Vol. XVII, No. 2 February 1960

JJ1 (/tis Issue . . .� ON THE COVER ­

Ca lv in G. Norris, form er sci entist in the Depa r tmen t of Agri cultural Biochemist ry, de­term ines the baking qu ality of milk . See the ar ti cle on pa ge 12. Min nesot a' s Men of Science 2

What is the Value of Hardwo ods in South ­ea stern Minnesota ? Peter F. Ffollio tt , Donald P . Duncan, and Fran k D. Irv ing 3

Prair ie F ire-A New Rose. R. A . Phillips .. ... 4

ANew Fruit In troduc t ion - Trumpeter� Straw ber ry . A. N. Wilcox , T. S. W eir,� J. D. W inter, and Shirle y Trantanella 4

Hardy Azaleas for Minnesota Gardens. L. C. Sn yder, R. J . St adth err, and A . G. Joh nson . 5

Can We Eat Our Way Out of the Sur plus Problem ? Mar tin A bel .......................... 6

Herr ing bone Milking P arlors. Earl Fuller and Ru ssell E. Larson 7

How Fertilizer In fluences Amino Acids in Alfalfa and Corn. John M. MacGregor ...... 8

Which Detergent and Ho w Mu ch for a Clean Home Laundry? Flor ence Ehrenkranz . 9

Lamb Pastures - Annual (T emporary ) Cr ops. W alt er F . W edin and Robert M. Jordan 10

Milk Proteins Po se P ro bl ems in Manufac­turing Da iry Products. Robert Jenness .. .. . 12

A Compar ison of Granular an d Spray Her bicides. Richard B ehrens 13

Incr ease Persist ency for More Milk. Herbert Struss 14

Teenage Interests and Social Act iviti es. Gord on Bultena, George A. Donohue, and Marv in J . Taves 15

Published by the University of Minnesota� Agricultural Experiment Station. Institute of�

Agriculture. S1. Paul 1. Minnesota�

Director-H. iI. Sloan� Assistant Director-M. F. Ke rnkamp�

Editor-Harold B. Swanson� Editorial Committee-Harold B. Swans on.� chairman; I. W. Lambert; A. F. Weber; Eva n R. Allred; George R. Blake ; E. F. Graham;

Joan G ordon; and Maxine A . Larson Dea n of th e Institute of Agriculture-H. Macy

Minnesota's Men of Science� Editor's Note--This is the thirty-first in a series of articles

introducing scientists of the University of Minnesota Institute of Agriculture.

One of Minnesota 's and th e nation's most significan t changes in dairyin g can be credited, in part at least, to the head of the University of Minnesota's Dairy Department, C. L . "Stub" Cole. That change­the widespread adoption of artificia l in semination in dair y cattle breeding- w as nothing mo re than an idea onl y 30 yea r s ago. Then in 1938, Col e, an energeti c young resear cher at the Univer sity 's North Central Expe riment S ta ti on, presented the nation's first paper on ar t ificia l breeding in da iry cattle at the American Dairy Science meet­ing at Columbus, Ohio. Two years earli er he had formed the state's first art ificial breeding association w ith four dairy herds in the Grand Rapids area.

Since then artificial breeding of dairy cattle has become a standard practice in Minnesota and the nation. Today over a half million cattle are bred art ificially in Minnesota. The result is h igher , more effi­cien t production and better ca ttle on Min­ne sota farms .

Col e has headed the University's dairy department since 1956. In this capacity he gives leadership to the University 's teach ­ing and research program in milk secre­tion, breeding, feeding, and m anagement of dairy cattle.

Cole's interest in the dairy industryC. L. Cole dates back to hi s you th when he milked

cows on his father's farm near Lowell, Michigan. He attended Michigan Stat e Un ive rsity and received his B.S. degree there in 1929. He then came to the University of Minnesota to work at the North Central Ex pe ri men t Station and to pursue his gr aduate study. He received his M.S. degree in 1936 and then later after several intervening positions recei ved h is Ph.D. in 1956. His graduate thesis concerned the r elation ­ship between heredity and nutr ition in sw ine production.

In his ear ly days a t Grand Rapids, Cole did not confine his interests to dairy ca t tle alone. As a research worker in animal breeding, work­ing with the famous L. M. Winters, he helped develop the first cro sse s for the Minnesota No.1 hog.

In 1939, he r eturned to Michigan State Universit y, where, until 1946, he was an associate pro fessor in charge of animal breeding. He ' ser ve d as a farm counse lor and business manager for Colbydale's Farms, Rom eo, Michigan, from 1945-50. He was a veterans' instructor during the same period.

While in Michigan, Cole was president of the Michigan Purebred Dairy Cattle Association and director of the Michigan Guernsey Asso­cia tion . He is a m ember of the Amer ican Dairy Science Ass ociation, the Society of Animal Production, and Sigma Xi , and Gam m a Sigma Delta. He is listed in American Men of Sci ence and was selected in 1958 for W ho's Who in America.

Cole r eturned to Grand Ra pids, Minnesota in 1950 to become super­int en den t of the North Centr a l Station, a position he held until Octobe r 1956, when he became head of the University's dairy depart­ment.

MINNE SOTA F ARM AN D HOME S CIENCE 2

Wltat is tltc Valuc of Hardwoods In Southeastern Minnesota Woodlands?

PETER F. FFOLLIOTT. DONALD P. DUNCAN. FRANK D. IRVING

YOU HAVE basswood, black 100 Basswood I F ch er ry, b lack walnut, or red elm $15.60

in your woodlot, you may have a ve r y 5Z.Z5

profit abl e in vestment tha t deserves SO 37,

specia l attention . High quality t rees of these species produce logs that a r e d.b h. d.b.h. d.b.h.

used for the manufacture of veneer , 6l\" 1I l\" 19l\"

furn iture, paneling, and other special Sloelc. cherry

products. Because of the ste ady d e­100

$72.00

mand for these products, suitable logs $5.52

have commanded rela tively h igh prices in recent yea r s. 50 3Z/

In these species, value increases d.b.h d.b.h. dU or apidly with log diameter, so do not 6lh" 14" ZZ·

cut t r ees which are sound and v igo r­ 0

~ 81ock Wolnut ous as soon as they reach merchant­ 100 $IZ4.Z0

't $I3.Z0 able size. A r ece nt study in south­ x

easte rn Minnesota shows that these $1.20

trees a re capable of producing their SO

best value increases when they are over 60 years old . d.h.h, d.b.h.

10!>' 14!>' To obt ain in form ation on the po­te ntial for valu able hardwood p roduc­ Red elm 100

$16.00 t ion on some of the better sites in $Z.50 southe as tern Minnesot a , we carried

on a pilot study during the summer SO/

of 1958. The best t r ees with dominant 50

crowns, good form, and few defects d.b.h. d.b.h d.b.h. were selected. They represented not sy,. 11\'2"' 17"

the average t ree bu t the m ost de­35 60 85

sir able specimens fou nd in the stands Age ' yeors)

exam ined . Growt h and ap~ ro xi.ma te value. delivered at the mill, of high quality ba ssw ood, cherry . wa lnut .

As a farmer in terest ed in keeping and e lm Ic qs (d.b .h . 1S diameter at 41/2 fe et above ground. volume given in hoa rd fe et ).

on ly his best livestock wants to know Si nce these valuable hardwood spe­ th e first 35 years. During anyonehow well they produce, we were in ­cies usually occur in mixed stands year after age 60, the value growthterested in learning how well the best with oa ks and other hardwoods, we for all species exceeds the entiret r ees grow. Since h igh grading in the studied growth for individ ual trees value produced in the first 35 years,past has removed some of the best rather than for stands . The sa mple showing the dis advantage of prema­trees fro m the stands examined, the� included 76 basswood, 73 bl ack w al ­ ture harvest.� selected specimens probably may be nut, 36 black cherry, and 35 red elm. Usi ng average prices from the Wis­only as good as the av erage trees that Only a few trees over 85 years old cons in Forest Produ ct s Price Review will be produced in m an aged st ands were incl uded, so we have no basis for May 1959 for high quality logs in the futu re. for predicting growth and r etu rns be­ delivered at the mill , cne can arriveThe trees measured as a basis for yond that age. at a reasonable estimate of the returnthis study were fou nd on state parks

The information obta in ed on ac­ resulting from holding trees of these or other public and p r iva te lands in cumulate d growth and estimated species until they approach maturity.Fillmore, Olmsted , Rice, Steel e, Wab­va lue for each species at 35, 60, and Trees at ages 35 and 60 were as­asha, and Winona Cou n ti es. We meas­85 years is shown in the figure. In the signed saw-log values whereas theured the age, height, diameter, and first 35 years, these trees produced larger 85-year-old trees were evalu­visible defects for each t ree, and little volume and practically negligi­ ated as veneer logs. This assumes th at no ted stand and site characteristics. bl e values . The board foot growth larger logs will be used for veneer,

Peter F. Ffolliott is a former research assist­ during any I-year period after age though smaller logs usually will not. ant. Dona ld P. Dun can is pro fessor. and Frank D. 60 is ab out equal t o that produced in Irvin g is ins tructor. School of Fore stry. (Con ti n ued on page 20)

VOL. XVII, No.2- F EBRUARY 1960 3

4

Prairie lire ­A NEW ROSE

R. A. PHILLIPS

1960 Introduction

PRAIRIE F IRE is a large flowered, fr agrant , semi-double flor ibunda

rose . It r esulted fr om the cross polli­nation of Re d Rocket (Uni versity of Minnesota varie ty in t roduced in 1949) and Rosa Arkansan a variety suff ulta, the n ative prairi e ro se, in 1952.

Prai r ie F ir e is very flor iferous, hav­ing 2Y2 - to 3-inch r ed flowers borne in la rge clust ers on v igoro us canes. Each cane will produce from 35 t o 55 indi vid ual b looms. The flow ers a re a very bright red with the ou te r pet al s sli gh tly dar ker than the inn er ones. The base of the petals is wh it e thus

R. A . Phillips is a ssistant professor, Depor t­me nt of Horticu lture .

having the effect of hi ghligh ting the red in the flower . The blossom s are lon g-l astin g and age slowly to a lovel y, clear p ink. The combination of the clear pin k and the b righter and deeper color of the buds and fresh bl oom s gives a brilliant fier y effe ct.

The plant is very vigoro us, p ro ­ducing numerou s succ eeding can es throughout the season . These ca nes arc ver y sturdy and u prigh t. The pla n ts will reach a height of 5 feet in a single season. The foli age is a d ark , glossy green.

P rairie F ire has demonstr ated ou t­st anding w in ter -hardiness for a flori­bund a rose in Minnesota. During five succeeding wint ers of testing, this plant has su rvived without special win te r pro tection . Howeve r, the w in­ter of 1958-59 with its pe net rat ing cold an d little or n o sno w cover dem ­onstrat ed the need for some protec­ti on. Th erefore, it is recommen ded that a 12-inch leaf or hay m ulch with­ou t earth m oundin g be provided.

