vitamins and deficiency diseases
TRANSCRIPT
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VITAMINS AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES
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INTRODUCTION
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Vitamins are organic compounds required in the diet in small quantities to perform
biological functions.
We obtain them from :
foods we eat or via vitamin supplements.
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VITAMINS
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According to solubility vitamins are of:
Fat-soluble &
Water-soluble
Thirteen vitamins are known of which:
Four are fat-soluble : Vitamins A , D , E ,K
Nine are water- soluble.
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Distinction between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
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Fat soluble vitamins are readily stored in the body.
Not readily excreted in urine.
Excess consumption can lead to their accumulation and toxic effects.
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VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS
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Synthetic or natural substances which can be purchased as pills, capsules, powders or liquids.
Best when accompanied by a well balanced diet.
Do not replace a healthy diet.
Do not provide calories or energy.
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RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES(RDA)
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These are suggested levels of essentialnutrients considered adequate to meetnutritional needs of healthy individuals.
Requirements are influenced by physical characteristics , dietary habits, sex, pregnancy, lactation and age.
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MULTIVITAMIN SUPPLEMENT
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A multivitamin should contain fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E ; water-soluble vitamins B1,B2,B6,B12 , niacin, biotin , folic acid , pantothenic acid and vitamin C.
Contains minerals :zinc, magnesium, copper, and calcium.
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VITAMINS
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Fat-soluble Water-soluble
Vitamin A B-ComplexNon B-Complex
Vitamin CVitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin(B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pyridoxine(B6)
Biotin(B7)
Folic acid (B9)
Vitamin B12
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FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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VITAMIN- A
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It is the name given to a group of related compounds :
Retinol (vitamin A alcohol)Retinal ( vitamin A aldehyde)
Retinoic acid ( vitamin A acid)
Its provitamin carotenes are found in plants.
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SOURCES:
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Fish oil , liver, egg yolk, milk, cheese , butter.
Vegetable sources contains provitamin A carotenes.
Yellow and dark vegetables and fruits are sources of carotenes.
Carrots
mango
papaya
spinach.
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A
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Maintenance of normal vision.
Maintenance of normal cartilaginous and bone growth.
Increased immunity against infections in children.
Anti-proliferative effect.
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VITAMIN- A DEFICIENCY
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May be due to :
inadequate dietary intake
impaired intestinal absorption
Chronic alcoholism.
Impaired vision – Night blindness.
Extremely dry skin ,hair or nails.
Epithelial metaplasia and keratinization.
Xerophthalmia ( dry eye ).
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VITAMIN D
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SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
CALCITRIOL.
Exists in two activated sterol forms:
Vitamin D2 - CALCIFEROL Vitamin
D3 - CHOLECALIFEROL.
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SOURCES:
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Sunlight.
Milk.
Fish.
Orange juice .
Fortified cereals.
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D
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Maintenance of adequate plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous.
Metabolic functions.
Bone mineralization.
Neuromuscular transmission.
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VITAMIN -D DEFICIENCY
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May be due to:
Limited exposure to sunlight
Diet deficiency.
Renal disorders.
Rickets.
Osteomalacia ( in adults).
Hypocalcaemictetanydue to neuromuscular
dysfunction.
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CAUSES
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Increased risk of:CancersAutoimmune diseases Hypertension
WHO IS AT RISK ?
Covered and protected skin Elderlybreast – fed infants
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VITAMIN E
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Vitamin E describes a family of eight antioxidants:
four tocopherols
four tocotrienols.
It is an antioxidant in cells.
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SOURCES
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Vegetables:
spinach
carrot
Egg
Bread
Almonds
Peanuts.
vegetable oils
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN-E
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Antioxidant.
Inhibits platelets aggregation.
Enhances vasodilation.
Scavenger of free radicals.
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VITAMIN -E DEFICIENCY
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Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Hemolytic anaemia in children.
Neurological symptoms (impaired coordination and muscle relaxation).
RISK FACTOR : fat malabsorption syndrome.
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THERAPEUTIC USES
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DIABETES MELLITUS.
CANCER PREVENTION.
PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
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VITAMIN K
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K derived from the German wordKOAGULATION
Two naturally occuring forms :
Plants synthesize phylloquinone – Vitamin K1
Bacteria synthesize menaquinone-3 – Vitamin K2
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SOURCES
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Vegetable oils
Almonds
Peanuts
Spinach
Body can produce its own(from bacteria in intestine).
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN-K
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Helps in clotting .
Assist in bone mineralization.
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VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
It is common in adults.
Biliary obstruction .
Due to antibiotic therapy.
