vineyard ipm strategyoups
TRANSCRIPT
Powdery Mildew (Erisiphe necator) is a fungal infection which
lives on the surfaces of the vine with potential severe effects on
vine vigour and yield (Wilcox 2003; Creasy and Creasy 2009).
An obvious symptom is white/grey flag shoots early in the
season. On fruit and leaves evidence is found as a white/grey
powdery covering. On both sides of leaves, faint greeny-yellow
patches become dull grey, falling prematurely in autumn if
infections are severe which hits yield (Wilcox 2003). Dark
patches on canes and shoots go from grey to black. Younger
infected leaves grow distorted. Causing most economic damage:
berries split as epidermal cells are killed making growing grapes
inelastic. These grapes never ripen and taste bitter. Affected
vineyards have a characteristic musty, mushroomy aroma.
Reproduction is mostly asexual, with spores appearing 5-12
days after infection and spreading by rain splash or for long
distances on the wind. Germination is possible between 4-33oC.
In ideal growth conditions of 20-27oC (Creasy and Creasy
2009), >40% humidity, and shade (direct sunlight kills spores and
mycelium), the entire life-cycle happens in 5-7 days (Wilcox
2003). However powdery mildew can also germinate and grow
in drier conditions (20% humidity), and in spring requires only a
few mm of rain to start a primary germination, and secondary
infections require no further moisture (Wilcox 2003).
Temperatures above 32oC greatly restrict growth and spread of
infections (Wilcox 2003). Pictures of Powdery Mildew from
(Winetitles 2011; Wilcox 2003).
Downy Mildew (Peronospora) is a protist (fungal-like, but
with cell walls) which lives inside the vine tissues causing
premature leaf-fall and associated low vigour and yield.
Oily-looking spots appear on the upper surface of leaves
with corresponding downy whiteness of sporulation on
underside, usually along leaf veins. Infections often enter
and exit via under-leaf stomata, hence symptoms there.
Later the spots turn yellow-brown then browny-red
(limited by veins) then necrotic and leaves drop. Infected
shoots grow thick and distorted (‗shepherd‘s crook‘) and
downy white. Infected flowers desiccate and drop. Infected
berries go grey and dusty then brown and desiccated.
Downy mildew loves wet and humid conditions. Motile
oospores splashed from puddles for secondary infection.
Good soil drainage prevents puddling. Risky years are when
wet winters are followed by warm, stormy summers.
Secondary spore growth requirements: 18-23oC, humidity
95-100%, 4 hours of darkness; leaves wet of 2-3 hours
around dawn. Germination needs water droplet, and is
quicker at higher temperatures. Widespread infections
heralded by the 10:10:24 rule: 10oC and 10mm rain in 24
hours. Oil spots appear 5-14 days after this. It‘s important
to spray within 5-7 days if new spores seen on underside of
leaves.
Pictures of Downy Mildew from (Schwarz and Pearson
1984).
Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea), also called grey mould, is a fungal
infection which can severely affect vine yield. Although mostly
saprophytic, it can infect all parts of a living vine, and is especially seen
in berries. Botrytis affected berries cause off flavours and settling
problems in wine (Creasy and Creasy 2009). The damp climate means
there is little chance of seeing the benefits of ―noble rot‖ in the UK
which requires a combination of damp and dry conditions.
Infected leaves not serious: dull-green leaf spots 2-3cm diameter that
turn brown then necrotic. Infected canes have a grey dusting on
damaged canes, with greyish necrotic patches. Blossom blight can have
severe effects on yield, either killing inflorescences or becoming
sealed inside closing bunches from which infection then develops
(Creasy 2009). Most obvious/serious symptom: furry fungal berry
infections via the flower ovaries or through a weakness in the berry
epidermis, perhaps caused by other fungi (e.g. powdery mildew),
insect, bird or hail damage, or by the berries expanding causing the
cuticles to thin exposing micro-fissures. So thin-skinned varieties
more at risk (Pearson 1984) (e.g. Semillon, Chenin, Pinot gris,
Chardonnay, Muller-Thurgau &Riesling), also those with tight bunches.
