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The African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS) is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation

working to monitor and promote respect for human rights and legal reform in Sudan.

ACJPS has a vision of a Sudan where all people can live and prosper free from fear and want in a state committed

to justice, equality and peace.

Coverphoto:ThepartiallydemolishedAngelsChurchinKhartoumNorthin2014.©ACJPS

©AfricanCentreforJusticeandPeaceStudies2018.Allrightsreserved.www.acjps.org

Firstpublishedin2018byAfricanCentreforJusticeandPeaceStudies1483YorkAvenue,No.20463NewYorkNY10021,[email protected]

VIOLATIONS AND TARGETING OF PROPERTY AGAINST NON-MUSLIMS IN SUDAN 2010-2018 Page of 172

http://www.acjps.org

mailto:[email protected]

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

LEGAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. GOVERNMENT POLICY BEFORE AND FOLLOWING SECESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1 Bashir’s statement in Al Gadarif1.2 Ministry of Endowments and Guidance and the Ministry of Urban Planning Discriminatory Policy

2. DEMOLITION OF PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 Burning down churches and vandalising of religious sculptures 2.2 Churches demolished for lack of legal title deeds2.3 Aerial bombardment of churches

3. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY & OTHER VIOLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1 Arbitrary confiscation of Christian-owned property by the NISS3.2 Attacks on religious leaders

4. CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.1 The Khartoum North Anglican Church4.2 The Comboni Schools4.3 Demolishing 25 churches in Khartoum State4.4 Church of Christ, Omdurman

RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

AcronymsNISS National Intelligence and Security Service SPLM-N Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North


Until1983,thesociopoliticalhistoryofSudanwascharacterisedbytolerancebetweenits diverse communities. Amid themajorityMuslim population in Sudan lived Christians,Jews, Hindus and—until the separation of South Sudan in 2011—followers of traditionalAfrican animist religions.Mosques,monasteries, churches, shrines, saints’ tombs andotherplacesofworshiphadsatcheektocheekthroughoutthecountryforcenturies.Althoughtherewere recurrent tensions inTlected by religious difference, freedom of religion was widelyrespected as a social norm. Intermarriages were common—long before Hasan Al Turabiissuedthefatwain2006thatpermittedaMuslimwomantomarryanon-Muslimman—andthisshapedthedemographyofSudan’surbanareas.

However,variouscircumstanceseventuallyconspired topushoutswathesof thecountry’snon-Muslimpopulation.Themid-century riseof thepan-Arabunitymovementand the regional tension following the 1967 Six-Day War gave rise to widespreadinternationalantisemitism,andpromptedmuchofSudan’ssmallJewishcommunitytoleavethecountry(aswasparalleledelsewhereacrosstheArabworld).

PresidentJafarNumairicametopowerinthe1969militarycoupwithasocialistand pan-Arabist agenda. He steadily drifted towards Islamism during the 1970s, and inSeptember 1983 he changed the character of Sudan forever when he opted to introducesharia law. This resulted in the state-sanctioned harassment of non-Muslims. Immediatelyafter sharia was implemented, a fatwa was issued sanctioning the conTiscation withoutcompensationofallassetsrelatedtothealcoholtrade,whichwereprincipallyownedbyJews.Numairialsoadopteda“nationalisationpolicy,”wherebyvariouspropertiesbelongingtonon-Muslims (again, especially Jews) were conTiscated for government use. The assets of theGellatlyHankeyCo.,ashippingcompanyownedbythefamilyofRabbiSolomonMalka,werefamouslyseizedinthisTirstwavein1983.ThisincludedtheRabbi’sfamilyhomeontheBlue


INTRODUCTION

ThisreportaddresseshowtheSudaneseauthoritiesdemolishednon-Muslimplacesofworship in light of Sudan’s national, regional and international human rightsobligations. It also examines how religious leaders were prevented from legallyregisteringtheirplacesofworshipandhowownershipoftheirpropertywasarbitrarilytransferredtothegovernmentoritsalliesandusedforotherpurposes.Inaddition,thisreporttakesacloselookattheineptmannerinwhichplacesofworshipthatformerlybelonged to Christians from modern-day South Sudan were transferred to otherSudaneseChristiansfollowingsecessioninJuly2011.