P r air ie Fir e is especiall y useful as a showy flow ering sh r ub for land­scape plan t ings. It can be used very

A New'lruit ]ntroduction ­

TRUMPETER STRAWBERRY� A. N. WILCOX, T. S. WEIR, J. D. WINTER, and SHIRLEY TRANTANELLA

THE 'TRUMP ETER' st r awberry is a new June-bearing variety which

ripens rather late in the season. It produces handsome fruit with excep­tional qualities fo r market an d f ree z­ing as well as ho me use. The berries a re firm and maintain their fr esh con­d it ion and their beauty in the box for a r elati ve ly long t im e. Their fine fla-

A . N. Wilcox is pro fe s so r, De partment of Hort t­cult ure. T. S . We ir is assistant su per intendent, Fruit Bree ding Far m, J. D. Winter is associate profes sor, D ep a rtment of Horti culture , and Shir ley Trontanella is ins tructor, Food Processing Labo­ra tory . The first tw o of the se a uthors have been prima ril y conce rne d with the breeding and fie ld te sting of this va rie ty a nd the la tter two with the proc essing te sts .

VO l' , intense red flesh color , and abilit y to hold their shape contribu te to their desser t value whether fresh or f rozen .

The ber r ie s are large, well formed, and r elati vely uniform. They are ro unded hear t-shaped and may be de­scrib ed as "full y infl ated " ; that is , fr ee from crease s or wr inkles. Their attr active r ed colo r is heightened by con trast w it h the large, gr een "caps" and yello w seeds. The berri es make an ex cell en t appearanc e in the box or as indi vi dual specim ens. The flesh is red through out , suc cule nt, juicy, and of very good flavor.

ap p ropria tely as a background fo r a flow er border or a border of garden roses.

Prai ri e Fire h as been tested at the Un ive rsity of Minnesota b ranch ex ­periment stati ons and in ot her t est ga rde ns in the state. It is being propa­ga ted through an arrang eme nt with the Minnesota Nurserymen's Research Corporation and is no w fo r sale by retail nurseries.

Rose b reeding was sta r ted on a small scale in 1939 by the Department of Horticulture. The p rincipal objec­t ive was to develop varieties suit ed to Minnesot a's climate. In 1946 the rose­breed ing program was in tensified and the pr incipal obj ective became w in­ter-hardiness, espe ciall y for Minne ­sot a and no r thern areas.

Fou r varieties w ere in troduced in 1949: White Dawn, L . E. Longley, Red Rocket , and Pink Rocket. Of th ese, only White Dawn w as propagat ed by commerc ial rose gr ow ers and is ava il­ab le to the public. It is now listed in all the leading rose nursery cata­logues and is r egarded as an out ­st anding whit e ro se .

Replicated t ests of berries held at room temperature and under refrig­erat ion at abo ut 40 ° F . have shown that this vari ety is cap able of main­taining good marketable quality while other varieties develop frui t ro ts under comparable holding condi­tions. These t ests have been conduct­ed in cooperation with the Depart­ment of Plant P athology and Agricul­tural Botany, and the re sults are sup­ported by field observations of berries in quart box es and in boxes-in- crates kept without refrigeration in shaded but well-ventilated locati ons.

The Food Processin g Laboratory, which has test ed the f reezin g quality of m ore than 300 varieties and selec ­ti ons, has h ad the Trumpet er under test since 1949 , usu ally in a 4 t o 1 pack of sli ced ber ri es t o sug ar. The

(Continu ed on page 17)

M INNESOTA FARM AND H OME SCIENCE

Hardy Azaleas for Minnesota Gardens� L. C. SNYDER. R. J. STADTHERR. and A. G. JOHNSON

MANY MINNESOTA S would like t o grow azaleas. Here, we

consider the back grou n d, then the possibilities for growing this well­known plant.

Azaleas are m ostl y deciduous mem­bers of the gen us Rhododendron. This large gen us of over 600 species is di s­t ributed throughout the colder and t emperate r egions of the northern hemisphere. In America, most of the native species occu r on the P acific side of the Roc ky Mountains and in the m ountain r egions of the east ern st at es. A few dwar f sp ecies grow as far north as the Arctic ci rcle.

Th e real concen trat ion of sp ecies occurs in the mo untains of southern and western Asia, where hundred s of species grow that range from dwarf alpines a fe w inches tall in the Hima­layan mountains t o tree form s in the tropical forests of Malaya. A fe w sp e­cies are found in Japan , K orea, and Eastern China.

In addit ion to the n a tu ral species, thousands of horticultural varie ti es have been produced by hybridization.

With such a wide range in natural habitat, it is not surprising that azal­eas should di ffer greatly in hardiness. To te st the h ard iness of azaleas from various parts of the world we st arted a study in 1954. Thus fa r 37 named varieties and 16 species have been tested. Results to date have been m ost encouraging for some of the species an d a fe w of the named hybrid var i­et ies.

Culture

To succee d with azaleas, on e m u t understand their cultural require­me n ts. Most sp ecies require an acid soil. A pH range of 4.5 to 6.0 is id eal for most types. The soil should be high in organ ic m atter and well ­drained . Azale as must h ave a cont in ­uous supply of m oistu re an d, in our area, plants m ust be watered durin g dry periods. Most species and vari­et ies li ke partial shade. The north or east side of the house or the high

L. C. Snyd er Is professor and head . R. ).Sladtherr and A. G. Johnson a re instructors , De. pa rtment of Horticult ure.

VOL. XVII, No.2- FEBRUARY 1960

Mollis Hy brid Azal ea

sh ade of oak t rees provide ab out the r ight de gree of shade. The soil under oak trees is generally w ell suppli ed with organic m atter and is apt to be acid.

Soils with a pH hi gh er than 6 can be m odi fied for success ful azalea cul­ture by mixing acid peat moss into the soil. Ground sulfu r at the r ate of 1.6 pounds per 100 sq uare feet w ill lower the pH of a sandy loam soil one point. Sligh tl y more sulfur will b e needed for a clay loam and le ss for a sandy soil.

Small plants arc m ore economical to buy and become established quick­er than large plants. Plants should b e purchased with a ball of soil attached to the roots (B & B). Sc t the plants no d eep er than they were grow ing in the nursery as indicated by the top of the ball of ear th . Azaleas have shal ­low roots and will not stand deep planting.

Avoid cultivat ion to p rotect the shallo w feeding roots . A mulch sev­eral inches thick of acid peat mo ss or par ti ally d eca yed oak leaves will smother most weeds an d conserve moisture. It may be necessary to pull weeds th at come through the mulch. The mulch will al so keep th e ground cool.

Fertilizers for azaleas should give an acid r eac t ion . You can purchase specia l azal ea fer t ili ze rs or you can prepare them by mix ing 2 parts am­monium sulf ate , 3 parts superphos­phat e, and 1 part potassium sulfate.

Use as needed to maintain vigorous growth. Do not apply afte r August 1.

Th e testing program for azaleas was st ar ted at the Fruit Breeding Farm near Excel sior in the sp ring of 1954. In the sp ring of 1959, new pl antings were made in the Un iver­sity of Minnesota Landscape Arbore­tum near the Fruit Breeding Farm. This planting will be enlarged as new plan ts become available . No effort has been made to p rovide a sheltered location. The planting at the Fruit Breeding Farm is on a north slope and is exposed to north and west winds. The planting at the Arbore­tum is on a south slope. Both pl ant­ings have hi gh shade prov ided by la rge oak t rees. No winter p rotection has been provided exc ept for a few oak leaves on the ground.

Named variet ies of the Vuyk, Arn­old , Wada, K ur ume, and Glenn Dale hybrids have no t proven to be reli­ably hardy. Certain varieties of the Gable, Ghent, and K aemferi hyb rids show promise and will be tes ted fur­ther.

The Mollis hybrids have been most sat isfactory. Several crosses from se ­lected clones grown in Massachusetts were made in 1953. The seedlings started in the greenhouse in March 1954 were planted in their present locat ion in 1955. They flowered for the first time in 1957 and have bloomed profusely each spring sinc e. The flowers are large, flaring trum­pets 3 inches across. The colors range from orange-yellow to a clear pink.

Seed from th e Royal Horticultural Society of Scotland in 1954 has pro­duced seedlings that produce flowers ranging from bright yellow, tubular trumpet s to wide, flaring trumpet s of a clear pink. On e select ion produces flowers that are an apricot color.

Among the sp ecies azaleas tested , the following show the most promise: Rhododendron yedoense pouklum ense (Korean Yodogawa Azalea) , Rh odo­dendron vasey i (Pinkshell Azalea), Rhododendron canadense (Rhodora Aza­lea), Rhododendron caletulula ceum.

(Continued on pa ge 19)

5

6

Can We Eat Our Way Out of the Surplus Problem?�

MARTIN ABEL

SOLVING agriculture's surplus food problem by increasing domestic

consumption has been a popular idea since the early 1930's. Cons iderable thought and ene rgy have been de­voted t o developing means to increa se food consumption and reduce sur­pluses . The Food Stamp Plan of the late 1930's an d earl y 1940's, the pres­en t School Lunch Program, and the Sp ecial Milk Program are exam ples .

The goals of increased food con­sumption are (1 ) to reduce agricul­tural surpluses th rough increased food consumption and (2) to improve th e health an d vigor of our nation 's people. If consumers are enabled to ea t more and better foods the nutrient content of their diets will be im­proved . Although all nutr ient defi ­ciencies will not be eliminated (even the highest income groups have nu­tr it ion al shor tages), the size of the deficienci es will be r educed.

Many w ays for increasing the de­mand for farm food products have been su ggested . Three broad ap­proaches' exam ined in considerable detail a re:

Income approach which involves subsid izing low income con sumers for food needs (i.e., giving low income consumers the food purchasing power of a higher income group) .

Price approach which calls for r e­ducing retail prices of food and pay­ing producers the difference between the re sulting pric es and some estab­lished "fair " price.

Nutrition approach which assumes that eve ryone wo uld eat a nutr it ion­ally adequate diet at some specified level of cost.

Several levels of achievement un­der each approach are analyzed . By

Martin Abel is resea rch assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics.

1 For a more complete discussion, see Pol ici es tor Expandinq fhe Demand for Farm Food Prod­ucts in the United States; Part 1. History and Potent ials. Tech . Bul. 231. Univ. of Minn . Agri. Expl. Sla .. April 1959.

level of ach iev emen t we m ean the de gree to which an approach to de­mand ex pansion is pursued. The changes in tot al foo d consumption represent an u pper limit for each level of ach ievement. The potential changes assume no lags or leakages. If pro­grams were im plemented to achiev e demand expansion, however, no t all eligible consumers would participate nor would all who take part us e the program fully . Thus, somewhat sm all er changes in food consumption m ight be ex pe cted when sp ecific pro­grams for achieving demand expan­si on are implemented.

