visualizaon+analysis+&+design+++ tamaramunzner+...
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Visualiza(on Analysis & Design Tamara Munzner CRC Press, 2014
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What is Visualiza(on and Why
Image Source: Maximilian Schich eta al. Science, March 2014
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What is Visualiza(on
• Augmen(ng people’s ability rather than replacing
• The design space is huge, with many trade offs
• Valida(ng design is both necessary and challenging
• Need to address three resource limita(ons – Computers
– Human – Displays
Visual representa(on of data sets designed to help people carry out tasks more effec(vely
We analyzing visualiza(on by answering the following ques(ons: Why -‐ people need it
What -‐ data are shown How -‐ the idiom is designed
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Why human in the loop
• When people do not know exactly what ques(ons to ask in advance – They do not know how to approach the problem
• PuTng human in the loop – enhance their ability rather than replace
• Three uses of visualiza(on: – Transi(onal use: help designers with future solu(ons that are completely computa(onal
– Long term use: exploratory data analysis – Presenta(on use: explain something that is already known
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Why computer in the loop
• People are unlikely to move beyond (ny datasets
• Complex drawings cannot be done by human
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Why use external representa(ons
• Augment human’s capacity by surpassing our internal cogni(on and memory limita(ons
• External representa(on (diagram)= external memory – Organize informa(on in spa(al loca(ons
– Accelerate search and cogni(on – Grouping relevant informa(on in nearby loca(ons
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Why depend on vision
• The visual system provides a high bandwidth channel
• Process informa(on in parallel • Popout occurs even when the number of objects is large
• Sound is not as effec(ve (sequen(al stream)
• Technological limita(ons rule out other senses
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Why show data in detail
• Exploring data to find pa_erns – Confirm expected ones and discover unexpected ones
– Assess the validity of sta(s(cal models • Iden(cal sta(s(cs does not mean similar data
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Why show data in detail
• Exploring data to find pa_erns – Confirm expected ones and discover unexpected ones
– Assess the validity of sta(s(cal models • Iden(cal sta(s(cs does not mean similar data
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Why interac(vity
• Crucial for handling data complexity • Overcome the limita(ons of people and display – not possible to show all the data at once
• Nee to show mul(ple aspects of the data
• Change displays to support many queries
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Why vis idiom design space is huge
• There exist many ways to create visual encoding – Become even bigger when considering interac(on
• Idioms: sca_er plots, line charts, bar charts , etc., or the linking between them
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Why focus on tasks and effec(veness
• Tasks – a tool good for one tasks can be bad for another – Abstract tasks allow one to consider the similar or different needs across mul(ple fields
• Effec(veness – Leads to concerns of correctness, accuracy, and truth – A vast majority of design is ineffec(ve for any special context • Op(mize vs. Sa(sfy
– Use a big considera(on space, i.e., consider mul(ple alterna(ves
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Why are most designs ineffec(ve?
• Poor match with the proper(es of human percep(on and cogni(ve system
• Bad match for the intended task
• We should sa(sfy instead of op(mizing
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Why is valida(ng difficult
• There are so many ques(ons that you can ask – What does be_er mean? – What does effec(ve mean? – How to measure insight/engagement? – Automa(cally or manually? – Who is the user? – What benchmark data and tasks to use? – How to measure the quality of images? – What is the algorithm’s scalability wrt. data and image sizes?
– …
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Why resource limita(ons
• Limita(ons: Computa(on, Human Cogni(on, Display
• Especially for large data sets (scalability issues) • Computa(on: memory and compute (me
• Human: memory and a_en(on
• Display: run out of pixels – Informa(on density
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Why analyzing exis(ng techniques
• Impose a structure on the enormous design space
What data the user sees
Why the user intends to use vis tools
How the visual encoding and interac(on idoms are constructed
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Why analyzing exis(ng techniques
• Complex vis tools are ofen a sequence of what-‐why-‐how instances chained together (input/output dependencies)