NileBank,whichTirstbecametheheadquartersofNumairi’sparty,andsubsequentlyintotheMinistryofForeignAffairs,asitremainstoday. 1

Faced with such ideological and economic persecution, Sudan’s small Jewishcommunitydwindled tonothing. The last Jewish family is believed to have left Sudan in1985, and the last known synagogue was later destroyed; the Sudanese Ministry ofInformationnowsitsinitsplace. ChristianCoptsalsoemigratedenmassetoescapesimilar2

persecution.

Sudan’s brief third period of democratic rule (1985-1989) brought no legalprotections to the non-Muslims persecuted under President Numairi, and so theharassmentcontinued.Arenewedwaveofrestrictionstargetingnon-MuslimstookplaceaftertheSudaneseIslamists,withhigh-rankingofTicerOmarAlBashirastheir Tigurehead,seizedpower in a supposedmilitary coup in June1989.Thenew regimeadvocated for theocraticruleandputinplacestate-sanctioneddiscriminatorypracticessuchastheJizya:ataxleviedagainstnon-Muslims.AlthoughChristiansweretargetedmostoften,theSudaneseauthoritieswere indiscriminate. Even Quranists (a Muslim sect popular in western Africa, whosemembersrelyexclusivelyontheteachingsoftheQuranandexcludetheHadith)weresubjecttoraids.

In 1996 the already widespread practice of conOiscating property belonging tonon-Muslimswas ofOicially authorised by a resolution of the Khartoum State LegislativeCouncil.AmidcivilwarwiththeChristianandanimistsouth,allnon-Muslimactivitieswerebanned,andsigniTicant community spaceswere takenoverby theauthorities.TheCatholicClubinKhartoumwasconTiscatedunderthepretextofitsleasehavingexpired,andthegrand8000m2 space was turned into the headquarters of the ruling National Congress Party,prompting widespread local and international criticism of the government. The law statesthatapoliticalpartymustestablishitsheadquartersusingitsownTinancialresources,makingthis occupation of conTiscated property (which ought to have been administered by theMinistryofEndowmentandGuidance)blatantlyillegal. 3

Under the pretext of Oighting the rebel Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement(SPLM), the Sudanese authorities went to extreme lengths in their persecution ofChristiansandanimists,inthesouthaswellasintheNubaMountainsandBlueNileregions.Forced disappearances and extrajudicial killings are believed to have been widespread,althoughdetailedinvestigationoftheeventsofthisperiodisdifTiculttoachieve.


Peace negotiations between the Sudanese government and the SPLM between2000-2004 led toadecrease inviolationsagainstnon-Muslims. This fragile peacewasmostlymaintaineduntiltheperiodleadinguptothesecessionofSouthSudanin2011,asthisreportwillshow.

Methodology This report addresses the violations committed against female human rights defenders inSudan in light of the government’s international, regional and national human rightsobligations. Inaddition, it catalogues several cases involving suchviolations thathavebeenbroughtbeforethejudiciaryinSudan,notinghowtheirnumberincreasedintheperiodfromJune2016until February2018.The cases recorded in this report comeboth fromprimarysources such as interviews and secondary sources including online & printed Sudanesenewspapers.


International obligations: International Declaration of Human Rights • Article18Everyonehastherighttofreedomofthought,conscienceandreligion;thisrightincludes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or incommunity with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief inteaching,practice,worshipandobservance.

Regional obligations: African Charter for Humans & Peoples’ Rights • Article14 Therighttopropertyshallbeguaranteed.Itmayonlybeencroacheduponintheinterestofpublicneedor inthegeneral interestofthecommunityandinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofappropriatelaws.

National obligations: Interim National Constitution of 2005 • Article6Thestateshallrespectthefollowingreligiousrights:

A. Toworshiporassembleinconnectionwithanyreligionorbeliefandtoestablishandmaintainplacesforthesepurposes;

B. Toestablishandmaintainappropriatecharitableorhumanitarianinstitutions;C. Toacquireandpossessmovableandimmovablepropertyandmake,acquireanduse

the necessary articles andmaterials related to the rites or customs of a religion orbelief;

D. Towrite,issueanddisseminatereligiouspublications;E. Toteachreligionorbeliefinplacessuitableforthesepurposes;F. To solicit and receive voluntary Tinancial and other contributions from individuals,

privateandpublicinstitutions;G. Totrain,appoint,electordesignatebysuccessionappropriatereligiousleaderscalled

forbytherequirementsandstandardsofanyreligionorbelief;H. To observe days of rest, celebrate holidays and ceremonies in accordance with the

preceptsofreligiousbeliefs;I. Tocommunicatewithindividualsandcommunitiesinmattersofreligionandbeliefat

nationalandinternationallevels.• Article43(2)Expropriationwillheprohibited,exceptbylaw,inthepublicinterestsandinconsiderationofpromptandfaircompensation.


LEGAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Bashir’s statement in Al Gadarif

During his 2010 harvest visit to Al Gadarif, President Al Bashir released a statementindicatingthatIslamicsharialaw—whichhadhithertoonlytechnicallyappliedtoMuslims—would be enforcednationwide if South Sudan voted to secede. His remarkswere taken to4

meanthatSudanwouldnolongeraccommodatethepresenceofChristiancommunitiespost-secession, and implicitly granted permission to Islamist extremist groups to harass and beviolenttowardsnon-Muslimcommunitiesinthenorth.

Most Christian facilities throughout Sudanwere run by southerners, so the politicalclimate bred by Bashir’s policy put these institutions at risk in the run-up to secession.Southernersreturnedhomeoutoffear,andtheirrolesweremostlytakenoverbyChristiansfromtheNubaMountainsandSouthKordofan(whowerethemselvespersecuted,albeitlessmilitantly). This period of transition posed its own difTiculties, given the urgency of thechangeandthelackofacoherentstrategytohandlesuchanunprecedentedsituation.

1.2 Ministry of Endowments and Guidance and the Ministry of Urban Planning Discriminatory Policy

ThelawmakesitdifTicult fornon-Muslimstoestablishaplaceofworship.Foranyreligiousbuildingotherthanamosque,all inhabitantsofaneighbourhoodordistrictmustgivetheirconsentforitsconstruction.Inaddition,thelocalpopularcommittee—ineffect,awingoftheIslamist ruling party—must give their consent, which is nearly impossible to obtain. This5

practice is inexplicitviolationoftheSudaneseInterimConstitutionof2005,whichcalls forfreedomofreligion,includingtheestablishmentandmaintenanceofplacesofworship. 6

TajAl SirAl Fatih, theEndowments andGuidanceminister, said explicitly on17April2013 that the authorities “will not permit the building of new churches.” Christians in7

districts beyond the reach of the urban planning authorities, especially those in IDP(Internally Displaced Person) camps around the capital, reacted by building makeshiftchurches in their communities. These were not ofTicially recognised by the Ministry ofEndowmentandGuidanceasplacesofworship,buttheywereatleastsufTicientforChristianstoperformtheirreligiouspractices.

The Ministry of Urban Planning has long since refused to grant Christians legalownershipofthelandsonwhichtheirchurchesarebuilt, inIDPcampsandelsewhere.Thiscompletelackofrecognitionputstheownersandattendeesofsuchchurchesatgreaterriskofprosecutionforapostasy,andhasledtotheestablishmentof“homechurches”inIDPcampsinDarfurandelsewhere,wherereligiouspracticesarecarriedoutinsecret.


1. GOVERNMENT POLICY BEFORE AND FOLLOWING SECESSION

2.1 Burning down churches and vandalising of religious sculptures

Thechurchesandreligiousmonumentsaffectedinclude:

• On15November2010,achurchinKarkouj,easternSinnar,wasburneddown.ThiswasthesamedaythatregistrationfortheSouthSudanesereferendum,asprovidedforintheInterimConstitutionof2005,began.

• On25November2010,achurchinWadAlNayyal,closetoDamazinCityontheBlueNile,isreportedtohavebeenburneddown.

• On28June2011,radicalIslamistsburneddownabuildingintheLutheranAnglicanChurchinOmdurman,andtheauthoritiesallegedthattheculpritswereunknown.

• On23October2012,unknownattackersstormedtheGrantCatholicChurchinKosti,WhiteNileStateanddemolishedstatuesoftheVirginMary.ChurchofTicialsreportedtheattacktothepolice,buttheinvestigationneverledtoanyarrests.