How much will these approaches re duce agricultural surpluses? Total su rplus production in agriculture­both food an d no nfood-in 1955 was ab ou t 6 percent. However , it is probably considerably higher now. Since 75 percent of total agricultural production is food production, food con sumption would have to increase by 8 percen t to eliminate total sur­pluses of 6 percent in agriculture.

Increasing Incomes

Table 1 shows the food consump­tio n potentials under the income ap ­pro ac h .

Raising all per capita incomes above $1,000 would increase total food consumption by 7.3 percent, which is near the 8.0 percent surplus that ex ists. Ho wever, this would in­vol ve a food subsidy to half the na­tion's people, and this would appear

Table 1. Percentage changes in total quantity�

of food p u rch ase d under assumed changes�

in per capita income. United States.�

1955�

Per capita Changes in Proportion of inc omes raised total quantity total United States

above purchased population

dollars percent 250 1.0 8.9

500 2.4 18.1

750 6.1 36.3

1.000 7.3 50.1

Table 2. Percentage changes in total quantity of food purchased unde r assumed price

declines of 10 and 20 percent

Changes in lolalfcod consumption due to

a price decl in e of Price de clines for 10 20

All food 2.1 percent

4.6

Meat, fruit , and vegetables

Meat

All livestock an d product s ..

1.7

1.1

1.5

3.7

2.4

3.3

t o be unreasonable. At a more reason­able level, such as raising all per capita incomes to $500, tot al food con­sum pt ion inc reases by only 2.4 per­cent. Almost one-fifth of the nation's people would be affected, but the in­crease in total food consumption would not be enough to eliminate total agricultural surpluses.

Reducing Food Prices

Table 2 shows the results of speci­fied reductions in food prices at retail on food consumption use .

A 20-percent decline in the price of all livestock and livestock products would increase food consumption 3.3 percent. However, a 20-percen t de­cli ne in retail prices will mean about a 40-50-percent decl ine in farm level prices of livestock and livestock prod­ucts. The subsidy to farmers for the difference between the new low farm price and an established fair price would, undoubtedly, be large. And still, the price approach would not completely eliminate agricultural sur­pluses.

Improving Nutrition

The nu trition approach to demand expansion specifies that all individ­uals eat a nutritionally adequate diet, including recommended caloric in­take, at some specified level of diet cost.

(Continued on page 18)

MINNESOTA F ARM AN D HOME SCIENCE

caused by slow milkers or by cowsHERRINGBONE MILKING PARLORS that ar e re luc tan t to ent er the parlor. 5. An ope rator is less like ly to give

at ten tio n to individual cows.

EARL FULLER and RUSSELL E. LARSON Milking Rates

ARE YOU THINKING of making some changes in yo ur d airy fa­

cilities? If so, h ave yo u cons idered t he herringbone m ilking parlo r?

What Is the Herringbone?

Th e herringbon e m ilk ing parlor , ofte n simply called "herring bo ne," is not en t ire ly n ew . Recent in te rest in it is th e r esult of its introd uction from New Zeal and a few years ago.

As sho wn in figure 1, the m ain di f­fer ence of the herringb one from ot her milking parlors is the an gle parking of the cows with the udders t oward the opera tor 's pit. The an im als are not ind ividually stall ed but a re grouped in a common-stall area .

Advantages

This arrangem ent h as the advan­tage th at there is ab out 38 inches be­tween the udders of adjacent cows. In indi vidual st all parlors arr an ged in tandem, the dist ance between th e udd ers of the cows on one side is about 8 feet. The herrin gbone thus plac es fou r cows in the sa m e lin ear amo unt of sp ace as is necessary for on ly two cows in other parl ors.

The he r ri ngbone tends t o combin e m any of the better fea tures of other type parlors. They are :

1. The cows are handled in groups, thus reducing time and labor for door and gate openings and closin gs.

2. One gro up of cows can be pre­pared for milking while the other group is bein g milked . Thi s keeps the "off" (or idle) time of the milk units quite low .

3. It requires less pipe line pe r un it than is necessary in other parlors.

4. In normal operation , cows have almost tw ice as much time to eat as they do in parlors having one stall pe r un it.

Earl Fu lle r is research fellow, Department of Agricultural Economic s, and Russ ell E. Larson is agricultural engineer, AERO. ARS. USDA.

VOL. XVII, No .2- FEBRUARY 1960

Disadvantages

These disad van tag es can present minor problems which the operator can learn to p ut up with. How ev er, with only a little ext ra effort, they can be eliminate d in m an y cases.

1. Total ini tial cash outlay is r ela ­t ivel y h igh because of the app arent desirability of having ev erything as au tomatic as poss ib le. Th is expense can be reduced by building yo ur own, but this may ca ll for considerable ti me and effor t .

2. Au tom atic feed ers a re almost a necessity. It is more difficu lt to feed by h and in thi s parlor than in others becau se the oper ator h as to climb out of the pi t to feed each gro up of cow s. It is not po ssibl e t o fe ed acc ording to p roduction if gr a in is pu t in the feed­ers by h and before the cows are brought into t he parlor .

3. Pipel in e milkers with their ac­com pany ing sampling and weigh in g problem s are equall y necessary , es­pe ciall y as unit numbers increa se. Day-to-day ch ecks on production are quit e d ifficult, as in most pipe li ne parlor s.

4. Handli ng cows in gr oups in­creases the possibility of delays

/ THE UNITS MILK ON� ONE SIDE A THE COWS� ARE CHANG ,FED, AND� WASHED 0 THE OTHER�

The above li st ed advantages-in­cl udi ng the short dist an ce between cows, low idle time of th e m ilk units, the han dling of the cows in groups, and the use of automatic feeding equipment wherein the ope rato r can feed the anim als as fas t as they com e in-all combine t o m ak e the opera­tor's effort hi ghly efficient . This effi­cie nt operat ion, how ev er, has not been sufficient to allow m ost operators to milk "a cow a m inute" as was advocat ed in iti ally.

An al ysis of wo rk study and survey d at a of t im e actually spen t m ilk ing under different situat ions has led us to develop the accompan ying t abl e. It provides a basis .f'or es ti mating t he number of cows that can be milked unde r various circumstances.

Data in the table indicat e that:

1. Size of herd affects milking rate. As size of herd increases, the rate of milking, m ea su red in cows per hour, increases in any parl or. This is true until fat igu e reduces the rate at whi ch you work. How m uch the rate increases depends on the design of the parl or.

