vision. anatomy of the eye fibrous tunic – sclera – cornea
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VisionVision
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Anatomy of the EyeAnatomy of the Eye
Fibrous tunic– Sclera – Cornea
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Anatomy of the EyeAnatomy of the Eye
Vascular tunic = Uvea– Choroid– Ciliary body– Iris– Pupil
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Anatomy of the EyeAnatomy of the Eye
Nervous tunic = Retina & optic nerve– Outer pigmented layer– Nervous layer
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PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors
RodsConesMaculaFovea centralis
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Optic NerveOptic discBlind Spot
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Anatomy of the Eye – Anatomy of the Eye – Miscellaneous structuresMiscellaneous structures
LensAnterior cavity
– Aqueous humor
Posterior cavity– Vitreous humor
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Anatomy – Accessory Anatomy – Accessory structuresstructures
Eyelids = Palpebrae– Tarsal plate– Meibomian glands– Palpebral fissure– Lateral commissure– Medial commissure– Caruncle– Sebaceous ciliary glands
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Anatomy – Accessory Anatomy – Accessory structuresstructures
Conjunctiva– Palpebral– Bulbar
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Anatomy – Accessory Anatomy – Accessory structuresstructures
Lacrimal apparatus– Function– Lacrimal gland– Lacrimal puncta– Lacrimal canal– Nasolacrimal duct
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VisionVision
LightRefractionEmmetropia = Normal vision, light rays
focus on a single point called the Focal Point
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Focal Point
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Retina
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VisionVision
Accommodation– For close vision– Pupils constrict– Eyeballs converge– Near point of vision
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VisionVision
Eye movement controlsVoluntary fixation (premotor area)Involuntary fixation (visual area)
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VisionVision
Binocular visionDiplopiaStrabismus
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Photoreceptors of VisionPhotoreceptors of Vision
Rods– Rhodopsin is photopigment– Numerous – about 120 million– Sensitive to light– Relative lack of color discrimination– Peripheral retina in location– Good for night vision, but poor detail– Convergence
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Photoreceptors of VisionPhotoreceptors of Vision
ConesFew – about 6 millionPhotopigments sensitive to differing
wavelengths of light– 400 nm blue– 500 nm green– 600 nm red
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Photoreceptors of VisionPhotoreceptors of Vision
ConesHigh level of illuminationNot very sensitive to lightSee in colorPrecise detailLittle convergenceMostly in center of retina, esp. fovea
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Neural Components of VisionNeural Components of Vision
Bipolar neuronsGanglion neuronsLateral inhibition
– Horizontal cells– Amacrine cells
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Visual AcuityVisual Acuity
Snellen Eye Chart20/20
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Light/Dark AdaptationLight/Dark Adaptation
Photopigment concentrationPupillary light reflex
– PNS constricts pupil– Direct – ipsilateral– Indirect = Consensual - contralateral
Cones inhibit rods in bright light
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Visual PathwayVisual Pathway
Optic NerveOptic ChiasmaOptic tractsThalamus – lateral geniculate bodyOccipital lobe of cerebral cortex
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