The spores are spread by wind and rain. Does not need rain for
development, though humid conditions favour sporulation. Asexual
reproduction via conidiophores is most common. Germination is
possible 8-30oC, with humidity >90% and 6 hours of moisture.
Mycelium development requires humidity >50% and is favoured by
temperature >10oC and more optimally at 20-25oC (Creasy 2009).
Pictures of Botrytis from (Pearson 1984; Winetitles 2011).
VINEYARD IPM STRATEGY for South East England for the 5 major pests
2-3
leaves
Sh
oo
ts 2-4
cm
lon
g
First le
af
Leaf tip rosette Green tip Woolly bud Budswell Winter bud
Inflo
resc
en
ce c
lear
5 le
aves se
para
ted
8 le
aves se
parate
d
Com
pact flo
wer gro
ups
12 le
aves. D
eve
loped
inflo
resce
nce
. 16 le
aves. B
egin
nin
g
of flo
werin
g
Vin
e
Stre
et !
Flowering
30% caps off
Berries 4mm diam.
Bunches down
Berries>2mm dia.
Perpendicular bunches Flowering
80% caps off
50% caps off
17-20 leaves Berries 7mm diam.
Berr
ies
hard
&gre
en
Bu
nch
es
clo
sin
g
Berr
ies
en
larg
e
& c
han
ge c
olo
ur
Berr
ies
harvest
-rip
e
En
d o
f le
af
fall
Po
st-h
arvest
.
Can
es
matu
re
1 2 3 5 4
12
9
7
15
17
19
21 23 25 27 29 31
38
35
32
47
41
BUD BURST
SH
OO
TS
10cm
F
LO
WE
RIN
G
BE
GIN
S
FULL BLOOM SETTING PEA-SIZED
BERRIES
VE
RA
ISO
N
HA
RV
ES
T
[email protected]. Plumpton College FdSc Wine Production, Christmas 2011
Pictures and descriptions of phenological stages; circled numbers are modified E-L number; major growth stages in BOLD (Coombe 1995)
Phomopsis is a fungal infection which affects canes, leaves and fruit. Severe
infections can lead to 10-40% crop loss (Pscheidt & Pearson 1991).
White-bleached canes with dark spots (fruiting bodies) are most obvious
symptom in the dormant season. These appear at lower internodes, lengthening
into 5-6mm cracks. Lower leaves can show small star-shaped spots (brown
centre with yellow rim) which then kills the leaf (Pscheidt and Pearson 1991).
These leaf spots appear 3-4 weeks after infection, with subsequent stem
damage. Berry symptoms (brown spots, then numerous fruiting bodies) are
possible but rare. No fungal eradicants available (Creasy and Creasy 2009).
Optimum infection: 10h rain then 8-10 hours of >96% humidity. Optimum
growth 23oC, though can grow in wider range of temperatures 1-37oC. Likes
high humidity and rain, with splashes spreading spore from black fruiting bodies
(Pscheidt and Pearson 1991). Symptoms appear 21-30 days post-infection.
Trunk diseases are a more newly recognised group of fungal diseases shown
to be major pathogens, such as Botryosphaeria, Cylindrocarpon and
Phaeoacremomium. Although phomopsis could also be included in this group,
this poster splits this group out since the pathogens are important and worthy
of the attention. Fungal wood infections are less well understood than other
pathogens. UK approved chemical treatments are only weakly effective.
Common symptoms are wood cankers (sectorial necrosis; v-shaped), lesions,
graft union failure, leaf chlorosis and fruit rot. Germination and growth occurs
in a wide temperature range; some wetness is required, humidity is correlated
with virulence. Infection spreads by wind and rain splash, but also direct from
nurseries and, importantly, into pruning wounds from secateurs, hence
importance of sterilising secateurs when and after dealing with infected vines.
Integrated Pest Management: stopping pests getting a monopoly on your vineyard
•Learn about the crop, the pest, the environment, and how they interact; know about symptoms and control options.