2. Size of parlor affects milking rate. In general , the more st alls an d milk units handled by the operat or

(Con ti n u ed on p age 18)

~~~~:==::Z~75~

Fig. I. Layout of a double four herringbone milking parlor .

7

8

How Fertilizer Influences� Amino Acids in Alfalfa and Corn�

JOHN M. MACGREGOR

THE DISTRIBUTI ON an d p ropor­tion of d ifferent amino acids in

feed is ex tremely im por tan t in an im al and poultry feed ing. The question natu rall y a r ises then as to the effec t of fer tilizers on these acids in crops. Here we r eport some University re­search in this field .

Of cou rse, the m ain r eason for using commercial fertilizer is usually t o profit ably in crea se crop y ield. Po s­sible im provements in quality or feed­ing value us ually have been of sec­ondary importance. This is logical , since a large increase in yield is easy to see and m easu re.

Since tot al cr ude p ro tein, phos­phorus, an d potassiu m le vel s in the crop can be readily m easured, these val ues have been m ost frequen tl y used to measure fer ti lizer effect on plant com posit ion. Th is frequentl y im plies a valid m easu re of feeding values. More re cen tl y, analytic al methods have been developed t o separate the crude protein f r act ions of a feed in to the indiv idual amino acids, freq ue ntly ca lled th e " buildi ng blocks " of a prot ein .

In 1955 we analyzed sa mples from two Un iversi ty of Minneso ta ex per i­mental p lots- at Rosem ount and Mor­r is-to de te rm ine the effect of the fertili ze r treatments on the relat ive concentrations of 17 amino acids. The Rosem ount sa mple was fifth ye ar al­falf a wh ich had be en fertilized at seeding t im e w ith 300 pounds of 0­20-20 and topdressed at a 200-po und­per-acre r a te each sp r ing. T he sample fro m Morr is of corn grain came from a field where n it rogen w as applied as an hydrous amm on ia to supp ly 300 pounds of nitrogen per acre and 0-20­20 a t 200 pounds per acre.

Yields of alfalfa hay and corn grain were both subst ant iall y increased by the fer t ili zer t r eatmen ts (figu re I ). Cr ude protein p ro duc ti on al so in­creased greatl y in bo th crops.

With the alfalfa, th is w as a result of incre ased h ay yi eld since there w as no app aren t effect of the fer til izat ion

John M. Ma cGregor is profe ssor, De partmen t 01 Soils.

'0,

9 0 00

ecce

7000

600O

·w eeoc ·�·� ~ 4 0 0 0 0 ,z0· '000

2000

'000

ALFALFA

' EltT Il. t ZilTl ON

Fig . I. Fe rtilizer e ffect on yield and protein production 01 alfalfa and com .

on the concentrations of to tal cr ude protein in the fert ili zed hay. In t he corn grain , the additi on al crude p ro­te in p roduction of the fer ti lized crop was the result of bo th inc rease d yield and of increa sed protein concentra­tio ns in the fe r til ized samples.

Thus protein in alfalfa, al r eady high in cr ude protein, w as not af­fected by the miner al fertilization usu ally r ecommended in Minnesot a . However, corn grain , already compar­atively low in crude protein, was sub­stan t ially increased by heavy nitrogen

2 0

16

!:! o"'2 o z i .."8

4

fertilizat ion . Was there any change in the composit ion of the crude protein, or in other words, in the levels of the differ en t amino ac ids?

Not all of the amino acids are con­sidered essential for normal growth of anim als and poultry . Conseq uen tly, nu tr iti on ists freque n tl y term 10 of these as "esse nt ial" and the r emain­der as " nonessen t ial." The amino acids of the essen t ial group deter­m ine d in this study were : arginine, hi stidine, isoleucine, leu cine, lysine, meth ionine, phenylalanine, threonine, t ryp tophan , and valine. Those of the nonessen ti al group included: alan ine, asparti c acid, gl u tamic acid, glyci ne , proline, ser ine, and tyrosin e.

Many of the nutritional relati on­ships of th e diff erent amino acids to each other r emain to be ex plained. F igu re 2 shows a separat ion into th e two groups of amino aci ds. Th e t wo figu res on the left in dicate the per­cen tages of total am ino acids (essent i­ally total crude p rotein ) found in the two feeds. The figure also shows t otal increases b rou ght about by the fer­til izer treatments. However, when these ar e separated into the two groupings , it is ev ident th at about half of the total falls in each of th e two groups.

Th e fertilization produced a com­paratively uniform but l imited in­

(Contin ued on page 17)

Alfalfa tloy• • • __ • •• • • 0

lneree se due to Fertilization .

Essentia l

Fig . 2. Amino acids in a lfa lfa ha y an d corn grain.

M I NNESOTA F ARM AND HOME S CI ENCE

Which Detergent and How Much fur 0 etelln Hos« 'collndr!!

FLORENCE EHRENKRANZ

Bed lin ens and b ath t owels are a b ig p ar t of the famil y wash load . This report on a 12-week study gives information on appearance of sheets, pillowcases, and towels when wash ed with three different de­tergents in three househould washers. It sugg es ts two stan da rds you can use in select in g detergents.

FROM A HOMEMAKER'S VIEW­POINT , the r easonable amount of

soap or synthetic dete rgen t (syndet) to use wh en washin g clothes is the amount that will rinse out of the load in the washer cycle and will wash the clothes w el l. Many h om emakers use a bleach in addition to a soap or syndet.

Th is a r ti cle repor ts the results of s tudies on the appearance of bed sh eets, pillowcases, an d towels washed in different automatic wash ­ers w it h "minim um " amounts of de­tergen t. These minimum amounts w ere established by w ashing unsoil ed loads w ith different amounts of de­t ergent then r ew ashing with w ater alone. The amount selected for each washer was the largest amount which w ould produce inappreciable su ds when the loads were r ewashed in water alone.

Use -wash test-The actual use­wash test was designed for 3 sets of two loads, 3 det ergents, and 3 h ou se­hold washers. On e set of loads w as dried in a gas dryer, the second set in an electric dryer, and th e third in the dry cycle of an electri c comb in ation wash er-dryer . The flat pieces were ironed .

Six new loads consisting of 1 bath­si ze ter ry cloth tow el, 1 h and-size t ow el , 2 muslin sheets (tw in or sin ­gle size), an d 1 percale p ill ow case were assembled. T wo of the loads h ad wh ite towel s, 2 had pin k towels, and 2 blue-green towels.

For the firs t 6 weeks of the tes t, three cooperators u sed loads 1, 2, and 3 for 3 days and nights and loads 4, 5, and 6 for 4 days and nights. The

Flore nce Ehr enkra n z is professor. Sch ool of Home Economics.

V OL . XVII, N o.2-FEBRU ARY ·1960

loads w ere brought in to the ho use­hold equipm en t laboratories for washing twice a week. The washers were operated through a com plete cy­cl e with the con t rols set for a regular­cycle, 9 Y2 -minute w ash.

Over th e ent ire period of the use­w ash test, initial wash-water tem per ­ature in each washer was approxi­mately 138 0 F. The first five washings w ere don e with detergent in water of o to 2 grains hardness . The sixth w ash ing was done without deter gen t to check on formation of suds in the w as h w at er . The towels w ere exam-

Loads (sheets, cases, and towels)

1 (b lue-g reen tow els)

2 (w hite towel s)

3 (pi n k towels)

4 (white towels)

5 (pi nk t ow el s)

6 (blue-green towels)

Soap or Syndet

12 grams mild soap (app r ox , 6/11 cup).

27 grams all-purpose, low-sudsing syn det (approx. 3 tablespoons).

33 grams all-purpose, hi gh-sudsing liquid sy n det (approx , 2 tablesp oons ).

16 grams mild soap (same soap as fo r loa d 1, but a ppr ox . 8/11 cup).

27 g rams all-purpose, low-sudsing syndet (same syndet as for load 2).

33 grams all-purpose, high-sudsing liquid sy n det (same syndet as for load 3).

ined a fter d ry ing and the flat pieces after ironing.

The loads then were given to co­operators fo r an additional 6 weeks' use. In the second 6-w ee k period, six cooperators used the loads for a week or lon ger b etw een washings.

The table summarizes the wash conditions us ed . Each of the six load s was washed with the same detergen t and in the sa me washer for the fu ll period of the use-wash test.

Appearance After 6 and 12 Weeks

Three home economists compared the washed and used sheets, p ill ow ­cases, and white towels with sim ila r new articles that had been washed in zero-soft water. In general, the changes in appearance after 12 weeks were similar to those after 6 weeks , but more pron ounced.

(Continued on page 19)

Washer

Combination washer-dryer. Three rinses . Rinse water approx . 100 0 F .

Ag itator-type automatic. One overflow rinse. Rinse water temp. not controlled by m ach in e ; varied between 60 ° F . and 102 0 F . approx .

P ulsator- type au tomatic. On e overflow ri nse. Ri nse wate r approx. 104 0 F .

Agitator-type automatic (same wash er as for load 2)

Pulsator-type automatic (same washer as for load 3).

Combination washer-dryer (same appliance as for load 1).

9

PROVIDI NG NUTRITIOUS AND PALATABLE sheep pastu re year

in and year out is no small problem. Drought, flooding, and winterkilling all add a ri sk to complete reliance on perennial forage crops for pasture, hay, and silage. Similarly, poor man­agement often reduces the stand of productive legume-grass mixtures.

The success of annual (tempor ary ) forage crops for pasture in emergen ­cie s has varied. Yields and protein re­turns of several of these crops have bee n reported. However, the actual an im al ou tput has be en in m ost cases om itt ed or only estimated.

To test forages for fattening sp rin g lambs, ex perimen ts were started in 1958 at the Agr icultural Experi me n t Station , Ros em ount , using both sm all plot test s and gr azed pastures.

Small Plot Tests

Crops tested in small plots were divided into two groups .

Early summer crops w ith rate of seeding per ac re were:

(1) Oats (Minhafe r ), 3 bushels; (2) Peas (Yell ow Can adian fancy ),

2.5 b ushels ; (3) Oa ts , 1.5 bushels, peas, 1.5

bushe ls; (4) Oats, 3 bushels, rape (Dwar f

Essex ), 6 pounds; (5) Oats, 1.5 bushels, peas, 1.5

b ushels, rape, 6 pounds; (6) Ry e (Car ibou) , 3 bushels . Seeding dates were April 18, 195 8

and Apr il 16, 1959.

Late summer crops w ere:

(1 ) Sudangrass (Piper), 42 pounds; (2) Soybeans (Chippewa) , 2.5 bush­

els ; (3) Sud ang rass, 42 pounds, soy­

b eans, 2 bushels ; "Solid seed ed corn, 2.25 b ushels, (3

treatmen ts). (4) F ield (m ixed matur ities); (5) Sweet (Minn. 207) ; (6) F lint x dent (Wi sconsin 240 ), Seeding dates were May 26, 1958

and May 27, 1959 . All plots and grazed pastures were

sown with a conven tional drill ex­ce pting the late summer cro ps in 1958 wh ich were broadcast.

Walter F. Wedin is resea rch agronomist. Crop s Research Division. AilS. USDA. and assistant ur o . Iossor, Deoartment of Agronomy and Plant Gen ­etics an d Robert M. Jordan is a ssocia te professor. De pa rtmen t of Animal Husbandry.

10

£tlJlfU Pastures - ­

WALTER F. WEDIN and ROBERT M. JORDAN

All plots and grazed pastures were loc at ed on Waukegan silt loam, well­fertilized on the basis of soil tests in both 1958 an d 1959. Additional nitro­gen was applied before planting.

Results

Forage Yields-The av erage total yi eld in tons of dry matter per ac re for the early sum mer crops were: Oats-rap e, 2.35; oats, 2.06 ; oats-peas­rape, 1.91; oat s-peas, 1.46; peas, 1.15 ; rye, 1.10 . For the late summer crops yields were : Sudangrass-soybeans, 3.20; corn (m aturity mix), 3.14 ; sudan­grass, 3.08; corn (flint x dent) , 2.81 ; corn (sw eet ), 2.59; soybeans, 2.22. In gener al , cro ps that permitted a second cutt ing yield ed more (rape, sudan­grass). Rye sown in the spring was both poor in recovery after cutting and in resistance to rusts.

Protein-Protein percentages for early summer crops were: Peas, 22.8; rye, 21.7; oats-peas, 18.3; oats-peas­rape, 16.6; oats, 16.0; oats-rape, 15.6. Late summer crop averages were: Soybeans, 19.5; field corn, 16.0; sudan­grass-soybeans, 15.8; sweet corn, 15.2; flint x dent corn, 14.9; and sudan­grass, 13.4.

Grazed Pastures

The annual forages and their stock­ing r ates per acre were:

(1) Oats-rape pasture continuously grazed throughout the summer (12­18 lambs).

