virendra air

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MANDAR EDUCATION SOCITYS

Rajaram Shinde College Of M.B.A

Pedhambe, Tal. Chiplun, Dist, Ratnagiri 415603.

(Affiliated to University of Mumbai & recognized by AICTE)

Presentation on

ENVIORNMENT MANAGEMENT

Presentation topic

AIR POLLUTION

Presented By

VIRENDRA VISHNU KORADE

MMS IInd YEAR, SEM IV

Roll no

Student sign Faculty sign

VIRENDRA KORADE PROF.ARVINDBIRADAR


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AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,particulate matter, orbiologicalmaterials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or causedamage to the natural environment orbuilt environment, into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential tosupport life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has longbeen recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worstpollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Placesreport.

Pollutants

Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas

Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in NewMexico contained excessive amounts ofsulfur dioxide.

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2)particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased groundlevel ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment isknown as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets,or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.

Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutantsare directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbonmonoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primarypollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is groundlevel ozoneone of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitteddirectly and formed from other primary pollutants.

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:

Sulphur oxides (SOx) - especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with theformula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes.Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion
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generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of acatalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain This is one of the causesfor concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as powersources.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from hightemperature combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstormsbyelectrical discharge. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plumedownwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formulaNO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has acharacteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.

Carbon monoxide (CO)- is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but verypoisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as naturalgas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas alsoassociated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion,cement production, and respiration. It is otherwise recycled in the atmosphere in

the carbon cycle. Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this

field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) andnon-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gaswhich contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are alsosignificant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging thelife of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on localair quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene andxylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolongedexposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associatedwith industrial uses.

Particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter(PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. Incontrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulatematter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originatingfrom volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and seaspray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, powerplants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts ofaerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosolsthose made byhuman activitiescurrently account for about 10 percent of the total amount ofaerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linkedto health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.

Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could causecardiopulmonary disease.

Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layeremitted from products

currently banned from use.
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Secondary pollutants include:

Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds inphotochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is aportmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal

burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modernsmog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrialemissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun toform secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to formphotochemical smog.

Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a keyconstituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certainregions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemicaland chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes thatoccur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrationsbrought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a

pollutant, and a constituent of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.

Minor air pollutants include:

A large number of minorhazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated inUSA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive.

A variety ofpersistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter.Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant toenvironmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.

Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable oflong-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in foodchains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.

SourcesMain article: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas

Controlled burning of a field outside of Statesboro, Georgia in preparation for springplanting

Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which areresponsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere. These sources can beclassified into two major categories which are:
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Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds offuel

"Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturingfacilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of

fuel-burning heating devices. In developing and poor countries, traditionalbiomass burning is the major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includeswood, crop waste and dung.[6][7]

"Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect ofsound etc.

Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestrymanagement. Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used inforest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fireis a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a

tool for foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirableforest trees, thus renewing the forest.

Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is not toxic;

however, it is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air.Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space.Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced tobelow 19.5% by displacement

Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry

Natural sources

Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation Methane, emittedby the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless,

odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decayof radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources

can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basementand it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, aftercigarette smoking

Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs

on warmer days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutantsspecifically, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic organic carbon compoundstoproduce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants.
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Indoor air quality (IAQ)Main article: Indoor air quality

A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the

majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certainlocations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywoodemit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds(VOCs) as they dry. Leadpaint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional airpollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items.Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smokeparticulates into the air, inside and out.[14] Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused byusing pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents andchimneys, or by the burning ofcharcoal indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can

result even from poorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic plumbing tokeep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors. Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, orother dry cleaning fluids, for days afterdry cleaning.

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use ofasbestos inindustrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerousmaterial in many localities. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical conditionaffecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestosfrom asbestos-containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea(shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lungcancer. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care

should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According tothe World Health Organization (WHO), these may defined as; asbestosis, lung cancer,and Peritoneal Mesothelioma (generally a very rare form of cancer, when morewidespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos).

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborneparticulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes anddecomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes andmicrometer-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls andgenerates mycotoxins and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires'disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen,

dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants toaccumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.
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Health effectsAir pollution is a significant risk factor for multiple health conditions includingrespiratory infections, heart disease, and lung cancer, according to the WHO. The healtheffects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing

and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result inincreased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospitaladmissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are farreaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascularsystem. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person isexposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. [citation needed]

The most common sources of air pollution include particulate matter, ozone, nitrogendioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have causedapproximately 3.3 million deaths worldwide. Children aged less than five years that livein developing countries are the most vulnerable population in terms of total deaths

attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution.