•Monitor the crop, the pest, the environment and the effectiveness of any treatment. Reduce sources of inoculum.
•Use chemicals in moderation to reduce impact on ecosystem and limit risk of resistance developing.
•Use an integrated combination of cultural and chemical strategies, being adaptable according to results of monitoring.
•Get out in the vineyard! The need for adaptability makes the phrase ‗IPM Programme‘ something of an oxymoron.
•Know the intervention and economic thresholds, and understand the economic realities of intervening or not.
•Manage proactively by predicting future disease pressures, and applying treatments before wet and humid periods.
This poster has been created without permission of Hasbro who make the excellent board game, Monopoly. If you like the poster, please buy the game.
Winter is not a time for
‘Free Parking‘:
• Sprayer maintenance and
calibration checking
nozzles and hoses
• Check disease records and
maps for hot-spots
• Order pesticides and
other chemicals
• Staff training
Pro
du
ct
Acti
ve
ingre
die
nt
L/h
a o
r kg/h
a
Pri
ce (
£/L
or
£/k
g)
£ / h
a /
ap
plicati
on
Est
. ap
pl.
per
year
£ / h
a /
year
Eff
ect
v
Bo
tryti
s
Eff
ect
v
Po
wd
ery
Eff
ect
v
Do
wn
y
Eff
ect
v
Ph
om
op
sis
v T
run
k
dis
ease
s
Max
ap
plicati
on
s
per
year
Harvest
inte
rval (d
)
Ris
k o
f
resi
stan
ce ALWAYS READ THE PRODUCT LABEL
Note: other branded products are available
and licensed in the UK with the same
active ingredients and can be interchanged.
Total cost per hectare £1,949
Teldor Fenhaxamid 1.50 £64 £96 1 £96 +++ 2 21 ++ Applications can‘t be successive.
Rovral Iprodione 3.00 £84 £253 2 £506 +++ 4 14 +++ High risk: non-persistent resistance.
Switch Cyprodinil+fludioxinil 0.60 £107 £64 1 £64 +++ ++ + + 2 35 ++ Don't use with/close to Switch, or risk resistance
Serenade Bacillus subtilis 10.00 £12 £122 7 £853 +++ ++ 7 day interval - - Inhibition through competition; also stimulates
vine defences
K bicarb Potassium bicarbonate (food gr) 5.00 £2 £9 3 £26 ++ - - - As knock-down. Avoid during flowering.
Kindred Meptyldioncap 0.60 £32 £19 2 £38 +++ 4 21 + Broad spectrum. Avoid during flowering.
Indar Fenbuconazole 1.20 £31 £37 1 £37 +++ + 8 21 ++ Handling concentrate requires +PPE.
Systhane Myclobutanil 0.24 £87 £21 1 £21 +++ + 1.92 L/ha 14 ++ DMI
Nativo Tebuconazole + trifloxystrobin 0.18 £106 £19 1 £19 ++ +++ + ++ ++ 2 35 ++ Best to use at early disease stages
Karamate Mancozeb 2.00 £7 £14 2 £29 +++ ++ + 4 56 + Stimulates growth. 25mm rain washes off.
Valbon Benthiavalicard-isopropyl +
mancozeb 1.60 £12 £20 1 £20 +++ ++ 2 56 +
Phyte P Plus Potassium phosphite 4.00 £7 £28 5 £142 +++ + - - - Cheap, low toxicity
Headland
copper Copper oxychloride 5.00 £7 £33 2 £66 + +++ + - - -
Spray when dry; toxic in cold conditions. Don't
use at flowering or too close to harvest else risk
delayed ripening, and fermentation problems.
Kumulus Sulphur 2.50 £2 £5 7 £32 + +++ + ++ + 10 day
interval
30
(rec) -
Very broad spectrum. Safe and cheap. Temp >18C
(needs to vapourise) and <30C (will scorch).