(2) Peas grazed until July 1 (24­30 lambs) followed by "solid seeded" corn (24-36 lambs).

(3) Oats-peas grazed until July 1 (24-30 lambs) followed by sudan­grass (18-30 lambs),

Fig . 1. Sudangrass pasture grazed con ­tinuously by sheep from July 3 result­ing in considerable selectivity. Septem­ber 4. 1958.

Fig . 2. Oats-rape annual forage mix­ture grazed since Ju ne 2 by sheep . Corn pasture (right rear) completelyruined. August 11. 1958.

MINNESOTA FARM AND HOME SCIENCE

daily). This may be due to the fa ctAnnual (Temporary) Crops that lambs pastured on peas gained

Thus, the average stocking rate for the grazing season by treatment w as in the range of 12-15 lambs per acre.

Grazing started on June 2 each year . In 1958, actual grazing ex tended into late August and early September. However, due to unforeseen circum­stances the experim en t on w hich the lamb days and rate of ga in is based ended on July 16. In 1959, gr azing ended as early as July 28 in some pastures and not later than August 21 in any of the pastures.

Te st animals used for this experi­meri t were "early weaned nat ive lam bs." In 1958, the lambs were 12 to 14 wee ks old and weigh ed 52 to 55 pounds at the start. In 1959 the lambs were approx im ately 14 weeks old and weighed 65 pounds. F resh water and a salt-mi neral-p henothiazine m ix ture we re alw ays avail able, b ut no shade was p rovided.

Fig . 3. General vie w of annual c rops for lambs. Oats in foreground - Su dangrass on right (to be grazed later ). Jun e 16, 1959.

Fig . 4. So lid -seed­e d corn gra zed from Jul y I by lambs. Jul y 17, 1959.

VOL. XVII, No. 2-FEDn U ARY 1960

Data for ex t ra (grazer) lambs placed in the past ure during the early part of the season are included in ar­r iving at the to tal pastu re days per acre. However, averag e daily ga in in­cludes only gains actually made by (tester) lambs that grazed during the entire grazing season .

Results

Lambs past uring a combinat ion of oats and pe as gained appreciably faster than lambs pasturing peas . The av erage daily gains fo r 1958 and 1959 were: oats-peas .39 pound , and peas .32 pound per lamb daily . Equ ally st r iking, both 1958 and 1959 lambs pastured on "solid seeded" co rn made more r ap id gains than lambs p astured on su da ngrass (average for both years: corn .40 pound per lamb day an d sud an grass .32 pound per lamb

slowly and th us responded mo re fa ­vorably when placed on corn.

The crucial test of the pasture pro­gr am is not how well the lambs did during a shor t period, but how well they did during the entire grazin g season. On this basis, the variety or species of forage used had little effec t on the average ga in during the en tire grazing season (oats-rape .38 pound per lamb daily, peas followed by corn .36 pound per lamb daily, and oats ­peas followed by sudangrass .36 pound per lamb daily) ,

Lamb pasture days per acre (num ­ber of lambs x number of da ys) fa­vored th e oats-rape combin ation in 1958. The poor showing made by th e corn pasture in 1958 was largely due to the fact that th e lambs pulled the corn up by the roots and ate but a sm all por tion of the plant. This may be du e to the fact that the corn was broadcast an d had an in adequate root system.

In 1959 the com bination of peas fol ­lowed by dr ill ed corn had the greatest carry ing cap acity. Medio cre re sults obtai ned fro m pasturing oats-rape in 1959 were pr im arily due t o the very poor stand of rape. During both years corn pasture was usable for a COIr.­

paratively short time (25-35 days maximum),

The to ta l pounds of lamb p roduced per ac re (a verage dail y gain x la mb d ays) favore d oa ts -r ape in both years. At 20 cents per pound of lamb, oats ­r ap e pastures produced $59.00 worth of lamb ; the peas followed by corn, $52.40, and th e oa ts-pe as foll owed by sudan, $54.20. We conclude, therefore, that the oats-rape combination is the best of the three fo r temporary pas­tu re becau se of the simple agronomi c procedures for producing an all sum­m er oats-rape pasture and the gre at­est lamb production pe r acre.

Average annual pasture production with early·weaned lambs at Rosemount. 1958.59

Peas Outs-peersOcte­ 10 to rape corn sudangrass

Number of days' __.__ 56 56 58 Aver age da ily gain.

po und _.............. .38 .36 .36 La mb days / a cre 824 794 809 Total gain /acre _ _.. 313 286 291

• Termination of Irial on July 16, 1958 account. for the short average grazing period lor the 2 y ea rs .

(Continued on pag e 19)

11

12

Milk Proteins Pose Problems� in Manufacturing Dairy Products�

ROBERT JENNESS

BECAUSE OF THEIR NUTRITI VE VALUE , pro teins are one of the

m ost im po r tan t m ateri al s in m ilk.

Milk protei ns are especiall y nutr i­tive b ecause they supply essential amino ac ids in the proper prop or ti ons fo r the human d iet. Yet , unless prop­erly handled , man u fa ct ur ing can damage these valuable protein s. Da ir y prod uc ts conserve part or all of t he nutrien ts in milk .

Such pr od ucts as co ttage cheese, ch edda r cheese, n on fat d ry m ilk , and evaporated milk a re impor tant sources of milk proteins. These prod ­uct s m ake it possible to con sume m ilk proteins at a differ ent time or place or in a m ore convenient or desir able form.

The m ilk protein s undergo cert a in changes during the manufa cture of dairy p rod uct s. Most of these changes a re due to heat. H ea t is used , of course, primarily to kill b act eria , but effect s on the p ro t eins are im portant.

Som e of the changes produc ed by heating milk proteins a re undesir abl e, and w ays of avoidi ng or minimizin g th em must b e sou ght. Examples a re cooked flavor, soft weak curd in cot ­tage cheese, and coagulation of evap­orated milk upon ster il ization in the can.

Beneficial effects include the im­provem ent of baking quali ty of non­fat dry milk and less tendency to develop ox id ized flavor.

Chem ical studies of t he milk pr o­teins h ave b een goin g on in the De ­par tm en t of Agricultural B ioch em­ist ry for m any y ears. The ob jec t ive of much of this work has been to sepa­rate the milk proteins and to find out how applying heat affects them indi­vidually. This approach furnishes fundamental information on the reac­tions that occur during and foll owing heating. It should lead to a b etter understanding of the changes which occur in dairy manufacturing.

Robert Jenness is professor. Department of Agricultural Biochemistry.

One ex am ple of this type of w ork is a s tudy of the effect of non fat d ry milk in bread . Non fat dry milk (d ry sk im milk of a gr ade sa ti sfa ctory for human consumpti on ) up t o 4 perc ent of the w eig h t of th e flou r is oft en in cl uded in bread. Milk ad ds impor­tant nu t r it ive value t o b r ead in the form of cal cium, phosp ho r us, ri bo ­flav in (vi t amin B~ ) , an d, of cou rse, proteins.

However , m ilk in troduces com pli­cat ions into b r eadmak in g. The mil k must b e heated t o a hi gh er tempera­ture than is n ecessary fo r p asteu r iza­ti on . If th is is n ot don e, the milk p roduces a soft and slack dough and a small loaf of b read .

Several years ago wo rkers in the Agricultur al Biochem istry and Dairy Indust r ies dep artments cl a rified just w h at h eat t rea tm ents must be used t o produc e a n onfat d ry m ilk which will result in a good loaf of bread. Exampl es of such t rea tmen ts ar c 165 0

F. for 30 m in u tes or 250 0 F . for 30 seconds. Other w ork defined tests that could be used to determine if a given lot of n on fat d ry milk of unknown h istory is of sa ti sfacto ry b akin g quality.

Even m ore in teresti ng and ex citing, how ev e r, has been the se arch for the specific m ater ial in m ilk which slack ­ens dou gh and depresses loaf volume. No nfa t dry m ilk con tains abo ut 50 perc en t lactose (mil k sugar), 33 per-

Comparison of loa ves of bre a d made w ith nonfat dry milk solids from unheated skim milk (le ft) and h eated skim milk (right).

cent ca se in (ch eese protein ), 7.5 per­cent of whey proteins, and 9.5 percent salts.

When these material s were sep a­rated from milk and tested in baking experim ents, the injurious factor was found in the whey prot ein s. These whey proteins consist of a mixture of several d ifferent kinds of proteins. The five m ost prominent ones were isolated separate ly and test ed . Nene affected loaf volume.

Then a six th prot ein which had n ot been previousl y isolated was d iscov­er ed , and a m ethod was devised fo r se par ati ng it out in a fa irly pure form . When it was included in dough, it depressed loaf volume greatly. F ur­thermore, the effect of t hi s p r otein w as overcome by h eating in solut ion at 165 0 F. for 30 minutes.

This prot ein , which w e ca ll " wh ey prot ein component 5," amounts to only about 0.1 percent of fluid milk or 1 percent of n on fat d ry milk . It is a protein of very sm all particle si ze compared to other milk proteins. Ad­d ition of 5 parts of " comp on ent 5" to 10,000 parts of hi gh protein flour re­duces the volume of loaves by as much as 15 percent. Cu r ren t w ork is being di rected to further purify the protein and particularly to find out just what it do es ch em ically in the bread dough.

Another fru itful area has been a s tudy of the effects of h eat on on e of the whey proteins call ed beta-lacto­glob ulin . This is the most abundant whey prot ein , amounting to about 0.4 percen t of n ormal milk. Beta-lacto­globulin is changed by heating above pasturizat ion (143 0 F . for 30 minutes, or 160 0 F . for 15 seconds) in such a

(Continued on page 13)

M INNESOTA FARM AND HOME S CIENCE

A eomparisoJt 01 Granular and Spray Herbicides

RICHARD BEHRENS�

ARE MINNESOTA F ARMERS on t he verge of using a new method

to apply her bicides t o the soil? The interest they have shown in the pos­sibility of applyin g herb icides in granular form indica tes they see cer­t ain advant ages in this k ind of appli­cat ion . We will discu ss both ad van­t ages and d isad vantages.

Advantages

Firs t , the granular h erbicid es are ready to use as they come from the con tainer . This elim inates the meas­uring and m ixing necessary with herbicide spr ay solut ions.

Second, gr an ular applica t ing equ ip­ment is simple r to operate and m ai n ­tain than spray ers . The nozzles, scre ens , ho ses, gauges, and pump of the sprayer are replaced by a re la­t ively sim ple m etering device in the granular ap plicator.

Third, gr an ular applica tors are gr ound dri ven so the rate of applic a­tion remains relatively constan t at d ifferen t tracto r speeds. T ractor speed must be constant when spr ayers are used .

Disadvantages

There are cer t ain disadvantages of granular herbiciles that sh ould be considered.

F irst , granular herbicides are m ore expensive th an liquids due to higher production and transportation costs. The cost of production is higher be­cause of the ad d itional steps required to impregnate granules w ith the herb­icide. In creased transportation costs arise from the greater weigh t and bulk of the granula r herbi cides .

Second, usage of granular herbi­cides is limited to soil applicati ons since foliar applicat ions of gran ules ar e not effective. Therefore the gran­ular applicat or w ill not eliminate the need for a sprayer .

Richa rd Behrens is associat e profe ssor, Depart . ment of Agronomy and Pla nt Genetics .

VOL. X VII, No . 2- F EBRU ARY 1960

Third, granular form ulati ons r e­quire m ore storage space because they contain a lower concentra tion of ac ­t ive ingred ient than li quid formula­ti ons.

The fir st quest ion to be answered fo r any gr an ular herbicide formula­ti on is whether it is as effecti ve as the equ ivale n t sp ray . Man y of the avail ­able gran u la r herbicides have been compared with their correspondin g spray at the Agri cultu ral Experiment Sta t ion, Rosemount. Let us examine the r esults of som e of these t ests.

