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BIOREMEDIATIONOF ENDOSULFAN

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ENDOSULFAN

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WHAT IS ENDOSULFAN

An Organochloro Pesticide A Sulfurous Acid Ester Of Chlorinated Cyclic

Diol

Chemical Name: 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-

hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzo(e)dioxathiepin-3-oxide

Molecular Formula: C9H6Cl6O3S

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Brownish in Colour

Solid Under Normal Conditions

Crystalline In Nature

Slight Odour Of Sulphurdioxide

0.33 mg/L solubility

1.7 g/cc density

102 deg C Melting pt

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WHERE IS ENDOSULFAN USEDAgricultural Lands, Plantations And

Farmlands

Effective Against Pests - Beetles, Caterpillar, Colorado Beetle, Leaf Hoppers, Woolly Aphids, Cabbage Worms, Etc

Preharvest Insecticide For Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts, Field And Grain Crops Including Rice

Non Food Crops Like Tobacco And Cotton

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PRODUCTION AND USAGE IN INDIAHindustan Insecticides Ltd Sole Producer In India

ThionexEndocilPhaserBenzoepin

120 Million Indian Farming Families Use Endosulfan

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FIELD APPLICATION

Sprayed From 2m - 3m Above Foliage

Adjacent Residents- Away For 20 Days

Water Bodies Covered

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HOW IS IT HARMFUL TO HUMANS

Neurotoxin

Carcinogen

Polio-like Deformities

Via Direct Skin Contact, Inhalation and Ingestion

But Only Negligible Effects on Pollinators

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NEUROLOGIC SYSTEMIC

CNS Directly

Nausea

Dizziness

Convolutions

Lowering of IQ

Kidney And Liver

Damage To RBCs

Tumor Promotion

Birth Defects

Mutation

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BIO-REMEDITIONOf Endosulfan

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WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATON

A Solution To A Problem By Biological Action

Plants- Phytoremediation

Microbes- Bacterial Or Fungal

Bioremediation (carbon source)

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STUDIES CONDUCTED

28 soil fungi49 soil bacteria10 actinomycetes

Found To Posses Reasonable Ability To Degrade Endosulfan.

Using C14-labeled Isotope, Qualitative As Well As Quantitative Formation Of Metabolites Followed

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CHEMICAL REACTION

Basically, It Involves Biochemical Reactions

The Major Metabolites Are

Endosulfate- Formed By Oxidation Of The Sulfites

Endodiol- Formed By Hydrolysis Of The Ester

Bond

Small Quantities Of Endohydroxyether

Endosulfate From Fungi

Endodiol From Active Bacteria.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

Factors Influencing Degradation Of

Endosulfan

Martens Experiment

Pilot Scale Reactor Experiment

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FACTORS INFLUENCING DEGRADATION OF ENDOSULFAN

Study # 1

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DETAILS

Niranjan Awasthi, Rajiv Ahuja, Ashwani Kumar

Parrysulphan 35% Ec

2 Strains Of Bacillus Sp

2 Soil Samples

Clay 60%, Silt 30%, Sand 10%, O C.38% pH 8.7

Clay 39%, Silt12%, Sand 49%, O C.59% pH 9.37

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EFFECT OF pH

Significant Effect

Nil At pH 3.0

Slight At pH 5.0

Significant At pH 7.5- 8.5, Less Endo diol

At pH 10- 12, Completely to Endo diol

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EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CARBON SOURCES

Reduced Efficiency

Glucose, Sodium Succinate

Similar Results For Both Isomers

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EFFECT OF ADDITIONAL CARBON SOURCES

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EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE

Increased Efficiency

2 x 105 CFU/g Soil Had No Significant

Effect

2x106 Cells Stimulated A Rapid

Degradation

2 X 107, 4x107 ,108 Resulted In Initial

Increase

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EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE

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EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION

Rapid Degradation at Low Conc. 50 µg/g

of Soil

Speed Reduces With Higher Initial Conc.

Higher Conc. 50mg/g has inhibitory effect

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EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION

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MARTENS EXPERIMENTStudy # 2

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DETAILS

By Dr Rainer Martens

Germen Institute

Samples From Around The Globe

28 Bacteria strains and 49 Fungi

Sorted The Bacterial and Fungi strains As

Per Their Activity And Efficiency

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LIST OF FUNGI

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LIST OF BACTERIA

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INFERENCE

Bacteria With A High Degradation Capacity Hydrolyzed Endosulfan To Endodiol

The Fungi With A High Degradation Capacity Oxidized Endosulfan To Endosulfate

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PILOT SCALE REACTOR EXPERIMENT

Study # 3

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DETAILS

By Dr Mathav Kumar and Dr Liggy Philip

Used 3 Bacterial Strains

• Staphylococcus sp

• Bacillus circulans -I and II

Specially Fabricated Soil Reactor

Also Conducted Lab Scale Experiments

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EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARYCARBON SOURCE

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EFFECT OF INOCULUM SIZE IN AQUEOUS SYSTEM

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EFFECT OF pH

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INFERENCE

• External Carbon Source Increases Degradation Efficiency

• Ph Has A Significant Effect On Endosulfan Degradation

• Performance Of Anaerobic Soil Reactors Was Better

Compared To Aerobic Soil Reactors Irrespective Of Soil

Type

• Maximum Efficiency Was Observed In Sandy Soil

• Efficiency Was More In Bottom Layers Due To The

Prevailing Anaerobic Condition

• The Optimum Moisture Content 35–40%

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CONCLUSION

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Suitability of Bioremediation to

Endosulfan

Advantages of Bioremediation• Surface• Sub surface• Water (surface and ground)

Limitation of Bioremediation - Air

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by Vivek S VNIT CALICUT

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