• On 21April 2012, dozens of radical Islamists carrying sticks and iron bars besieged andburneddowntheAnglicanChurchinAljiraifWest,Khartoum.Thepolicehadbeenwarnedoftheimpendingattackandsixpolicevehicleswereinattendance,butdidnotintervene.

• On16October2014,radicalIslamistsburneddowntheLutheranChurchinAlGadarif.Thecrimewasreportedtothepolice,butregisteredasanattackbyunknownculprits.

2.2 Churches demolished for lack of legal title deeds


2. DEMOLITION OF PROPERTY

Sincetherun-uptosecessionin2011,therehasbeenwidespreadvandalisationanddestructionofchurchesandreligiousmonumentsbyradicalIslamistgroups.ThisisthedirectresultofBashirgreen-lightingthepersecutionofnon-Muslimsinhis2010speech,andthusconstitutesasystematicgovernmentpolicy.

The lawon landownership has beenused to arbitrarily deprive churches of the titledeedstothelandtheyonceoccupied.Thelong-termideologicalobjectiveistoremovethe presence of non-Muslim religious centres and reinforce themanifestations of theIslamicstate,sothatKhartoumwillbeamongtheworld’sleadingIslamistcapitalcities.

The authorities have put obstacles in place that make it difTicult to obtain and register achurch license; these are the same authorities charged with demolishing churches lackingsuchdocumentation.

Allofthefollowingchurchesweredemolishedonthesegrounds:

• Onanunknowndatein2011,achurchinthedistrictofAlHajYousif,KhartoumNorth,wasdemolished.

• On19June2012,theEpiscopalChurchinAlHajYousif,KhartoumNorth,wasbulldozed.• On 15 July 2014, the Sudanese Jesus Church in Taiba Al Ahamda, Khartoum North wasdemolishedbytheSudaneseauthorities.Itisunlikelythatthischurchwasunlicensed,giventhatithadbeenactivesince1983.Thechurchadministratorssayithadservedmorethan2000Christians,manyofthemIDPsfromtheNubaMountains.

• On 30 July 2014, buildings afTiliated with a church in Al Izba, Khartoum North, werebulldozed.

• In2015,theOmdurmanEpiscopalChurchwasdemolished.• On21October2016,LutheranAnglicanChurchinAlThawra,OmdurmanwasdemolishedbytheSudaneseauthoritiesdespitehavingbeenestablishedin1982andregisteredin1992.

• In2017,theChurchofChristinSoba,southofKhartoum,wasdemolished.• In 2017, parts of a church in Al Qadisiyya, Jabal Awliya, south of Khartoum, weredemolished.

• In2017,theChurchofChristinAlThawra,Omdurmanwasdemolished.• On11February2018,theSudaneseAnglicanChurchinKhartoumBahariwasdemolishedandallitspropertyconTiscated.

2.3 Aerial bombardment of churches TheSudaneseAirForcehaspursuedasystematiccampaignagainstSPLM-N.Historically,theSPLM-NusedpartsoftheNubaMountainsasabase,andtheystillcontrolthearea.Churcheshavebeencollateraldamageof thisair campaign,andaresingledoutherebecausewestillidentify themasnon-Muslimproperties thathavestillbeendemolishedat thehandsof thegovernment,althoughtheyhavenotbeenmadeexplicittargets.• In March 2013, the Sudanese Air-force Tighters bombarded Angelo Church in Kadugli inSouthKordofanstate.

• On5July2014,theSudaneseAir-forceTightersbombardedachurchinSouthKordofan.• On10October2014, a church inKadugli, in SouthKordofan state,was set on Tiredue toaerialbombardmentsbyTightersoftheSudaneseAir-force.


3.1 Arbitrary confiscation of Christian-owned property by the NISS

Thefollowingpropertiesandassetswereseized:• On an unknown date in 2012, three warehouse buildings in Al Arda Street, OmdurmanownedbytheAslanFoundation,inadditiontotenoftheirvehicles.

• Onanunknowndatein2012,theSud-mediaCompanyforTrainingandProductionLtd.ThecompanywasownedbyRifaatSameerMusaad,aleaderintheAnglicanCommunity,whosecarwasalsoconTiscated.

• Onanunknowndate in2013,AlTabsheerChurch inKhartoum II, centralKhartoum.Thechurchbuildings(occupyingabout4000m2)arecurrentlyoccupiedbytheNISS’sEconomicDepartment.