2,4-D , TBA, and silvex were equal­ly effective in gran ular and spray applica t ions. Weed con t rol was es­sen ti all y the same for granules and sprays of CDAA (Randox) , EP TC (Eptam) , Amiben , and Atrazine. To cite some exam ples, Atrazine, applied as a sp ray, r educed th e weed popula­tion 76 percent when used on corn at the r ate of 2 pounds per ac re. Gran­ular Atraz ine at the sam e rate of ap plication re d uced the weed stand 79 percen t. CDAA killed 43 percent of the grass weeds when app li ed as a pre-emergen ce spray to soybeans at 4 pou nds per acre. Granular CDAA at the same rate of application killed 38 percent of the an nual grasses. This 5 percent d ifference is not sig nificant .

On e m ajor except ion to th e pattern of equal effe cti veness of granu les and sp rays was sim azin , a com pound that is r ecom mended for weed control in corn. Simazin w as consistently less effective in cont rolli ng weeds when ap plied in the granular form. When sim azin was applied to corn in pre­emerge nce appli cati ons, the weed populat ion was reduced 86 percen t by spray applications of 4 pounds of ac­ti ve ingred ient per acre. An equ iv ­alent rate of sim azin applied in the gran ular form reduced the w eed pop­ulation on ly 53 pe rcent. The lower activi t y of simazin granules was ob­served in a number of spray and gr an ule comparisons made at other loca t ion s in the state, al so .

The ex per imen tal gr anular simazin form ulat ion te sted in 1959 is not effe c­

tive enough to replace the wettable powder formulation that is applied as a spray . It is possible that a more active granular formulation of sim a­zin can be developed by us ing a di fferent material as carrier. If other granular formulations of simazin be­come available, they will be included in future herbicide evaluat ion studies.

Based on the results of these tests and sim ilar tests in Minnesota and other sta tes, it seems safe to conclud e that most herbicides that act through the soil m ay be used with success in granular form . However , each new granular herbicide formulation should undergo ex tensive t est s to determi ne its effecti veness b efore it is recom­m ended for farm use.

MILK PROTEINS­(Con ti n ued f rom page 12)

way that it gives off a small amount of volatile sulfur-containing sub­stances r esponsible for a "cooked" flavor . To avoid this flavor, it is es­sential not to over-pasteurize.

Beta-lactoglobulin is also r esponsi­bl e for weak curd in cott age cheese made from overheated milk. Cot tage cheese curd is formed of a network of particles of casein . Beta-lacto­globulin is changed by heating in such a way that it interferes with th e formation of the casein network and causes it to be very soft and weak.

Beta-lact oglobulin has been studied a great de al at the University of Min­nesota and at other institutions. Th e amounts of heat necessary to produ ce various changes in the protein have be en determined. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about the mo­lecular st r uct ure of this protein and the changes in that str ucture pro­duced by heat.

Stud ies on beta-lactoglobulin like those on m ilk whey protein "com­ponent 5" are of interest, not only to the protein chemist, but also to m anu­facturers of dairy products.

13

14

INCREASE PERSISTENCY FOR MORE MILK� HERBERT STRUSS

40

' .... ­ .... ----­ .... --.......... 30 T-143

~ o

"'C

~

'E '0 20

VI "'C� C� :::I� o

a.

10

T-104

o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Months

WHICH OF THESE sets of twins would you want in your herd? Of course you can 't tell from one lactation record alone, but how much better is

twin set T-142, T-143 than the others and why is there a difference?

The Unive rsity of Minnesota has be en using identical twins in long­te rm studies to determine what fac­tors affect total milk and fat produc­tion during a lactation an d a li fetime. Two of these important fa ctors affect­ing productio n are maximum daily milk production and persistency. Per­sistency of milk yield is the de gree with which th e rate of secre t ion is maint ained thro ughou t the lactation.

The figure shows lactation r ecords for three sets of identical twins in their first lactation. All sets were han­dled an d fed uniformly-the differ­en ce between sets is due to inheri­tance alone. These heifers calved in the fall of the year.

Herbert Struss is re search assistant, Depart­ment of Da ir y Husbandry.

Twin set T-132 and T-133 lacked both persistency and the ability to reach hi gh production . They w ere producing less than 3 pounds per milking at 200 days, and total milk production for the lactation was 2,569 an d 3,192 pou nds, respectively.

Set T-102 and T-I04 reached a maximum production of 40 pounds pe r day , but the persistency was lack­ing and total p roduct ion in 305 days was 6,703 pounds and 7,029 pounds of milk for T-102 and T-104, respec­t ivel y .

T-142 and T-143 had both a high m axim um production and great per­sistency. Th is degree of persistency sho wn by T-142 and T-143 is greater than mo st cows and this greater per­sistency r esulted in increased produc­tion- T-142 produced 10,230 pounds

of m ilk and T-143, 10,053 pounds. Since maximum yield s were about equal, the 3,000-p ou nd milk diff er­enc e is du e to increased pe rsiste ncy.

Persist ency is inherited (no te the sim ilar ity between each se t), and is a characte r isti c which continue s through the life of the cow . You may re member daughters of one sire that pe rsiste d in milk and had to be dried­off in or de r that they r es t before calv­ing. Som e bulls' daughters were th e opposite ; they were dry 4 m onths be­fore they freshened again. This daughte r 's difference could be due to persist en cy and is very important in the ev aluat ion of a sire. It has been determin ed that parent influence on persistency is 30 percent and m anage­m ent in flue nce is 70 percent.

On e fa rm practice which affects pe rs istency is the length of the dry per iod . A dry period of 50 days was com pared to 5 days and showed an increase of 1,000 pounds of milk in the nex t lactation du e to the long er r es t . Extending the dry period past 60 days sho we d very slight inc rease in milk for the additional da ys dry.

Pregnancy of less than 120 days had no effect on persistency; 120 to 200 days had onl y a slight effect; but p regnancy of over 200 days markedly decreased persistency.

The season of the year showed only a limited effect . Cows that freshened in the fall and winter were onl y slightl y more persistent than those calving in the spring and summer.

How ev er, there are managem ent pract ices that maintain persistency. These practices are increased fre ­quency of milking and proper st imu­lation of the cow prior to milking t o get full let-down. These are tech­niques that you can use to get in­creased total milk yield by increasing persistency.

MINNESOTA FARM AND HOME SCIENCE

~eena!1e Interests nlld Social Activities� GORDON BULTENA. GEORGE A. DONOHUE, and MARVIN J. TAVES

"WHAT YOU TH ACTIVITIES are there in town?" "Is the

youth p rogram over-organized?" "Are youth t oo busy in acti vities to spe nd t im e with their family and school studies?" Many paren ts and you th lead ers are ask ing these quest ions today.

Recen tly a comm unity of 10,000, wh ich is primarily a trade center, w as so concerned it establi shed a commit­tee t o study its youth sit uat ion . It focused its attention on two questions: 1) Do we h ave too m any youth ac­t iviti es? 2) If so , what can be don e to remedy the sit uation ?

Fe eling that an swers to these ques­t ions would in terest many other com ­munities, University sociologists, at th e r equest of the comm ittee, con­ducte d a st udy of youths' interests and organi zed youth activities in t he community . The study involved 450 junior and sen ior hi gh school st u­den ts.

Youth Participation Patterns

There are two aspects of commu n­ity organiza t ional rela t ion ships. On e is the amo unt of activity within any group (intra-group); the other is the number of di fferent organizations in ­volved (inter-group) . These must be carefully separated in evaluat ing a community youth program.

In this community there were over 150 fo rmal youth groups which r egu­larly sponsored youth activities. Yet over two-thirds of the youth felt that there were too few activities in the community, and only 3 percent felt that there were too many. Appar­entl y, then , the groups were n ot or ­ganized to meet the needs of the youth .

Adult leaders of youth groups were primarily concerned w ith inter-group organization and the large number of you th ac tivities. The youth pointed

Gordon Bultena is a res earch assistant in the Department of Sociology. Ge?r g e Donohue is ?s· sociate professor and Extenaion rural sociolo qi s t, and Marv in J. Taves is associa te professor and supervisor of rural sociology .

VOL. XVII, No.2-FEBRUARY 1960

School groups

Community groups

Both groups

Number of groups Participated in

~ None ~3.4

~1-2 [=:=J 5 or more

Dist ribution 01 high school s tu den ts ' participation. by type of youth gr oup .

to the in ade qu acies in intra-group or­ganization or the lack of " interest ing act ivit ies." Actually both intra- and inter-grou p org an izat ion contributed to the p roblem s of parti cipat ion and activity interests.

School groups- Although a la rge proport ion of youth are extremely ac­t ive, many do not participate at all in schoo l-connected youth groups (see the figure). Two-fifths were not par­ti cipating in any of the 45 school youth groups. Another two-fifths was par t icipat in g in one or two groups, and one-fifth was act iv e in three or more groups.

Nonschool groups-Although there were many m ore nonschool groups than school grou ps, over one-fifth of the youth did not belong to a single community group. Approximately on e-half belonged to one or two groups and one-fourth to three or more groups.

Either group- About one-sixth re­por te d no participation and one-third ind icated that they regularly attend­ed only one or two groups in either category. One-half reported partici­pat ion in three or more groups-one­fourth in five or mo re groups (see the figu re).

In this community, adult youth leaders, apparently through contacts wi th the " act ive participators ," had concluded that there were too many activi ties. While a substantial number were participating heavily, there were many youth who participated very li ttle, if at all. Furthermore, it was erroneously believed that a large number of activities guarantee youth sat isfact ion . Actually much of the youths' dissatisfaction with the youth program involved factors of intra­group organization rather than avail­ability of activities.

Reasons for Nonparticipation

Residence is one of the more im ­portant factors r elated to participa­t ion in school groups. Open country and farm youth participated less in school groups than town youth. The reasons frequently were heavy re­sponsibilities at home, lack of trans­portation to even ing activities, and the need to take the bus home im­mediately after school. Town youth found transportation less of a de­terrent. The rural youth, in compen­sation, directed their participation toward community youth groups­

(Con ti n u ed on page 16)

15

16

The im por tance of st rengthen ing of activit ies, even though some may the in terest of group members m ay be of special interest to only a few. TEENAGE INTERESTS­

(Con t in ued from page 15)

especially ch urch gro ups. Here r u ral youth participa te d as much as t own youth . The differ ence in school par­t icipat ion may result in town and country youth living in "diffe ren t worlds," m akin g for con t in ual cleav­age in the value patterns of the tw o groups.

The fee ling that m any of the groups are contro ll ed by only a sm all p ro­portion of the youth also m ay r educe par t icipatio n . Over h alf of the you th believ ed th at the same yo uth w ere h old ing offices in m ost of the groups. This "c lique" control of groups in the communi ty w as a sou rce of resent­ment . As one gi rl pu t it : "Gen er all y it is the same kids that are in ch arge of ever ything. May be other s aren 't as capabl e, b ut I'm sure tha t they could be if give n the chance." This r eflect s poor " int r a-group organiza t ion." The groups are apparen tly not accom­plis hing on e of their pr im ary ob jec­ti ves- provid ing leadersh ip oppor ­tunities for youth .

