virus and bacteria in high tunnels
DESCRIPTION
by Michelle GrabowskiTRANSCRIPT
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Identifying Virus and Bacterial Diseases in High Tunnels
Michelle Grabowski
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© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
What’s Different and Why?
• High tunnels provide a unique environment • Excess heat and humidity • Plants are handled more • Tight spacing of plants• Insects pest like thrips and white flies more
likely than in field conditions
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Viruses
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
• Dark & light green mottle• Small, curled or distorted• Plants may be stunted
UFL
S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station
S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)• Fruit Symptoms• Poor yield• Distorted fruit• Uneven color• Delayed ripening• Brown discoloration
of inner walls
JP Jones, UFL
S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station
S.M. Douglas, CTAg.Exp.station
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Tobacco Mosaic Virus
• Infects over 150 genera – petunia, pepper, weeds
• Can come in on seed coat• Very durable
– Transmitted on tools, hands, clothing, leaf debris– Survives in plant debris in soil, on strings, poles,
cross bars in tunnel, in cigarettes• Symptoms develop rapidly in heat
MSU Extension
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
• Bronzing of leaves
• Small darks spots on leaves, streaks on petioles & stems
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
• Early infection results in no fruit
• Later infection– Ring spots on green
fruit– Yellow to white rings
on mature fruit
W.M. Brown, Bugwood.org
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TSWV• Infects 300 species in 34 families
• Can spread in seed
• Not as durable as TMV
• Not easily transmitted on tools, hands, and from rubbing
• Thrip larvae pick up TSWV
• Adult thrips transmit TSWV
P.M.J. Ramakers, APS Bugwood.org
C.Hesselein, Bugwood.org
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Identifying Virus Diseases with Immuno Strips
• Agdia.com• 5 for $32-37• 25 for $105-120• Strips for many viruses• Most specific to 1 pathogen• A few combo strips
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UMN Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic
• Will identify the problem regardless what it is
• Lab techniques– Electron Microscopy– ELISA – RT-PCR
• http://pdc.umn.edu
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Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels
• Purchase seed from a reputable supplier that uses and acid treatment of seed
• Purchase only transplants that have been tested and found to be virus free
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Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels
• Do not grow ornamentals with tomatoes and other crops
• Control weeds in tunnels
• Maintain a weed free buffer outside of tunnel
• Do not allow use of tobacco products in the tunnel
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Managing Virus Diseases in Tunnels
• Workers must have clean clothing and wash hands before entering the house
• Wash hands and tools regularly while working
• Immediately bag and remove infected plants
• Manage thrips and other insect pests – TSWV, CMV
• Sanitize strings, poles, boards and all surfaces in the tunnel after TMV infection
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Sterilizing Equipment & Hands
• Soap and water
• Carnation instant nonfat dry milk (20% wt/vol)
• 1:10 bleach water solution (0.6% bleach)
• Virkon (1% wt/vol)
Lewandowski, D. J. Hayes, A.J. and Adkins, S. 2010. Surprising results from a search for effective disinfectants for Tobacco Mosaic virus – contaminated tools. Plant Disease 94:542-550
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Bacteria
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Tomato Pith NecrosisPseudomonas corrugata
Photos from M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center
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Pith NecrosisP. corrugata
M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center
M. McGrath, Long Island Hort. Research & Extension Center
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Tomato Pith NecrosisPseudomonas corrugata
• Favored by high humidity, cloudy weather, high N, rapid growth
• Soil borne, possibly seed borne
• Does not appear to spread between plants on tools, hands etc
UFL
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Managing Pit Necrosis
• Reduce humidity through ventilation
• Provide adequate but not excessive fertilizer
• Remove entire plant as soon as symptoms develop, bag the plant and bury and remaining debris
• Copper fungicides are ineffective
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Bacterial CankerClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
• In field conditions or with overhead irrigation see
• Birds eye fruit spots
• Classic cankers at leaf axil
D.Cuples Agri-Food Canada
D.Cuples Agri-Food Canada
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Bacterial CankerC. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis
P.Bachi, UKY Bugwood.orgASTA
MSU
MSU
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Bacterial CankerC. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis
• Lives on surface of the seed & inside seed coat
• Survives 5 yrs on seed
– 2-3 yrs in plant debris
– 1 month in soil or on plastic or cement
– 1 year on plant material (wood stakes etc) or rock wool
• Survives better in cool dry conditions than warm wet conditions
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Bacterial CankerC. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis
• Enter through wounds or stomata
• Spread on workers hands, clothing, tools, splashing water, forceful pesticide application
• Favored by high temps (75-90F) wet conditions, low light and nutrient imbalance
• May not see symptoms for 2-7 weeks
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Managing Bacterial Canker
• Use certified disease free seed or treat seed in hot water for 25 min. at 125F
• Reduce overhead watering of seedlings
• Start with clean potting mix, pots & trays
• Regularly disinfect cutting tools & worker hands
• Copper fungicides are ineffective
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Managing Bacterial Canker
• Immediately bag and remove infected plants
• Remove several neighboring plants as well
• Do not leave cull piles or plant debris near the tunnel
• Control solanaceous weeds in & around the tunnel
• Disinfect tunnel, crates, tools between crops
• Rotate away from tomato & pepper 2-3 years
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ThanksQuestions?