Prepared by; Hummara shaheen

Pharm D final prof

Faculty of pharmacy

University of Baluchistan

Quetta, Pakistan

Introduction

Properties

Structure

Biological actions

Deficiency of vitamin B-12

Source

Synthesis

Absorption

Forms available

Amount needed

Therapeutic effects

cautions

Vitamin B complex

B1(thiamine)

B2 (riboflavin)

B3( pantothenic

acid )

Folic acid

B5(nicotinic acid)

B6(pyridoxin)

B12 (cyanocobala

mine)

Water soluble vitamins.

Not synthesized by body

Essential vitamin

Discovered in 1948

Used for pernicious anemia

Absorbed well from distal part of ileum.

Biologically active organic compound.

Basic in nature

Complex molecule

Cobalt as part of structure

Crystalline red needle

source

liver meat bacteriaLiver

extract

Carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.

Metabolism of every cell

Essential for normal functioning of all cells

especially:

Bone marrow

Nervous system

GIT

Anabolic process of DNA

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes

tiredness,

weakness,

loss of appetite,

weight loss,

megaloblastic anemia.

Nerve problems, such as numbness and

tingling in the hands and feet, can also

occur.

Other symptoms

depression,

confusion,

dementia,

poor memory,

and soreness of the mouth or tongue.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can damage the

nervous system even in people who don't

have anemia, so it is important to treat a

deficiency as soon as possible.

Cyanocobalamin is commercially prepared by

bacterial fermentation.

The bacteria involved is streptomyces

griseus.

the vitamin is precipitated from aqueous

solution saturated with sulphate and 1-

butanol.

Purification is achieved by chromatography.

Recrystallization is also applied for

purification.

Sytreptomyces gracius

fermentation

Precipitation

Purification by chromatography

Crystallization

VITAMIN B 12

1 butanol.sulphate

Sharp red band

separated and

elutedWater and

acetone added

Two steps are required for the body to

absorb vitamin B12 from food.

First, HCL in the stomach separates vitamin

B12 from the protein to which vitamin B12 is

attached in food.

vitamin B12 combines with a protein made

by the stomach called intrinsic factor and is

absorbed by the body.

Vitamin B12 is found in almost all

multivitamins. Dietary supplements that

contain only vitamin B12, or vitamin B12 with

nutrients such as folic acid and other B

vitamins, are also available.

Vitamin B12 is also available in sublingual

forms.

A prescription form of vitamin B12 can be

administered as a shot. This is usually used

to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.

Vitamin B12 is also available as a prescription

medication in nasal gel form.

How much vitamin B12 needed?

The amount of vitamin B12 you need each

day depends on your age. Average daily

recommended amounts for different ages are

listed below in micrograms (mcg):

Life Stage Recommended Amount

Birth to 6 months 0.4 mcg

Infants 7–12 months 0.5mcg

Children 1–3 years 0.9mcg

Children 4–8 years 1.2mcg

Children 9–13 years 1.8mcg

Teens 14–18 years 2.4mcg

Adults 2.4mcg

Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the

body's nerve and blood cells healthy and

helps make DNA. Vitamin B12 is used in:

Pernicious anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

B 12 deficiency

Allergic to b 12

Gout

Low serum level of potassium

Pregnancy

Lactation

Drugs as acetyl salicylic acid, ACE inhibitors ,

alcohol etc.

FERROUS FUMERATEC4H2FeO4

OUTLINE

definition

Introduction

Iron absorption

Structure

Properties

Preparation

Uses

Side effects

contraindications

DEFINITION

Ferrous fumarate contains not less than 93.0 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 101.0 per cent of iron(II) (E)-butenedioate , calculated with reference to the dried substance. (EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA)

INTRODUCTION

Ferrous fumerate is also called as iron II fumerate.

Can be given orally and parentally Oral absorption is good

Iron absorption

IRON SOURCES

IRON

ORGANIC

MEAT

EGG YOLK

LIVER

INORGANIC

FRUITS

VEGETABLES

IRON REQUIREMENTS

IN MALE:

1mg/day

IN FEMALES:

1.5-2mg/day

STRUCTURE

properties

Radish orange to radish brown color

Hardly soluble in water

Very slightly soluble in alcohol

M.P is 280 degree centigrade

Granular form

Stable even at 200 degree centigrade

Odorless powder

preparation

The synthesis of iron(II) fumarate is based on the fumaric acid conversion into disodium fumarate by neutralization. yielding iron(II) fumarate, brick-red precipitate with over 98 % purity.

Fumeric acid

The reaction was performed in nitrogen atmosphere at 90 °C during 30 minutes providing an inert atmosphere required to prevent oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric.

The resulting precipitate was separated from the solution by filtration in vacuum. In order to remove impurities the residue was rinsed several times with distilled water, then dried at 105 °C for one hour.

Fumeric acid Disodium femerate precipitation Filteration(vaccum) Washing(for 1 hour)Ferous

fumerate(pure)

uses

Pernicious anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency

When can not tolerate other iron preparation

Side effects

Anorexia

Nausea

Vomiting

Constipation

Cramping

Exacerbates ulceration

contraindications

Allergic to iron and its analogues

Ulceration

iron metabolism disorder

Inflammation in the lining of stomach or intestine.

Hemolytic Anemia