visible light and beyond “white light” is made up of a rainbow of colors, each with a different...
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William HerschelWilliam Herschel
Discovery of Infrared Radiation - 1800
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Build your own
Herschel demo
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The full electromagnetic spectrum …The full electromagnetic spectrum …
Making Light of it All!
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The Electromagnetic The Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectrum
Our eyes see only part of the electromagnetic spectrum…
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Riding the WaveRiding the Wave Light is a transverse wave of electromagnetic Light is a transverse wave of electromagnetic energyenergy
The wavelength (and, reciprocally, the The wavelength (and, reciprocally, the frequency) of light defines its radiation frequency) of light defines its radiation band (X-ray, or Visible, or Infrared, or …)band (X-ray, or Visible, or Infrared, or …)
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Light has a dual nature: It exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties
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FORMULA CONNECTINGWAVE & PARTICLE PROPERTIESOF EM RADIATION:
E = h c /
E = energy per photon (joules, J)h = Planck’s constantc = speed of light (m s-1) = wavelength (m)
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Low-energy LightLow-energy Light
InfraredInfrared• Thought of as “heat,” common in Thought of as “heat,” common in daily livesdaily lives
MicrowavesMicrowaves• Used for communication, cookingUsed for communication, cooking
RadioRadio• Wavelengths of centimeters to Wavelengths of centimeters to kilometerskilometers
• Great for transmissions that need Great for transmissions that need to go far and penetrate buildingsto go far and penetrate buildings
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High-energy LightHigh-energy Light
Gamma RaysGamma Rays• Radioactive atoms, Radioactive atoms, nuclear power plantsnuclear power plants
X-RaysX-Rays• Penetrate soft tissuePenetrate soft tissue
UltravioletUltraviolet• Tans and sunburns, Tans and sunburns, mostly stopped by mostly stopped by atmosphereatmosphere
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Temperature determines theTemperature determines themain type of radiation main type of radiation
emitted …emitted …
(left to right: Compton, Chandra, Hubble, and Spitzer space observatories)
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““Invisible” Light in Invisible” Light in AstronomyAstronomy
Each part of the spectrum provides a piece of the puzzle in
understanding our universe.
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The Pinwheel Galaxy – M101
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2009/07
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Multi-wavelength astronomyMulti-wavelength astronomy
Constellation OrionConstellation Orionleft:left: visual-wavelength view visual-wavelength view
right:right: far-infrared view far-infrared view
An object can appear radically different depending on the type of light An object can appear radically different depending on the type of light collected from it:collected from it:
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Visible Near Infrared Mid-Infrared
Visible: dark nebula, heavily Visible: dark nebula, heavily obscured by interstellar dustobscured by interstellar dust
Near-IR: dust is nearly Near-IR: dust is nearly transparent, embedded proto-transparent, embedded proto-stars can be observedstars can be observed
Mid- and far-IR: glow from Mid- and far-IR: glow from cold dust is directly cold dust is directly observable observable
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EARTH ATMOSPHERIC OPACITY VERSUS WAVELENGTH
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There’s a problem for IR There’s a problem for IR astronomy...astronomy...
Earth’s Earth’s atmospheric water atmospheric water vapor absorbs vapor absorbs almost all almost all incoming infrared incoming infrared radiationradiation
Even mountain-top Even mountain-top observatories get observatories get a limited view of a limited view of the infrared the infrared universeuniverse
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thermal-IRimage ofEarth froma weathersatellite
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View of troposphere / View of troposphere / stratosphere boundary from abovestratosphere boundary from above
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And a Solution...And a Solution...
High-flying High-flying aircraft --above aircraft --above 40,000 ft -- can 40,000 ft -- can observe most of observe most of the infrared the infrared universeuniverse
Airborne infrared Airborne infrared telescopes can be telescopes can be more versatile -- more versatile -- and much less and much less expensive -- expensive -- than space than space infrared infrared telescopestelescopes
NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) C-141 with a 36-inch telescope onboard, based at NASA-Ames near San Francisco, flew from 1975 - 1995
,
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Further information:Further information:
SOFIA Science Center home pageSOFIA Science Center home page• http://www.sofia.usra.eduhttp://www.sofia.usra.edu
Spitzer Space Telescope’s award-winning infrared Spitzer Space Telescope’s award-winning infrared tutorialtutorial• http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.eduhttp://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu
(includes instructions for home-made Herschel demo)(includes instructions for home-made Herschel demo)
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Each part of the spectrum impacts our daily lives…
““Invisible” Light in Invisible” Light in SocietySociety
Microwave ovens
Communications
Remote controls X-rays
Sunscreen
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We collect light from distant objects, and bring together researchers from
many disciplines.
The Tools of Our SearchThe Tools of Our Search
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Where did we come from?
What is our destiny? Are we alone?
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Our Place in the Universe
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Are we alone?
Searching for Life
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JUPITER – heat from formation still escaping
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The Orion M42 star-forming
region(left to right: visible-,
near-IR, mid-IR)
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To find the earliest galaxies, we will need to explore the universe
in the infrared.
Looking Back in Time
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Active Astronomy (“AA”) classroom Active Astronomy (“AA”) classroom kitkit
Middle School physical science,Middle School physical science,High School physicsHigh School physics
• 4 activities comparing and contrasting4 activities comparing and contrastingvisual & infrared lightvisual & infrared light
• Teachers’ guide including curricular Teachers’ guide including curricular material,material,pre-/post-tests, parts list available at:pre-/post-tests, parts list available at:
www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/materials/www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/materials/edu_materials.htmledu_materials.html
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Resources Resources SOFIA Active AstronomySOFIA Active Astronomy
http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/materials/activeAstronomy/http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/materials/activeAstronomy/activeAstronomy.htmlactiveAstronomy.html
Stanford Solar Center Spectrascopes and Colors of the Sun videoStanford Solar Center Spectrascopes and Colors of the Sun video
http://solar-center.stanford.eduhttp://solar-center.stanford.edu
The Dynamic SunThe Dynamic Sun
http://www.hightechscience.org/the_dynamic_sun.htmhttp://www.hightechscience.org/the_dynamic_sun.htm
Project SpectraProject Spectra
http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/education/k-12/project-spectra/http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/education/k-12/project-spectra/
Project SpectraProject Spectra
http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/education/k-http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/education/k-12/project-spectra/12/project-spectra/
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Further information:Further information:
• SOFIA Science Center home pageSOFIA Science Center home page
http://www.sofia.usra.eduhttp://www.sofia.usra.edu
• Spitzer Space Telescope’s award-winningSpitzer Space Telescope’s award-winning
infrared tutorial:infrared tutorial:
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.eduhttp://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu• (includes instructions for home-made(includes instructions for home-made
Herschel demo)Herschel demo)