Friendship patterns, wh ich oft en t end ed to cross den om in ational lines, were f requently disrupted when each church sponsored it s own groups. You th beli ev ed that ch urches should coope rate where possible in sponsor­ing more community-wide acti v iti es wh ich cou ld be atten ded by youth of all denom inations. The ch u rches might divide act ivit ies into t hose prim arily devoted t o a) spi r itual and doc tr inal development, and b) those with primarily social fu nc ti ons. Then where pos sible, they m ight avoi d duplic ati on and consequent competition by in te r-fa ith sponsorship of selected youth acti vities.

Other criticisms of youth ac tivities pointing out areas of dissatisfaction and consequently nonp articipation in ­cluded :

1) Too many activities lack ade­qu ate organization and supervision which results in either " too much fooling a round," or in "everyone's just sit t ing around."

2) F ai lure of ad ult lead ers to st im­ulate init ial in terest in the organiza­t ion .

3) Too often acti vit ies occu r on t he sam e ni gh t .

be seen in the fact t hat ove r half of the yo uth felt that they w ere in it iall y influenced to t ake p ar t in a you th group by fri ends of their ow n ag e. Youth group director s, t eachers, and m in ist ers were less impor tan t. The im port ance of the adult appears t o li e in h is ab il ity to stimulate a high lev el of int er est among members of th e grou p and in helpin g develop effecti ve internal or ganiza tion. Inter est ed par­ticipan ts at tempt to get others t o t ake part in thei r activity. Henc e, the adult's fu nction is p rimarily on e of leadership and guid ance w ith in the group rather than r ecr uitment from without.

Reasons for Participation

There we re m an y r eason s gi ven for join ing you th groups, but over half of the youth felt their major r eason s were "to have fun" and "to be w it h other you th ." Only a six th offered su ch r eas ons as "it offers a ch ance to learn," or "it enables one to keep busy."

To some ad ults the emphasis on the social and recreational and the m in i­m iza t ion of educa t ional motivation m ay be surprising. However, re­member tha t learning and fun need not be incompatible in a youth ac­t iv ity . Freque n tly the "more bene­ficial lea rning ac t iv it ies" sponsored by school and commun ity groups must involve m ore than just an "educa­tional" exper ienc e to be successful. Education does not occur in a social vacuum.

Size and Composition of Groups

While the you th felt they were pri­marily joining groups fo r a goo d time and soci al exper ience , m any felt that such experiences could not be r eali zed in a sm all group. Many of the ex ist ing you th groups appeared too small t o adequately p rovide the desired ex­periences. Over four-fift hs of t he youth felt t hat a yo u th group should have a regular attend ance of at least 16 m embers. In fact, about on e-third felt that for a youth group to b e suc­cessful it sho uld h ave regular att end­ance of at least 26 members. Rather than having a large number of sm all groups the youth preferred l arger groups each wi th a grea te r varie ty

Over 90 percent of the youth fa­vored having both boys and girls in their socia l groups. Youth group lead­ers m ust consider this point in pl an ­n ing youth activities. Freque ntly ac ­tivities are under t aken which are of interest to on ly one sex . Compl ain ts f rom girls in the study indi cat ed that many groups had programs of interest on ly to boys, and so the girls with­drew. This was esp eciall y true of the local youth center which primar ily provided athletic facilities for boys but neglected th e girls' in terests.

The activities which both bo ys and gir ls considered of mutual interest in­cl ud ed : par t ies , swimming, boating, camping, t raveling and tours, soci al­izin g with friends, movies, hayrides, dancing, an d pic nic s. The potentially mutual ac ti viti es of least interest in ­cluded : table tennis, card playing, photograp hy, shuffleboard, party ga mes, group d iscussions, bus iness meetings, and attending lect ures.

The yo uth felt that jun ior and senior high schoo l st udents should not be in cluded in the sa me activities . It is difficult to find activities which will be of in ter est to both ag e lev els . Furthermore, st atus posit ions of the older youth are threatened when the junior high you th have access to the same activities as the senior h igh school students.

Scheduling of Meetings

Over th ree-fou r ths of the youth prefer red youth meetings between 7 and 9 p .m . Onl y slightly more than one-t en th favored having activiti es be gin immediately af ter school. Fre­quently, after -school activities con­flict wi th wo rk of the youth. Almost one-h alf of the youth reported that they had work responsibilities.

While there was no concensus abo ut anyone day being best for activities, there was a de fini te preference for the early part of the week. Approxi ­mately two -t hirds of the youth fa­vored meetings on Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday. Less than a t enth would like to see groups meet on weeken ds.

Among the youth there was a strong feeling that groups should function in both summer and wi nter,

(Con t in ued on page 19)

M I NNESOTA FARM AND HOME SCIENCE

is desir able wi th an y n ew variety, but is espe ciall y w orthwhile w ith the Tr um peter because of its splend id

TRUMPETER performance when it is properlySTRAWBERRY­

(Continued from page 4)

Trumpeter h as con sistently been one of the best.

The plants are tall , stu rdy, winter ­hardy wi th normal protection , r esist­ant to root rot, and ap parently r e­sist an t to foliage dis eases. Plantings of this variety a re reco gnizable from some distance by their v igor and their character istic brigh t green col or , which is a t r ifle ligh ter t han th at of mo st varieties.

The yield has usuall y been sign ifi­cantl y higher than that of Dunlap an d Premier , with which it has b een com ­pared in field t est s. In a fe w cases , however, the clu ster size and fr uit yiel d of Tr umpeter h ave apparen tl y su ffer ed from overcrowding of plants in the matted ro w . This variety h as been a good second-year cropper , pro­ducing r elat ively well the year fol­lowing r enovati on of the bed s.

It is re comm en ded that each grow er should seek to determin e the best cul­tural m ethods for his par t icular soil an d growing condit ions. This pract ice

FERTILIZERS­(Con t in u ed f rom page 8)

crease in the to tal lev el of the es­sen t ial amino acids and a compar a­t ively much larger in crease in th e total amoun ts of the les s de sirable nonessen tial group. This is esp eciall y t r ue of the corn grain in wh ich pro­tein increments produced by nitrogen fertilization are of questi on able value for hogs and poultry.

. "'­~

Q

> 0.'­

%

oz­ ~

grown . This variety has been grow n suc­

ces sfu ll y on a con siderable range of soil types including heavy clay loam, peat, and sandy , acid soils wi th rela­ti vely low organ ic content. It h as been t ested only u nder the matted­row system of culture, which is st an ­d ard in Min nesot a wit h the J u ne­bearing vari eties. The plants a r e set in earl y sp r ing, usually 2 feet apart in row s th at are 3~ t o 4 feet apar t . The pl ants ar e all owed to develop run ners and the rows a re usu ally, but not always, rest r icte d in wi dth late in the season . They are mulched ov er w in t er.

Plants of the Tr umpete r variety will not be sold by the Univer sit y of Min­neso ta, but can be bo ught from nurs­eries begi nn ing in th e spr ing of 1960.

Breeding History

The Tr umpeter st r awberry w as d e­veloped at the University of Minn e­sot a F ruit Breedi ng F arm from a

The r ela ti ve am ounts of the 10 amino acid s us uall y included in the essential group in alf alfa hay and in corn grain a re shown in figure 3. This indicates the great diff eren ces in the am oun ts of each of the amino acids in the tw o feeds. In every case, alfalfa contains la rger amounts of each . Me­t hion ine, lysine, and tryptophan are usually the most fr equently men­ti oned as likely t o be deficient in fa rm -grown feeds, and supplem enta-

AVALFA HAif [::::l COll N G""I , ...

DID.NET ..Ofilllil[ l&OlEUCINE LEUCINE O·ALANIHE LYSINE HiSTIDINE TRVPtOPHAH[lMAEONIN!

Fig . 3. Essentia l amino a cids in a lfa lfa hay an d corn grain .

VOL. XVII, No.2- FEBRUARY 1960

cross m ade in 1944, des ignat ed as SY445. The maternal paren t w as Burgundy, an earlier Minnesot a in­troduction; and the pollen parent w as a select ed clone, SYS3672-179, from self -poll inated Howard 17 (P rem ier). The seedlings of this cross were plant­ed in the field in the sp ri ng of 1945 and in 1946 t he selectio ns were made f rom fruit ing hills. Th e progeny of t h is cross was generally good wit h respect to pl ant vigor and t o la rge, firm, and well shaped fruits with highly colored flesh.

t ion of these in modern rations is fre­quently done to improve feeding effi­ciency.

It is evident that phosphate-potash fer tilization of alf alf a incre ases hay yield but with com parat ively littl e change in the propor tional amino acid concen tr at ion of hay grown on the fertilized soil.

Nitrogen fertilizati on for corn in­creases the tot al crude protein of the grain with a re sulting m arked depres­sion in t he essent ial amino acid con­tent of the fertilized grain. Th is m ay be one of the main r easons for the usually r ecognized lower feed ing value of high-protein corn for hogs and poultry per unit of cr ude protein fed . Including som e additional nutri­en t or nutrien t s not yet recognized may be desirable along with the n it ro­gen fertilizer. It might bring ab out the formation of a corn protein with relatively h igher proportions of the m ore desirable amino acids. This can be established only by future fu nda­mental fertilizer research well corre­lated with further nutritional in vesti­gations.

17

18

Typical rates of m ilking in various parlorsHERRINGBONE PARLORS Capacity (Co ntinued from p age 7) Av erage Additional time Cow s milked in

unit-on needed to milk time an added cow ¥ 2 hour 1 hOUI 2 hoursthe more cows milked per hour overT:.y::p::...e:....a::n::d:...s:....iz_e_o:....l..:p:....a_rl_o_r · --:- ---;- _

t he range of parlor siz es studied. However, if there are two op erators in the sa me parlor pit, output per m an will be le ss even if the number of units per man is the same.

3. The length of time the units stay on the cows affects milking rate. This r elationship can be viewed in one of two w ays. The effect is the sam e either way you look at it . If the number of units is increased, they tend to stay on the cows longer be­ca use the operator is busier, or if the units are permitted to stay on longer , t hen the operator can handle m ore units. How long yo u are willing to let them stay on puts a limit on the size that you should build a parlor. As you consider this point, remember that se veral studies have in dicated that as unit-on time increases, the chances of harm to the udder in­crease even more rapidly.

The ave rage unit-on times given in the table represent situations fr e­quently found in stanchion barn herds today. You sho uld no te, as we have, that individual cows, herds, and milk­ing methods cause variations which make it impossible to predict the unit-on time for anyone specific herd. We suggest that you determine this value for your herd. It is an impor­tant cons iderat ion in deciding the type of pa rlor you shou ld build.

Fig . 2. Angle parking re duces the dis ta nce between ud ders of adja ce nt cows.

Herringbone parl ors 3 unit-6 cow __.---_.-... -----­-_.--~----_..3 un it-6 cow -_._-..__._---_._-_..-_._­4 unit-8 cow -_.__.__._._------­4 unit-8 cow _....__....._--_.._....__._._--_._----­5 unit-IO cow ...............__....._-_..__._._...._-_.._.....5 unit-IO cow -_......_................__......_.._._...._.........­6 unit-12 cow ..._....__........._.__...........__......__.­

minutes