Due to malabsorption syndrome.
Hemmorhage.
Deficiency may appear in infants or in people.
Who take anticoagulants such as Warfarin.
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WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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VITAMIN C
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Exist as L- ascorbic acid.
Smokers and lactating mother needs higher range.
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SOURCES
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Fruits
Vegetables
Tomato juice
Sweet potato
Citrus fruit
Orange juice.
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMINC
Collagen synthesis.
Body to fight against infections.
Keep gum’s healthy.
Aids in the prevention of heart disease and cancer.
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VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
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Leads to scurvy.
Weight loss.
Slow healing of wound and fractured bone.
Fatigue and joint pain.
Skin rash .
Anaemia.
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THERAPEUTIC USES
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Cardiovascular diseases.
Cataracts.
Diabetes mellitus.
Cancer prevention.
Common cold.
Lead toxicity.
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VITAMIN B
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Group of seven water-soluble vitamins : Thiamine
Riboflavin Niacin Pyridoxine Cobalamin Biotin Pantothenic acid Folic acid
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Biotin and pantothenic acid deficiencies are rare.
As it is found in numerous foods.
Biotin deficiency may occur with prolonged antibiotic therapy.
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VITAMIN B1-THIAMINE
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SOURCES
Yeasts Cereals liver
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FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE
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ATP production.
Stabilizing the appetite.
Proper nerve function.
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VITAMIN -B1 DEFICIENCY
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BERI-BERI.
WERNICKE –KORSAKOFF SYNDROME.
RISK OF THIAMIN DEFICIENCY
Excessive loss: hemodialysis and diuretics.
Low intake and alcoholism.
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THERAPEUTICUSE
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CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.
CANCER PREVENTION.
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE.
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VITAMIN B2-RIBOFLAVIN
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Also called YELLOWRESPIRATORY ENZYME.
Cytochrome oxidase enzyme.
Rapidly absorbed from the bowel and stored in tissues.
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SOURCES
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Eggs.
Meat.
Leafy green vegetables.
Milk
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FUNCTIONS OFRIBOFLAVIN
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Energy production.
Cell respiration.
Maintenance of good vision ,skin ,nails.
Carbohydrate ,fat and protein metabolism.
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RIBOFLAVINDEFICIENCY
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Itching and burning eyes.
Oily skin.
Dermatitis.
Digestive disturbances.
Cracks and sores in mouth and lips.
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VITAMIN B3 -NIACIN
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Includes biologically active derivative:
NICOTINAMIDE
Essential for the formation of two oxidative coenzymes ( dehydrogenases ).
NAD ( Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide )
NADP.
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SOURCES
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Liver
Kidney
Meat
Green vegetables
Grain cereals.
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FUNCTIONS OF NIACIN
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Energy production.
Improves circulation.
Maintenance of skin and tongue.
Maintenance of nervous system.
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VITAMIN B3DEFICIENCY
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Pellagra – rare in Western societies.
Nervousness .
irritability
Fatigue .
Head ache.
Insomnia.
Mental depression.
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VITAMIN B5-PANTOTHENICACID
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FUNCTIONS
Produces energy.
SOURCESFruits ,meats, poultry ,legumes .
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VITAMIN B6-PYRIDOXINE
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Related to two naturally occuring substance:
pyridoxine , pyridoxal , pyridoxamine.
SOURCESMeat
Eggs
Green vegetables
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6
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Production of red blood cells.
Nervous system function.
Immunity.
Reducing muscle spasm , cramps and numbness.
Maintaining proper balance of sodium and phosphorous.
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DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B6
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Nervousness , Insomnia
Skin lesions
Loss of muscle control, muscle weakness.
Arm and leg cramps.
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VITAMIN B7 -BIOTIN
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SOURCES
Meat
Egg yolk
Soya beans
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FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B7
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Produce energy.
Helps produce body chemicals (insulin).
In gene expression.
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VITAMIN-B7 DEFICIENCY
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Nausea.
Anorexia.
Mental and neurological symptoms :
Hallucination
Depression
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VITAMIN B9-FOLICACID
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SOURCES Yeasts
leafy vegetables
FUNCTION
Synthesis of nucleic acids
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FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY
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Neural tube defects.
Anaemia.
THERAPEUTIC USE:
Chronic hemolytic anaemia.
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VITAMIN B12-COBALAMIN
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FUNCTIONS
Proper nerve function.
Production of red blood cells.
DNA reproduction.
Prevention of anaemia.
Metabolizing fats and proteins.
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VITAMIN- B12DEFICIENCY
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Anemia nerve damage hypersensitive skin.