Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview

Chapter 10 – Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, DNA, RNA, and Protein and Protein SynthesisSynthesis

Describes a microorganism that causes disease and

that is highly infectious; refers to

viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle

Virulent

The transfer of genetic material in

the form of DNA fragments from one

cell to another or from one organism

to another

Transformation

A virus that infects bacteria

Bacteriophage

In a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit

that consists of a sugar, a

phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

A five-carbon sugar that is a

component of DNA nucleotides

Deoxyribose

An organic base that contains

nitrogen, such as a purine or

pyrimidine; a subunit of a

nucleotide in DNA and RNANitrogenous

base

A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the

two general categories of nitrogenous bases

found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or

guaninePurine

A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general catgories of nitrogenous bases

found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or

uracilPyrimidine

The rules stating that cytosine pairs with

guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in

DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA

Base-pairing rules

The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA

or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs

with thymine or uracil; guanine pairs with

cytosine

Complementary base pair

The process of making a copy of

DNA

DNA replication

An enzyme that separates DNA

strands

Helicase

A Y-shaped point that results when the two

strands of a DNA double helix separate

so that the DNA molecule can be

replicated

Replication fork

An enzyme that catalyzes the

formation of the DNA molecule

DNA polymerase

In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is

newSemi-

conservative replication

A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA

molecule

Mutation

A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

The process of forming a nucleic acid by using

another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a

template

Transcription

The portion of protein synthesis that takes

place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in

mRNA molecules to specify the sequence

of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Translation

The formation of proteins by using

information contained in DNA

and carried by mRNA

Protein synthesis

A five-carbon sugar present in

RNA

Ribose

A single-stranded RNA molecule that

encodes the information to make a protein

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

An RNA molecule that transfers

amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

An enzyme that starts the

formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule

as a template

RNA polymerase

A nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to

which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a

specific gene

Promoter

A specific sequence of

nucleotides that marks the end of a

gene

Termination signal

The rule that describes how a sequence of

nucleotides, read in groups of three

consecutive nucleotides that corresponds to specific amino acids,

specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

Genetic code

In DNA, a three-nucleotide

sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a

stop signalCodon

A region of tRNA that consists of

three bases complementary to

the codon of mRNA

Anticodon

The complete genetic material contained in an

individual

Genome