visualizing co-retweeting behavior for recommending relevant real-time content
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SAMANTHA FINN AND ENI MUSTAFARAJWELLESLEY COLLEGE
P R E S E N T E D AT M S M 2 0 1 3C O - L O C AT E D W I T H A C M H Y P E R T E X T 2 0 1 3
PA R I S , F R A N C E
Visualizing Co-Retweeting Behavior for Recommending Relevant Real-Time Content
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“Thomas Jefferson used newspapers to win the presidency, F.D.R. used radio to change the way he governed, J.F.K. was the first president to understand television, and Howard Dean saw the value of the Web for raising money… But Senator Barack Obama understood that you could use the Web to lower the cost of building a political brand, create a sense of connection and engagement, and dispense with the command and control method of governing to allow people to self-organize to do the work.”
- New York Times Article, How Obama Tapped Into Social Networks’ Power
How to become the US President
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The US Presidential Debates
Debates important events in the election
Second only to Super Bowl in TV watch
Since the first televised debates in 1960, many defining moments people remember from the debates Al Gore rolling his eyes and sighing Reagan “There you go again” Bush Sr. looking at his watch
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Memes During the 2012 Debates
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Pew: 1/10 of viewers are dual-screeners
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Source: Dispatch From the Denver Debate (blog.twitter.com)
Watching on Twitter: First Debate
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Watching on Twitter: Second Debate
Source: Twitter at the Town Hall Debate (blog.twitter.com)
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Watching on Twitter: Third Debate
Source: The Final 2012 Presidential Debate (blog.twitter.com)
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Follow the Debate Through Hashtags (Or try to)
Interactive Chart
There are too many hashtags being created, and rising and falling in popularity during the debate to follow them all.
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User Number Followers Tweets during the 3rd debate
ladygaga 30,572,024 2BarackObama 21,206,234 9YouTube 18,484,946 1twitter 13,993,216 1JimCarrey 9,256,715 1cnnbrk 9,051,349 4nytimes 6,350,936 8CNN 6,287,257 5PerezHilton 5,742,938 8MTV 5,725,897 2
Or by Following Famous Twitter Accounts
Popular, celebrity Twitter accounts are NOT the ones generating content during the debates.
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Does More Followers Mean More Retweets?
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Single person has a limited view
It would be impossible for a single person to discover and consume all the content about the debates (especially while trying to watch them)
Solution? Human computation
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Human Computation
Using humans as computers to improve intelligent algorithms
Retweeting as recommendation Already existing Twitter construct Utilizing it for a new purpose
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uA uB uC uD
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
(tweeters)
(tweets)
(retweeters)
Going from a tweeting model…
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To the Retweet Matrix…
uA uB uC uD
u1 2 1 0 0
u2 0 1 0 0
u3 1 0 1 0
u4 0 1 1 1
u5 0 0 1 2
Tweeting Users (items)
Retw
eeti
ng
Use
rs
(use
rs)
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uA uB uC uD
uA 2 1 1 0
uB 3 1 1
uC 3 2
uD 2
To the Co-Retweet Matrix
Tweeting Users
Tw
eeti
ng
Use
rs
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Co-Retweet Visualization
Nodes represent top retweeted accounts uA – uD
Edges mean that the connected nodes have been co-retweeted Weighted by how many
users have co-retweeted the two nodes
Created using Gephi
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Step 1: Layout
Force Atlas Algorithm developed by
Gephi Force Directed layout Attraction between
connected nodes Repulsion between
unconnected nodesNodes with stronger
connections (more edges, heavier weight) are attracted to each other
Source: ForceAtlas2, A Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualization
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Step 2: Community
Modularity Algorithm to assign groups Detects communities
within a networkEach community has
a different color
Source Fast unfolding of communities in large networks
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Step 3: Node Rank
Eigenvector centrality Measures the
influence of a node in the network based off the connections with that node
Similar to Google’s PageRank algorithm
Nodes are made larger and darker based on higher centrality values
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Co-Retweet Graph of 2nd Debate
Interactive Graph
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Co-Retweet Graph of 3rd Debate
Interactive Graph
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Why a Co-Retweeting Model?
Co-retweeting focuses only on the content creators
Reveals the perceivedrelationships between accounts Unbiased media accounts
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Co-Retweet Network vs. Retweet Network
Retweet network contains three types of accounts Users who
generate original content
Users who aggregate content by retweeting other sources
Users who do bothAuthorities vs.
Hubs
Retweeted Only48.0%
Wrote Original Tweets Only
41.2%
Both Wrote and Retweeted
10.8%
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Authorities Hubs
Accounts writing tweets
Creating original content
Accounts retweeting content
Aggregating data from lots of sources
Sifting through and picking out content they find worth recommending
Comparing Content Creators to Retweeters
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Applications of Recommender System
Given the set of users a person follows or has retweeted
Recommend additional users to follow during the debates
Useful for people who are not savvy with Twitter Don’t know the users to follow Or don’t generally focus on political content, only interested
during election seasonFocus on users who are creating interesting content
during the debates Might not be the users with millions of followers Or they don’t regularly tweet about politics
Have a record of the most interesting content of the debate, to browse based on your own interests
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Are these accounts still tweeting about politics?
Politically Active34.6%
Nonpolitical65.4%
Of the top 1,500 retweeted accounts for the 16th and the 22nd, how many are still generating relevant political content?
Source: Finn, S., and Mustafaraj, E. 2012. Learning to Discover Political Activism in the Twitterverse. In KI-Künstliche Intelligenz 27 (1), 17-24
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Conclusion
Massive amount of data on Twitter during the debates
Human computation to create recommender system
Co-retweeting connections reveal perceived relationships between accounts
Recommender system allows for easier and more meaningful consumption of data in real time
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Future Work
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Highlight the Accounts You Follow
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Highlight the Accounts You Follow
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Highlight the Accounts You Follow
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Highlight the Accounts You Follow
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Highlight the Accounts You Follow