The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causesdirectly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoorair pollution. "Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans dieeach year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. . ."A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation betweenpneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles.[18] Worldwide moredeaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents.[

citation needed]Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. [

citation

needed] Causes of deaths include aggravated asthma, emphysema, lung and heart diseases,

and respiratory allergies.[citation needed] The US EPA estimates that a proposed set ofchanges in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewerprematuremortalities, 15,000 fewerheart attacks, 6,000 feweremergency room visits by childrenwith asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in theUnited States.[citation needed]

The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India was the 1984 BhopalDisaster.[19]Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging toUnion Carbide, Inc., U.S.A., killed more than 25,000 people outright and injuredanywhere from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollutionevent when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed overLondon. In six days more

than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months. [citation needed] Anaccidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the formerUSSRin 1979 nearSverdlovskis believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civiliandeaths.[

citation needed] The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United Statesof America occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people diedand over 7,000 were injured.[20]
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Effects on cardiovascular health

Air pollution is also emerging as a risk factor for stroke, particularly in developingcountries where pollutant levels are highest. A recent study also found an association inwomen between air pollution and ischemia, but not hemorrhagic stroke. Air pollution has

also been associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary arterydisease.[26]

Effects on cystic fibrosis

Main article: Cystic fibrosis

A study from around the years of 1999 to 2000, by the University of Washington, showedthat patients near and around particulate matter air pollution had an increased risk ofpulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function. Patients were examined beforethe study for amounts of specific pollutants like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or

Burkholderia cenocepaciaas well as their socioeconomic standing. Participants involvedin the study were located in the United States in close proximity to an EnvironmentalProtection Agency.[clarification needed] During the time of the study 117 deaths wereassociated with air pollution. Many patients in the study lived in or near largemetropolitan areas in order to be close to medical help. These same patients had higherlevel of pollutants found in their system because of more emissions in larger cities. Ascystic fibrosis patients already suffer from decreased lung function, everyday pollutantssuch as smoke, emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoorheating devices could further compromise lung function.

Effects on COPD and Asthma

Main article: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes diseases such as chronicbronchitis and emphysema.

Researches have demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD fromincreased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has beenassociated with increased hosptializations and mortality from asthma and COPD.

A study conducted in 1960-1961 in the wake of the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293

London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, threetowns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. All subjects were malepostal truck drivers aged 40 to 59. Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns, theLondon subjects exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm,and dyspnea), reduced lung function (FEV1 and peak flow rate), and increased sputumproduction and purulence. The differences were more pronounced for subjects aged 50 to59. The study controlled for age and smoking habits, so concluded that air pollution wasthe most likely cause of the observed differences.
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Possible links to cancer

A large Danish epidemiological study found an increased risk of lung cancer for patientswho lived in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations. In this study, the associationwas higher for non-smokers than smokers. There are also possible associations between

air pollution and other forms of cancer, including cervical cancer and brain cancer

Effects on children

Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants have the possibility ofchildren living within them to develop asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratoryinfections as well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure the youths'health are being taken in cities such as New Delhi, India where buses now usecompressed natural gas to help eliminate the pea-soup smog.[38]Research by the WorldHealth Organization shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matterparticles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population

rates. Examples of these countries include Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, and Indonesia. In theUnited States, the Clean Air Act was passed in 1970; however, in 2002 at least 146million Americans were living in non-attainment areasregions in which theconcentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards. Those pollutants areknown as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more andhave higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution.

Health effects in relatively "clean" areas

Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be

significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants. A 2005scientific study for the British Columbia Lung Association showed that a smallimprovement in air quality (1% reduction of ambient PM2.5 and ozone concentrations)would produce a $29 million in annual savings in the Metro Vancouver region in2010.[40]This finding is based on health valuation of lethal (death) and sub-lethal (illness)effects.
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Environmental impacts of greenhouse gaspollutants

Main articles: Ocean acidification and Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby greenhouse gases create a condition inthe upper atmosphere causing a trapping of heat and leading to increased surface andlower tropospheric temperatures. Carbon dioxide emissions from combustion of fossilfuels are a source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Other greenhouse gases include methane, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons,chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and ozone.

This effect has been understood by scientists for about a century, and technologicaladvancements during this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of data

relating to the phenomenon. Currently, scientists are studying the role of changes incomposition of greenhouse gases from natural and anthropogenic sources for the effecton climate change.

A number of studies have also investigated the potential for long-term rising levels ofatmospheric carbon dioxide to cause increases in the acidity of ocean waters and thepossible effects of this on marine ecosystems.
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