• On13January2013,theNitoCentreforLanguagesandComputerSciences.• On13January2013,theKuKuinstitute,Omdurman.• On15 January2013, theLife Institute forTeachingArabic.Thedirectorandownerof theInstitute,anEgyptiannational,wasgiven72hourstoleavethecountry,whilehisstudentsweregiven48hours.

• On16January2013,theKredoInstituteforEnglishLanguageandInformationTechnologyinAlHajYousifDistrict,KhartoumNorth.

• On 16 January 2013, the Aslan Institute for English and Information Technology. Someteachers stoodaccusedofbeingmissionaries (although this isnotaviolationof the law).ThebuildingiscurrentlyoccupiedbytheNISS>

• On 15 February 2013, Al Tareeq Christian bookshop and the Holy Book Cultural andInformationCentre.CopiesoftheBiblewerealsoconTiscated.

• Onanunknowndatein2014,aChristian-ownedpropertyinShariaAlSayidAbdulRahman,centralKhartoum.Thebuilding(occupingabout1000m2)iscurrentlyoccupiedbytheNISS.

• On18February2013,theAnglicanCulturalCentreinKhartoumanditscontents.• On24February2013,theauthoritiescloseddowntheNileValleyAcademyforelementaryeducation.In2015,AlAzhariHouse(occupingabout400m2),whichbelongedtotheSouthSudanStudentsAssociationinKhartoum.


3. CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY & OTHER VIOLATIONS

The National Security Act of 2010 affords members of the NISS the power to seizepropertywithout awarrant. This broad power has enabled the NISS to forcibly takeoverpropertybelongingtonon-MuslimsthroughoutSudan.

• On28January2015,thefarmofAshrafSameerMusaad(brotherofAnglicanleaderRifaatSameerMusaadwholosthiscompanyandcar).Hewasforcedtoleavethecountry,andhisfarmisnowoccupiedbytheNISS.

3.2 Attacks on religious leaders • On an unknown date in early February 2012, two priests fromKostiwere abducted andtorturedbyunknownassailantsandreleasedon5February. 8

• On22October2017,agroupofradicalIslamistsassaultedapriestinaCatholicChurchinthe Al Thawra district of Omdurman and ordered him not to lead Southern Sudanese inprayers again. Although members of the congregation expressed fear over futureharassment,theauthoritiesneverprovidedthechurchwithanykindofprotection.


4.1 The Khartoum North Anglican Church In the run-up to secession in July 2011, a rift emergedbetween two groups—the outgoingsoutherners,and incomingnortherners fromtheNubaMountains—whobothhadarightfulclaim toauthorityover theaffairsof theKhartoumNorthAnglicanChurch.TheMinistryofEndowmentandGuidancesawthis riftasanopportunity for theirowngain.They issuedaresolution supporting the authority of the Nuba Mountains group, deepening the dividebetweenthetwoandleadingtoanalliancethatbredcorruptpracticesbeneTitingtheMinistry.ThechurchpropertyoccupiedalargeareainadesirablecentralneighbourhoodofKhartoum,andanumberofitsbuildings(includingthehouseofthepriest)weresoonofferedforrentaland sale on the property market—thus literally diminishing the physical presence of theChristianchurchinthisprominentlocationandsimultaneouslyreapinghugeproTits. 9

4.2 The Comboni Schools FollowingthesecessionofSouthSudan, the localauthorities inKarary,Omdurmantargetedproperty belonging to the Comboni Schools—a Catholic organisation named after thecanonisedItalianmissionarySaintDanielComboni(1831-1881),whofoundedschoolsacrossmodern-day South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. One Comboni School, set up by a group ofeducatorsin1985afterlegallyobtainingthefreeholdtoits3000m2landplot,wasunlawfullyconTiscatedbythe localauthorities,whowentontouse itsbuildingsas theirheadquarters.TheComboniSchoolsgroupimmediatelysoughtlegalrecourse.

Laterin2011,theHighCourtruledinfavouroftheComboniSchoolsanddecreedthatthelocalauthoritiesinKararyhadtoreturntheschooltotheiradministration.Thepremiseswere to be evacuated by the end of the 2012-13 school year and returned to the rightfulowner.However, the local authorities deliberately delayed fulTilment of this order,meaningthat 280 pupils had to incur expenses commuting to another school in Al Thawra in themeantime. On 9 June 2015 at 8:30am, pupils together with teachers organised a peacefulprotest against this delay in front of the school building, resulting in the arrest of head-teacherIshaqAndraousbytheNISS.