Avoid at flowering. Don't use too close to harvest
else risk ferment probs and hydrogen sulphide in
wine. Works by coverage and rain washes off.
Works Cited
• Bonomelli, A., Mercier, L., Franchel, J. et al. (2004) 'Response of Grapevine Defenses to UV—C Exposure', American Journal of Viticulture
and Enology, vol. 55, pp. 51-59.
• Coombe, B.G. (1995) 'Adoption of a system for identifying grapevine growth stages', Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, vol. 1,
pp. 100-110.
• Creasy, G.L. and Creasy, L.L. (2009) Grapes, Cambridge MA, Cabi.
• Graham, S.M. (2011) Trunk disease in UK Vineyards, [Online], Available: http://kenziewine.wordpress.com/2011/12/28/trunk-disease-in-uk-
vineyards/ [date accessed 28 December 2011].
• Jackson, R.S. (2008) Wine science: principles and applications, 3rd edition, Burlington, Academic Press.
• Kovach, J. and Weigle, T. (1995) Grape IPM in the Northeast, New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, [Online], Cornell Uni
Overwintering. Powdery: on bark and dead leaves, and also in buds (Jackson 2008), the
latter causing white/grey flag shoots about 3-8 weeks after budburst (stages 9-15). Downy:
Overwinters in vineyard debris. Botrytis: Overwinters as mycelium both in vineyard debris and on
vines and mummified berries (Creasy and Creasy 2009), then further colonises dead tissue in the
spring. Phomopsis: Overwinters on the vine in canes and on bark (Pscheidt and Pearson 1991).
Bo
trytis - Delay first sp
ray till flow
erin
g if weath
er is d
ry, or ju
st
pre
-flow
erin
g if wet (so
monito
r weath
er b
efo
re flo
werin
g). Only
appears p
re-flo
werin
g in ve
ry dam
p co
nditio
ns, b
ut if so
infe
ction
can cau
se in
flore
scence
s to d
rop o
ff and in
flow
ers le
ads to
poor
pollin
ation/fru
it-set an
d in
ocu
lates b
unch
es, h
ence
poor yie
ld.
Bo
tryt
is:
most
cr
itic
al
tim
e
for
monitori
ng
and tr
eat
ment
since
can infe
ct c
losi
ng
bunch
es
Botrytis: critical time for monitoring and treatment
Bo
tryt
is: m
ost
obvi
ous
sign
is
grey
rot
on b
err
ies
afte
r
vera
ison
and
esp
eci
ally
to
war
ds
har
vest
, w
ith
the
appear
ance
of
fluffy
conid
ia
in
dam
p
conditio
ns.
Infe
ctio
n o
ften s
pre
ads
from
berr
y in
centr
e o
f cl
ust
er.
Powdery: monitor for poor fruit set Powdery: monitor for split berries
Pow
dery - E
arly seaso
n w
arm te
mperatu
res w
ill incre
ase d
isease
pre
ssure
(Wilco
x 2
003). Y
oung le
aves m
ore
susce
ptib
le to
infe
ction th
an o
ld o
nes
(Wilco
x 2
003). M
onito
r from
stage 9
and 1
2 sin
ce sp
ray may e
ven b
e re
quire
d th
is early in
seaso
n, an
d sp
raying sh
ould
not b
e d
elaye
d u
ntil b
loom
(Wilco
x 2
003). 8
0%
caps o
ff is a key m
onito
ring stage
. Afte
r that it‘s still m
onito
ring w
eath
er, b
ut m
onito
ring fo
r sympto
ms o
n b
errie
s.
Powdery - Last spray
application at post-
veraison stage.
Powdery: Important to treat properly during the period of maximum susceptibility from pre-bloom to 4-weeks post-bloom (Wilcox 2003),
though after this infections can then be severe in that they predispose berries to a subsequent botrytis infection (Wilcox 2003).
•Pow
dery: m
onito
r from
stage9. In
fecte
d b
uds le
ad to
white
/grey flag
shoots ab
out 3
-8 w
eeks afte
r budburst (stage
s 9-1
5).
