Violence against Women: The Nursing

Perspectives

Asst. Prof. Nanthaphan Chinlumprasert, Ph D., R.N.

VIOLENCE

VIOLENCE

Nurses, Always there For You: United Againat Violence

(ICN, 2001)

What is violence?

The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or deprivation. (WHO, 2000)

Typology of violence

1) Self- directed Suicidal behavior

Self-abuse

2) Interpersonal

Family/partner Violence

Community Violence

3) Collective

Social Violence

Political Violence

Economic Violence

Classification of Violence

Youth Violence

Child Maltreatment

Violence Against Women by

Intimate Partners

Elder Abuse

Sexual Violence

Self-directed Violence

Collective Violence

Organized Violence

The inter-human infliction of significant, avoidable pain and suffering by an Organized group according to a declared or implied strategy and/or system of

ideas and attitudes, ……. . Organized violence includes ‘torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ ……. . Imprisonment without trial, mock executions, hostage-taking or any other form of violent deprivation of liberty. (WHO, 1980, Geuns, 1987)

The definition includes government repression and also terrorist group violence.

How big is the problem of Violence?

1998 Estimates of Mortality

42% (Self-directed)

32% (Homicides-Interpersonal)

26% (War-related)

= 2.3 million people died from Violence

Tip of the iceberg From National Surveys

Physical assaults by intimate partners (lifetime estimates)

5.1 in Philippines9.5 in Paraguay22.1 in USA.29.0 in Canada34.4 in Egypt

Tip of the icebergLifetime estimates of sexual assault

among women living in cities or provinces around the world:

15.3 in Toronto

21.7 in Leon, Nicaragua

23.0 in North London

25.0 in One province in Zimbabwe

Tip of the iceberg

Rates of physical fighting in the past year among adolescent males rang from:

22% among boys (grade 7) in Sweden

44% of boys (grades 9-12) in USA.

76% among boys (grades 8-10) in Jerusalem

Injury Surveillance Report on Assaults in Thailand, 1991 (กองระบาด, 2543)

Physical Assault Injury = 11, 367 cases (Death = 334 cases)

(Data gathered from 10 hospitals)

Victim of Violence

Who? Who? Who?Forced prostitution

Homicide

Exploitation

Trafficking

Sexual harassment

Rape/Sexual assault

Domestic Violence

Violence against women

The United Nations Declaration on the

Elimination of Violence

Against Women. “Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical,

sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty; whether occurring in public or in private life.”

(UN General Assembly 1993)

4 million/year of women in USA were abused/battered

44% of women (5.4 million) age 15-44 in Thailand

8 million in 15-60+ age group

(Archavanitkul et al., 2001)

Violence against women is gender-based violence

Scope

Domestic Violence:

Dowry - related, female genital mutilation, Marital rape, battering, homicide.

Violence in Public: Sexual assault, harassment, trafficking, forced prostitution, exploitation, Pornography.Organized Violence: Unfair social treatment , sex

discrimination/ gender bias, ignore to women’s right violence perpetrator or condoned by the state.

Root of violence against women

- Power inequalities b/w women and men

- Patriarchal society

Gender role Socialization

Myths

Rape

Women sexuality

Men sexuality

What will victim / survivor of violence face?

Blame

Guilt

Physical / Psychological Health Problems

Social condemn / stigma

Consequence of violence

- Physical injures / problems

- Psychological problems : Post traumaticn

syndrome, Suicide

- Psychosomatic disorder

- Social stigma

What should nurses have in dealing with violence survivals?

- Knowledge

- Positive attitude

- No blame, understanding

- Empathy

- Respect

- Strict confidentiality

Nurses’ roles

- Build trust

- Screening

- Private interview

- Holistic approach in caring / nursing

- Advocate

- nurse’s role in development of health services for Violence survivals- nurse’s role in development of body of knowledge

on violence against women.

- Nurse and self development for providing effective

care for any form of violence survival.

Vision of nurse on violence issues.

- Nurse and violence prevention in Thai society.

Thank you