visual areas in the brain - mit opencourseware...x x x x x x x x xxx x x x x x blue paint yellow...
TRANSCRIPT
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Visual areas in the brainVisual areas in the brain
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CORNEACORNEA
AQUEOUSAQUEOUSHUMORHUMOR
FOVEAFOVEA
OPTICOPTICNERVENERVE
IRISIRIS
PUPILPUPIL
LENSLENSVITREOUSVITREOUSHUMORHUMOR
RETINARETINA
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What do you see?
Why?
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The world is a complicated placeThe world is a complicated place
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CORNEACORNEA
AQUEOUSAQUEOUSHUMORHUMOR
FOVEAFOVEA
OPTICOPTICNERVENERVE
IRISIRIS
PUPILPUPIL
LENSLENSVITREOUSVITREOUSHUMORHUMOR
RETINARETINA
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http://web.mit.edu/bcs/schillerlab/research/A-Vision/A2-1.html
Courtesy of Peter Schiller. Used with permission.
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Outside viewOutside viewVisual CortexVisual Cortex
View from theView from themiddle
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middle
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Flatten the brainFlatten the brain
(like making a map out of a globe,(like making a map out of a globe,Only worse)Only worse)
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Do we really have centerDo we really have center--surround receptive fields?surround receptive fields?
The Hermann GridThe Hermann Grid
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Do we really have centerDo we really have center--surround receptive fields?surround receptive fields?
The Hermann GridThe Hermann Grid
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Do we really have centerDo we really have center--surround receptive fields?surround receptive fields?
Umm…what is Umm…what is happening here?happening here?
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Bright Light
Dim Light
Bright Light
Dim Light
Time
The stimulus
A neuron's response
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Light
% "I see it"Responses
100
75
50
25
0
you wantyou get
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ColorColor
How do you see color?How do you see color?
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Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
Wavelength 1 produces a response of size XWavelength 1 produces a response of size X
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Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
Wavelength 2Wavelength 2 produces a response of size Xproduces a response of size X
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Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
Two wavelengths,one response.
The problem of “The problem of “univarianceunivariance””
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So, we have a problem.So, we have a problem.
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
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Here is a solution….add another cone type. Here is a solution….add another cone type.
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
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Two cones can give you color visionTwo cones can give you color vision
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
X
Y
Z
X/Y = X/Y = redred, X/Z = , X/Z = greengreenCOMPARISONS ARE CRITICALCOMPARISONS ARE CRITICAL
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Three cones give you Three cones give you TrichromacyTrichromacy
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
LM
S
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Three cones give you Three cones give you TrichromacyTrichromacy
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
LM
S
AnyAny light = light = aLaL + + bMbM + + cScS
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Let’s add some patches togetherLet’s add some patches together
Wavelength (nm)
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Let’s take GREENLet’s take GREEN
Wavelength (nm)
M1
L1
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And add REDAnd add RED
Wavelength (nm)
M1
L1 M2
L2
Red + GreenRed + Green = (M1+M2)/(L1+L2) = 1= (M1+M2)/(L1+L2) = 1
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Compare that to YELLOWCompare that to YELLOW
Wavelength (nm)
M3 L3
YellowYellow = M3/L3 = 1= M3/L3 = 1
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It follows thatIt follows that
REDRED
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It follows thatIt follows that
plusplus
REDRED GREENGREEN
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Yields Yields YellowYellow
R+G and Y areR+G and Y are
METAMERSMETAMERS
This is ADDITIVE color mixtureThis is ADDITIVE color mixture
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But what about color paint in kindergarten?But what about color paint in kindergarten?
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Blue paintBlue paint Yellow paintYellow paint
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Mixing paint is SUBTRACTIVEMixing paint is SUBTRACTIVE
x x x x x x x x x
The The intersection intersection ofof Blue paint and Yellow Blue paint and Yellow paint looks paint looks GreenGreen
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Recall…Three cones give you Recall…Three cones give you TrichromacyTrichromacy
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
LM
S
Suppose: Suppose: if S=M=L, then WHITEif S=M=L, then WHITE
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Suppose that L gets Suppose that L gets tired?tired?
Wavelength (nm)400 500 600 700
LM
S
What does S=M>L look like?What does S=M>L look like?
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Pretty boring……Pretty boring……
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Pretty ……Pretty ……
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Pretty, not boring……Pretty, not boring……
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Try thisTry this
Negative afterimageNegative afterimage
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Vertical and Horizontal look the same?Vertical and Horizontal look the same?
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Go forwardGo forward
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Go backGo back
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Vertical and Horizontal look the same?Vertical and Horizontal look the same?
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So, you found all these nice features…what is the problem?
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Which lines group together?Which lines group together?
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How about here? Why?How about here? Why?
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Which gray line is a likelycontinuation of the blackline?
good bet
not badmaybe
not likely
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good bet
not bad
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Which gray line is a likelycontinuation of the blackline?
good bet
not badmaybe
not likely
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WHAT IS THIS?
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Does this seem likely?
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This seems more likely
“Good continuation”
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One curved line or three?
You ‘know’ about occlusion
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One curved line or three?
You ‘know’ about occlusion
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Organized by columns or rows? Organized by columns or rows?
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Now? Organized by columns or rows? Why? Now? Organized by columns or rows? Why?
ProximityProximity
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Now? Organized by columns or rows? Why? Now? Organized by columns or rows? Why?
Did Similarity trump Proximity?Did Similarity trump Proximity?
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Let’s magnify
the critical
bit.
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See that rectangle?See that rectangle?
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How about that rectangle?How about that rectangle?
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How about that circle?How about that circle?
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Not as good?Not as good?
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Edges are important
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The visual system distinguishes “real” edges from shadowsThe visual system distinguishes “real” edges from shadows
Image removed for copyright reasons.
Remember: You want to know about the world, not your retinaRemember: You want to know about the world, not your retina
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COWCOW
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Minimal shadow can give you faces
Images removed for copyright reasons.Faces from University of Bielefeld Cognitive Robot project.
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Depth Cues
From 2D-3DImage removed for copyright reasons.
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Occlusion
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Is this likely?
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Size
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Texture
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Relative position (height in field)
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Here is why it works
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You don’t need to recognize the objects
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Areal Perspective (haze)
The misty mountains far away
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Linear Perspective
Vanishing point
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Linear Perspective?
Image removed for copyright reasons.
Where is the vanishing point?
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Linear Perspective?
These local bits don’t add up
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Linear Perspective?
These add up…ambiguously
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ShadowsShadows
Image removed for copyright reasons.
But where is the sun?
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And let’s not forget
Stereopsis,Vergence,
andMotion parallax