•Dow
ny: m
onito
r from
stage12 till b
errie
s pea-size
d.
•Bo
trytis: monito
r from
stage12 righ
t thro
ugh
till harve
st.
•Sam
ple
. Watch
ing fo
r wet &
hum
id w
eath
er, an
d fo
r leaf sym
pto
ms.
Downy - Remove water
shoots growing low on
trunk since these are more
at risk to infection from
splashing.
Phom
opsis - start m
onito
ring
3 w
eeks afte
r budburst, th
en
eve
ry 1-2
weeks. S
tart
sprayin
g from
3cm
grow
th
till fruit se
t.
Phom
opsi
s: si
gns
of
lesi
on
s o
n r
ach
is a
nd
fr
uit
ro
t m
ay s
tart
to
ap
pe
ar 1
-3 w
eeks
pre
-h
arve
st.
Summarised spray programme from diagram above
~week Stage Powdery Downy Botrytis Phom’sis & Tk.Dis
7 FirstLeaf Kindred
12 5 leaves Indar Karamate Nativo, Karamate
19 16 leaves; flowering start Systhane Valbon Teldor Valbon
25 80% caps Headland copper
27 Setting Kindred Rovral
29 Berries 4mm diam Karamate Karamate
33 Berries hard and green Headland copper Switch
35 Veraison Rovral
Sp
ray K
ind
red
S
pra
y In
dar &
Kara
mate
S
pra
y S
ysth
an
e,
Valb
on
& T
eld
or
Spray Headland
Copper
Spray Kindred &
Rovral
Spray Karamate
Sp
ray H
ead
lan
d
Co
pp
er
& S
wit
ch
S
pra
y R
ovra
l
Do remember to
train all staff to
make pest
management both
safe and effective
No need to mortgage property
to pay for excessive spray
programmes – a well designed,
integrated pest management
strategy will yield positive net
financial results.
How to monitor
• In the field use a 10x hand lens.
• Focus on areas of the vineyard with previous history of disease, and damp and high-vigour
places which are more susceptible. Even powdery mildew is stronger in damp areas.
•Tag and map infected areas for treatment and for records for future use, including record of
extent and date. Can be used to computer model epidemiology hence improve future pest
management.
• Sample fixed number of vines and extrapolate to estimate vineyard infection rate. Record
data for future reference.
Powdery: monitor every 2 weeks. 200 vines, leaves and bunches. Bag infected material
before and after spraying, and compare after 5-7 days.
Downy: place samples in plastic bag >13oC for 1 day – will see spores appear if infection
present. A single oil-spot can lead to a significant infection, so careful monitoring important.
Botrytis: place samples (leaves, flower clusters or bunches in damp plastic bag at 20oC for 1-
3 days and look for characteristic grey mould.
Phomopsis: monitor during growing season, especially if it has been wet. Monitor in
dormant season by looking for white canes.
Trunk disease: monitor throughout year – best to look before leaves drop (UKVA 2011).
Cut into wood to investigate and look for necrosis if infection suspected.
IPM vineyard culture – building IPM on a sound foundation
Use cultural techniques first, then chemical as last resort. Monitoring is key to limiting the
application of chemicals to minimal levels; to understand the vineyard and to spot disease as
early as possible;. Taking samples before and after spraying indicates the effectiveness of
treatments. Some examples of important cultural techniques (Creasy and Creasy 2009):
• Vineyard establishment: low vigour rootstocks; avoid high density planting; consider
planting parallel to prevailing wind. Only use certified nurseries.
• Encourage deep rooting hence moderate of water uptake, e.g. for botrytis v berry splitting.
• Remove infected leaves, shoots, wood and mummified berries. Remove all debris from
vineyard, take down-wind and burn to destroy any inoculums. 90% of vineyard debris can
be infected with Botrytis (Creasy&Creasy 2009). Includes removing badly infected vines!