4.3 Demolishing 25 churches in Khartoum State TheDirectorGeneraloftheStateofKhartoumLandsDepartmentissuedadecisionin2015todemolish25churchesinKhartoum,Omdurman,andKhartoumNorth,underthepretextthatthe leaders of these churches had failed to obtain the required permission from the landownership authorities to construct these churches in the Tirst place. Their reasoning is


4. CASE STUDIES

evidently false,asallof thesechurcheswerebuiltbefore landplanning lawexisted intheseareas,andasapre-existingbuildingshouldhavebeengrantedapermitautomatically.Sofar,threechurcheshavebeendemolishedunderthisresolution.

4.4 Church of Christ, Omdurman On22October2017,thepolicestormedtheChurchofChristinAlThawra,Omdurman.Theyclosed the altar, banned prayer and proceeded to arrest church ofTicials, including FatherAyoubTalian,thedeputyheadofthechurchcomplex,AliAlHakim,thepastorofthechurch,PriestImbratoorHammad,PreacherHabeelIbrahim,andAlSheikhAbdulBaqiTutu.AllTiveofthesemenaremembersofthechurch’sexecutivecommittee. 10



RECOMMENDATIONS

ACJPS deplores the targeting of non-Muslim groups throughout Sudan in recentyearsandcallsontheGovernmentofSudanto:

• Respectreligious freedom,asprovided forunderthe InterimNationalConstitutionaswellas theregionaland internationalhumanrights treaties towhichSudan isastateparty.

• Refrain from arbitrary closure, demolition, conTiscation or burning of properties andassetsofnon-Muslims.

• Return seized properties and other assets to their rightful owners, and providerestitution for properties that have been wrongfully demolished, as well as faircompensationforthetimetheseindividualshavebeenunabletousethem.

• Conductanindependentandfairinvestigationintotheallegedviolationswiththeaimofholdingthoseresponsibletoaccount.

• Guaranteetheprovisionofplacesofworshipaswellaseducationalorculturalcentrestonon-Muslims.

• Intervenetohalttheplanneddemolitionof25churchesinKhartoumstate.

“JewsoftheSudan,”AlArabiya,21August2017.Availableonline[inArabic]athttp://www.alquds.co.uk/?1

p=775999.

Itisnotknownwhenexactlyitwasdemolished.Seeibid.2

SeeAlTayibZainAlAbdeenAlrakuba, “TheExperienceof theSudanese IslamistMovement in theAreaof3

HumanRightsbetweenTheoryandPractice,”AlRakoba,10December2012.Availableonline[inArabic]athttps://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-74073.htm.

BBCNewsArabic,AlBashirthreatenstoenforcetheIslamicsharialawsincaseoftheseparationofSouthSudan4

[video].Availableonlineathttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C0PV58eGcE.

Thelawrequiresthatsuchcommitteesareformedfollowinganelectoralprocess,howeverthedefacto5

practiceinSudanisthattheCommissioner(Mayor)ofacityappointsitsmembers.

SeeArticle6oftheInterimNationalConstitutionof2005.6

“NCPEndowmentandGuidanceminister:WewillnotAllowbuildingNewChurches,”Huriyyat,18April2013.7

Availableonline(inArabic)athttps://www.sudaress.com/hurriyat/105837.

AccordingtoareportinAlTayar,issueNo.889,5February2012.(Thearticleisnotonline.)8

TheregimeroutinelyconTiscatedlandandpropertyinareaswheretheirpricewaslucrative.9

“AuthoritiescloseddowntheChurchofChristinAlThawra-29andarrestedanumberorpriests,”SawtAl10

Hamish,23October2017.Availableonline(inArabic)athttps://www.altareeq.info/ar/sudan-government-decision/.


NOTES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C0PV58eGcE

https://www.sudaress.com/hurriyat/105837

https://www.alrakoba.net/news-action-show-id-74073.htm

http://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=775999

http://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=775999

https://www.altareeq.info/ar/sudan-government-decision/

https://www.altareeq.info/ar/sudan-government-decision/

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