vocals lgk misu06 a chilean perspective of vocals laura gallardo klenner center for mathematical...
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VOCALS lgk misu06
A Chilean perspective of VOCALSLaura Gallardo Klenner
Center for Mathematical Modeling, University of Chile (CNRS UMI 2807)[email protected]
Mechoso Bretherton
Huebert Weller
Wood
contribution to
SOLAS/IGAC?
http://www.joss.ucar.edu/vocals/
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Outline
• VOCALS REx: a few highlights
• Anthropogenic S perturbation of Sc?– Emissions– Coastal lows– Simulations– Observations
• Summary and next steps
“Camanchaca”
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SST CC%
CF
Why focusing over the South East Pacific (SEP)? Subtropical high
(subsidence)Andes Cordillera induces LLJUpwelling cold water and nutrients (fishery)CCN productionPersistent ScEffective coolingImportant for regional and global climate…but models don’t get the Sc right +Substantial anthropogenic perturbations
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CGCM Problems
•There is a meridional shift in ITCZ •a warm SST bias
•and insufficient stratocumulus cloud cover
Mechoso, 2006
CFS Errors
SST
Prec
CLD
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South Eastern Pacific/Western South America…WOW!!!
• Active volcanoes (natural emissions)
• Atacama: dryest desert of the world between the open Pacific and the heigh Andes (dust and circulations)
• Intensive and long-term mining activities (anthropogenic emissions)
• Humboldt current, upwelling and fishery (biogenic emissions, air-sea exchange and circulations)
• Most persistent and extensive subtropical Sc deck of the SH (microphysics and energy balance)
VOCALS lgk misu06Garreaud, 2006
DMS, sea salt
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Pockets of open cells (POCs)e.g.,
WOW
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In the remote marine atmosphere the supply of DMS and its oxidation mechanisms limit the rates of new particle nucleation and growth.
These processes probably control the re-filling of POCs with clouds.
Iodine, ammonia, and organics may also play a role.
Huebert, 2006
e.g., WOW
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Weller, 2006
Surface forcing from buoy driving a one-dimensional ocean model (PWP) produces a surface layer that is too warm and too salty.
Additional cooling and freshening is needed…..Eddies?)
e.g., WOW
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Wood, 2006
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NB. Optimi$m•NASA/NOAA/NSF proposals under review•Chilean projects to be submitted July 11th
1 month intensive campaign in October 2007 8
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Swedish connection…CCN characterization
~ 250 kUSD
Chilean Air Force
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IMARPE fishery research cruise:
Oct-Nov 2007
Study region
Main goals (main instruments):
1. Characterize the near-coastal 3D wind structure (ship-borne wind profiling radar).
2. Assess the relation between the wind and mesoscale ocean processes (upwelling and eddies) (wind profiler, CTDs and ADCP)
3. Determine the dynamical and thermodynamical structure associated with the coastal clearing (ship-borne radiosoundings).
Field experiment: October-November 2007
Cost ~ $70K (Peru)
International Partners - Peru
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Chile is world’s largest Cu producer… Peru is also a Cu producer
Lefhon et al, 1999
CONAMA, 2001
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Could the man made S emissions affect the cloud radiative properties? Under which conditions are anthropogenic emissions transported offshore?
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Garreaud et al, 2002
COASTAL LOWS once a week
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Coupled circulations/summer
Mechoso, 2006
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Cerro Moreno
Chuquicamata
Strong easterly wind events downwind from the largest smelter…CL like?
Huneeus, 2003
•Evalution of Antofagasta soundings 1989-2002•Focus on extreme events: v700hPa >5 m/s
82 events Composite
CL like
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S-SO2 S-SO4
Em
issi
on
s (9
5%)
Em
issi
on
s (5
%)
Dry
dep
osi
tio
n
Dry
/ w
et
dep
osi
tio
n
OH
Swedish MATCH+HIRLAM fields (ca. 0.1°)
Dynamical Interpolation
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Model Outputs
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We should expect changes in cloud droplet radii …or????
Average Jul20-Aug20 Event July 26
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Observations?Average Jul20-Aug20 July 26
][
4
3
3
3
cm
kHr
LWPCDNC
effw
Suggestive, isn’t it?
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MODIS-Cloud droplet
concentration
Wood 2005
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FO
ND
EC
YT
2007-2010
Ana María Córdova (CEAZA)Manuel Leiva (CENMA)Laura Gallardo (CMM)
• …emission strengths/distribution …– Anthropogenic and volcanic: compile, order, check, extrapolate…– Biogenic:…parameterize…ROUGH estimate
• …regional distribution and relative contributions..– Dispersion modeling using re-analysis and downscaling– Compare with available observations
• …which aerosols become CCN…– Intensive campaign (2008):
• activated aerosols at a camanchaca station (CVI+on-line analysis)
• PM10/PM2.5 at the same site & PIXE analyses & ionchromatograph
• SO2 continuosly• Sunphotometer(s)
– Deploy passive samplers for N-S transect and seasonal changes• ..changes in reff, CDNC…
– Regional climate model simulations– Trend analyses for satellite data
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Summary• The SEP region is a fantastic research area!!..with a large
potential for scientific growth• VOCALS offers a unique opportunity to improve our
(quantitative) understanding of aerosol-cloud-climate and land-sea-atmosphere interactions
• There is “evidence” of an impact of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols on the subtropical Sc deck (Huneeus et al, 2006)
• The Swedish scientific contribution is key for characterizing the coastal CCN
Laguna Chaxa, Atacama, Chile