• From 80% caps off, trim canopy to improve air circulation (reduces humidity and hence
disease) and allow better spray penetration, though mechanical trimming can make vines
susceptible to more infection (Pscheidt and Pearson 1991). Also consider leaf-stripping.
• Do not use excessive nitrogen-based fertiliser since this causes over vigorous, shady and
humid canopy. Also use cover crops to reduce vigour (Creasy and Creasy 2009).
• Exposing berries to sunlight (canopy management) strengthens skins v botrytis. Stilbenes
(e.g. reservatrol) produced in vines acts as protector, and production is stimulated by UV
light (Bonomelli,Mercier et al.2004; Creasy&Creasy 2009) and by low nitrogen (low vigour)
• Practice minimum tillage (promotes soil macro and micro flora and fauna).
In addition to the specific spraying above, regular spraying as follows:`
• Serenade every 4 weeks from Stage5 (rosette)-harvest
• Kumulus every 3 weeks from Stage9 to veraison. Also apply after heavy rain since it is a
surface treatment hence washes off. Only if >18oC, K bicarb if colder. No Kumulus or K
bicarb at flowering.
• Phyte P Plus every 4 weeks from 8 leaves - berries hard and green
• Add SL567A if Downy symptoms (high risk of resistance developing)
This varied spray program aims to limit multiple applications of pesticides from single families
to reduces the risk of resistance, e.g. DMIs (Creasy and Creasy 2009).
Try to anticipate wet and humid conditions and spray before they happen.
Install a weather
station. Build a
multi-year picture
of disease v
weather; use
computer
modelling to
forecast infection.
Keep records.
Models are
typically based on
weather:
cumulative
wetness and
temperature,
within threshold
levels.
Reducing vine stress is a key
IPM way to fight disease by
letting the vines best employ
their own natural defences, e.g.
against botryosphaeria
(Graham 2011).
For trunk diseases it may be
possible in light infections
to remove all infected wood
and 5cm extra down trunk
and retrain new trunk from
water shoot.
Sp
ray N
ativ
o
Water excess
and deficit are
examples of
stress which can
predispose vines
to infection.
Downy: keep monitoring till berries are pea-sized. Powdery: keep monitoring till veraison. Botrytis: keep monitoring right through till harvest.
Trunk diseases Phomopsis Downy mildew Powdery mildew
Botrytis
Don‘t spray sulphur, K bicarb, copper or
Kindred during flowering or fruit set suffers
• Pearson, R.C. (1984) 'Botrytis bunch rot and blight, Disease Identification Sheet', Cornell University, vol. 3, pp. 1-2.
• Pscheidt, J.W. and Pearson, R.C. (1991) 'Phomopsis cane and leaf spot of grape, Disease Identification Sheet', Cornell Cooperative Extension,
vol. 6, pp. 1-2.
• Schwarz, M.R. and Pearson, R.C. (1984) 'Downy Mildew, Disease Identification Sheet', Cornell University, vol. 5, pp. 1-2.
• UKVA (2011) 'Grapevine Trunk Diseases', UKVA Bulletin, vol. 50, November.
• University of California (2011) UC IPM Online, Grapes, [Online], University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources, Available:
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.grapes.html [date accessed 12 December 2011].
• Wilcox, W.F. (2003) 'Grapevine Powdery Mildew, Disease Identification Sheet', Cornell Cooperative Extension, vol. 102GFSG-D2, pp. 1-3.
• Winetitles (2011) Disease Diagnosis, [Online], Winetitles, Available: http://www.winetitles.com/diagnosis/ [date accessed 21 December 2011].
Don‘t take a
chance: keep
monitoring;
keep vigilant;
keep planning
ahead.
Botrytis, Downy &
Powdery Mildew
and Phomopsis are
the major fungal
concerns for
vineyards
worldwide (Creasy and Creasy 2009)
These major
fungal pests are
endemic and the
focus has to be
on management,
not eradication
(Creasy and Creasy 2009)
Now is the
time to start
considering
starting a
trimming
and/or leaf
stripping
strategy
(Creasy &
Creasy 2009)