an extract from the neem tree, a widely grown ornamental tree found in Africa and Asia Safety: Neem oil has a very low toxicity in mammals with an oral LD50 of 13,500 mg/kg in rats, with only rare cases does the oil irritate human skin Uses and Applications: Neem oil has been shown effective against 170 insect species including aphids, cockroaches, beetles, moths, mites, locust, nematodes, cutworms, mealy bugs, mosquitoes, lady beetles and fruit flies; and it can be used against brown patch, pink snow mold, pythium and summer patch fungi


NEMATODES (predators) Properties: Beneficial nematodes are microscopic in size and invade the bodies of pest larvae and release a deadly bacteria which kills within 48 hours Safety: Beneficial nematodes are nontoxic and are harmless to plants, earthworms and higher organisms Uses and Applications: Beneficial nematodes are effective against 250 varieties of pest larvae including cutworms


TRAPS Properties: Traps are used to capture and kill unwanted pests and differ in technique and form, but all are designed to lure, with the aid of bait, the pest into its grasp Safety: Traps do not have any toxicity, though care should be used when setting any traps Uses and Application: Live traps should be used to capture cats, pigeons, seagulls, skunks, and squirrels; traps that kill the pest should be used for flies, pantry moths, mice, rats, and pocket gophers


WASP-STOPPER AEROSOL (quick killers) Properties: Wasp-Stopper is an aerosol that contains the active ingredients pyrethrin and rotenome, as well as highly evaporative substances that freeze the bees, wasps or hornets Safety: Wasp-Stopper is the least toxic, commercially available, control for bees, hornets and wasps Uses and Application: Wasp-Stopper is designed to be sprayed six to eight feet away from a hive and it first freezes, then poisons the bees, wasps or hornets


WET VACUUM Properties: A wet vacuum, or "shop vac", with an extremely fine filter is an excellent insect killer Safety: Shop vacs are completely safe, leaving no adverse environmental effects Uses and Application: The shop vacuum can be used indoors or outdoors against insectsAdd a little dish soap to the canister


All facility occupants should understand the basic concepts of IPM and who to contact with questions or problems

Educating and training staff to function within an IPM context is important to the success of an in-house IPM program

Educating the staff has several benefits: All personnel can be useful in monitoring for specific

pests and reporting their presence to staff pest control personnel

All personnel are also helpful in reporting the efficacy of a particular control method

EDUCATING OTHERS

---- in designing a program:1. Preventative measures should be explored early2. No control method is to be taken until/unless a problem

is observed and verified3. The problem must exceed the “acceptable level of damage”4. Evaluate available alternative methods of control5. Select the method that is most effective/cost-effective

and has the lowest impact on the environment6. Time control action for effectiveness and safety7. Follow-up and monitor results, keep records8. Evaluate and modify the program as necessary

IPM GUIDELINES

Remember, You Control Your Facility or Area!

Review Procedures With Them Before Starting the

Job!

Ensure They Are Properly Trained!

Determine Their Environmental Compliance Record!

Determine Who Is in Charge of Their People!

Determine How They Will Affect Your Facility’s

Environmental Compliance!

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL IPM PROGRAM

1. DETAILED WRITTEN IPM INSPECTION GUIDELINES.

2. DETAILED WRITTEN IPM BEST MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES.

3. EXTENSIVE EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS

4. PERIODIC REINFORCEMENT OF TRAINING

5. SUFFICIENT DISCIPLINE REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION

6. PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP

Books:Common-Sense Pest Control by William Olkowski, Sheila Daar and Helga OlkowskiPests of Landscape, Trees and Shrubs by the University of California

Websites:National IPM Networkhttp://www.reeusda.gov/agsys/nipmn/index.htmUC IPM Online http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

RESOURCES

vincent j. mannino, county extension director fort bend integrated pest management (i.p.m.)...

Documents

ipm control techniques

rodenticide act fifra

pesticides epa

ipm guidelines

benefits of ipm

ipm prevention

ipm monitoring

professionals slide