4.7 l.8B 5.5 2.15 4.7 1.41 5.5 1.61 4.7 1.13 5.5 1.29 5.5 1.06

6 unit­ 12 cow ........................................._- 6.2 1.10 Side-opening stalls

3 un it-3 stall .­......•_...­........__..._...._......__.......... 5.5 2.06 4 unit-4 s ta ll _..............._..._..............................._....._...... 5.5 1.33

• One ope ra tor using pipeline un its and a utomatic feeding equipment.

Economic Factors to Consider

Dairy fa cilities are expensive in cap it al and labor use, at least as com­pared to beef and hogs. They are ex­pensive enough so that you should plan their sel ection and arrangement carefully with an eye on future changes and needs. In fact, we believe that many dairymen should first con­sider, act ually plan for and budget through, investments in concrete yards, loafing space, feed storage, or m ore cows be fore building a parl or. T his is especi ally true of those short of capital in relation to labor. Milking in the p resent stanchions as part of a switch system is likely to be more economical for many who may feel that a limited expansion of the dairy

SURPLUS­(C on t in u ed f r om page 6)

If everyone ate a nutritionally ade­quate di et of moderate cost (i.e., a diet representative of food consump­tion patterns of families whose in­come was between $4,000-$4,999), total food consumption would decline by 5.5 percent. The decline in total food consumption results primarily fr om an adjustment for excess calo­r ies rather than a downgrading of the d iet as such .

Adjusting everyone' s consumpt ion to a liberal cost diet plan (i.e., a diet representati ve of food consumpt ion patterns of families whose income was between $6,000-$7,999) would in­crea se total food consumption by 2.3 percent. But the liberal cost diet plan requires ev eryone in the nati on to eat

number

13 29 61 11 25 53 17 39 B2 15 33 71 21 4B 101 IB 41 BB 21 50 106 20 4B 103

IB 47 24 69

en te r prise is a good alternative for them. A second inexpensive alterna­tive suitable for herds of less than abou t 30 cows is the level floor walk­through design.

Large additional investments in buildings and equipment may not pay for themselves during the lif e of such investments unless they are accom­panied by a large increase in herd size, given present price r elationships.

Perhaps, th en, the major disadvan­tage of the herringbone for most folks is the large cash outlay required t o effectively install it. Thus, while it will permit more rapid milking, it does have its cost. The herringbone may not fit all situations, but it will be a good alternative for many dairy­men.

a high cost diet and ac hieving this poten ti al wo uld , again, see m unrea­sonable.

Expanding the demand for farm food products does not provide a single. easily attainable solution to the agricultural surplus problem. Reasonable levels of achievement will not completely eliminate ag ricul­tural surpluses. However, demand ex­pansion policies offer a par ti al solu­t ion and when combined with other agricultural surplus policies may pro­vide a means of reducing and even elim inat ing agricultural surpluses.

The aims of demand expansion are not solely surplus elimination. To the ex t en t that increased food consump­tion enables people to eat more and better food the overall health and productivity of our nat ion 's people will be improved.

MINNESOT A FARM AND HOME SCIENCE

LAMB PASTURES­(Continued f r om page 11)

Conclusions

1. Tot al yields were hi ghest for forage com bin ations including at le ast one species such as rape or su dangrass w ith r ecovery capacity aft er clipping or grazing.

2. "Soli d seeded" corn w as h igh yi elding b ut lacked recovery after grazing or clip ping. To be used ad­van t ageous ly, a heavy grazing pres­sure is need ed.

3. P rotein pe rcent ages var ied amo ng the crops tested in small plot s wi th peas, r ye, oats-peas, soybeans, field corn, and sudan-soybeans the highest .

HARDY AZALEAS­(Con ti n u ed fr om page 5)

(F la me Azalea) , Rhododendron rosemn (Roseshe ll Azalea), Rh ododendron v is­cosU/n (Sw amp Azalea), and R hododen­dron arborcscens (Sweet Azal ea). R ho­dodendron schlippcnbachi (Royal Azal ea) has made good vegetative growth but has not flowered. The flow er color of these species azaleas r anges from whi te through yello w, orange, and pin k to la vender. The Rhodor a Azalea bl oom s by late Ap ril while the Swamp Azal ea does not bl oom until early July, thus giving over 2 m onths of cont in uous bl oom .

Although the species azaleas m ay lack the size, color, and p rofu sion of bloom of the hyb rid vari eties, they are n ev ertheless of considerab le in­terest as lan dscape subj ects .

A breeding program h as been star ted t o dev elop garde n hy br ids fr om these hardy spe cies. Som e of the seedlings fro m these controll ed cro sses bl oomed this spring and oth­ers sho uld start to bloom in the next few years . It is hoped that we m ay eve ntually produce garde n variet ies for this cl im ate equal t o the best of those now grown in milder climates.

VOL. XVII, No.2-FEBRUARY 1960

4. Averag e daily lamb gain for the en t ire grazing period was not affect ed by th e combination of crops used .

5. Oat s- r ap e p rovi ded m ore lamb days of grazing per acre and tot al la mb produced per acre than either the combination of peas foll ow ed by corn or oats-peas followed by sudan­grass. In addi tion , oa ts -rape p rovided pasture over a longer peri od of time.

6. Sud angrass m atures r ap idl y and becomes rank, ca using "select ive grazing" by lambs.

7. Spri ng seeded annual forages do not provide adequate forage until about June 1.

8. It may be hard to get a good stand of r ape each year unless se eded properly.

9. Annual forages should be r e­garded as te mporary or emergency crops and used to augment or comple ­ment perenn ial pastures follo wing win ter kill ing or dur ing per iods of low product ion (hot weather , drought).

DETERGENT­(Continued from page 9)

The four sheets from loads 1-4, 2-5, and 3-6 were compared in a separate judging period. Fo r whiteness of she ets, se t 3-6 was best , 2-5 n ext, and 1-4 las t. This indicates that 33 grams of the all -p urpose, hi gh-sudsing li quid syndet we re superior to 27 grams of the all-purpose, low-sudsing sy nde t and 12 or 16 grams of the mild soap.

Pillowcases compared wit h in sets r ated as follows: 6 whiter than 3, 2 whit er t han 5, and 1 whiter than 4. Since single articles only w ere com ­pa red, the dat a are insuffic ient for r at ing the app lianc es.

Pink and blue towels-Early in the use -wash test (after the second w ash ­ing), it was noted that the pink towel s were graying- the hand to wels m ore so than the bat h towels. Un used towel swatc hes w ash ed five t im es retained color. Hen ce, it seems probable that the graying of the p ink towels was due, a t least in part, to incomple te soil removal du ring laundering. A homemaker who selec te d p in k ter r y cloth towels similar to those used in

this investi gation might be unhappy with the color matching in a bath­room unless the tow els were washed cl eaner than the y were in this exper i­ment.

The blue-green towels on the other hand retaine d color ve ry w ell. These had been dried in the electric com­bin ation washer-dryer , but un used swatches dr ied in air or in a gas dry­er showed no color change.

Conclusion

Homemakers who use two la undry products-detergent and bleach­probably need bl each to get clean-ap­pearing bed linen s and towels.

TEENAGE INTERESTS­(Continu ed f rom p a ge 16)

althoug h programs could be re duced somewhat during the summ er. Less than 4 percent of the you th felt that ex is ting youth groups sh ould be ac­ti ve onl y in th e winter.

Summary

Both inter- and intr a-group organi­zation affe ct youth participation pat­terns and at tit udes. The youth p rob­lems of the community seem ed no t to be the r esult of "over organ izat ion" as much as "poor organization ." In m any respe cts the exis t ing youth ac­ti vit ies were not meeting the felt needs of the yo uth in the community . Yet , such activities are importan t in reinforcing the social and educ at ional development of yo uth today and in the p re parati on of leaders for to­morrow.

The findings suggest that va­riety of activities. adequate size of active membership. sufficient direction and discipline. the op­portunity to develop leadership potentials. and continuity are considered important by high­school-age youth in assessing their organized social and recre­ational activities.

19

SOUTHEASTER� HARDWOODS­

(Con t in ued from page 3)

Addit ional study is r equired to de­term ine p rospect ive m ortality for trees of these species as age increases. There is some r isk , of course, in hold­in g trees to grea ter ages. On the ot her hand, if t rees that d ie can be salvaged soo n after death, their value is not lost.

Basswood often or igi n ates fr om stum p sprouts so r educe the number to th e two or three of highest quality . Seedlings ar e preferred because they a re l ess li kely to have ser ious heart r ot than stump sp rou ts. The d at a in ­d icate that cull percen t age in selected

~esetlrch Shorts� Editor's note: Here we brief some of

the re sarch not covered in M innesota Farm and Home Scie nce. Some of it may be repor ted in de tail in la ter issues. Other areas have been or will be re­por ted in press, radio, and fa rm papers or in scientific journals. We hope this fea ture will enable Farm and H ome Science to report eve n more research to you.

Experiments conducted at several University Experiment Stations and Minnesota farms indicate that corn plants in fields receiving extra nitr ogen had a higher percentage of crude pro­tein. And ni trogen fertilized corn also produced more crude protein per acre. .. .. ..

Marketing livestock through terminal markets and auctions is bec omin g in­creasingly important in Minnesota. From 1940 to 1956 hog shi pments by farmers to terminal m ar kets increased fr om 36 to 53 percent of the total. At the same time shipments to dealers and local markets dropped from 26 to 15 percent. Th e same kind of changes took place in cattle marketing. Terminal mar kets aucti ons made up 75 percent of farmers' marketings in 1956 com­pare d to 42 percent in 1940.

.. .. .. Fertilizer is a big help even in a dry

year. A preliminary summary of 79 field

h igh quality Min nesot a bassw ood trees r ises from about 5 percen t a t age 60 to aro und 8 per cen t at age 85. A h igh quali ty basswood held ove r t hi s 25-year per iod, how ever, w ill add about $1 per yea r on th e aver age to it s value, a com pou nd interest r eturn on t he value at age 60 of about 10 percent .

Black cherry se ldom exceeds 70 years of age in south easter n Min ne­sot a . When exc ep tion al trees gr ow beyo nd thi s age, t hey show an in ­crease in value of $2.50 per year or a com pound interes t return of over 10 percent.

Black walnut, the most valuable of the four species s tud ied , m akes it s best grow th on fe rtile bottomlands and moist coves. As show n in the figur e, lar ge trees of good quality

plots shows that fertilizer in 1959 boost­ed corn yi elds by 11.4 bushels per acre. Tha t was about 21 percent above un­fer tilized plots. Whe re there was normal r ain , fertilizing increased yields by 14.3 bush els per acre.

.. .. .. Don't gamble on seed- Grain varie ­

ti es recommend ed by the Minnesota Agr icultur al Experiment Station for 1960 include : OATS-Aj ax, Andr ew, Burnett, Garry, Minhafer , Minton, Rod­ney ; RYE-Ad ams, Car ibou, Elk; FLAX - Am y, B 5128, Bolley, Mar ine, Red­wood ; SPRING WHEAT-Lee and Sel­kir k (br ead) and Langdon, Ramsey, Wells, an d Lak ota (durum); WINTER WHEAT- Minter ; BARLEY- Kindred, Parkland, Tra ill; and SOYBEANS­Acme, Capital, Chippewa , Come t, Flam­beau, Grant, Har osoy, Mer it, Norchief, Ottawa Mandar in.

.. .. .. Artificial breeding in swine may soon

be a possibili ty. In fact, every topnotch boar may sire 28 times as many littl e pigs as he does now. The J apanese have alread y worked out semen collect ion methods good enough for widespread use in swine. Uni versity researchers are studyin g the possibili t ies for the United Sta tes.

.. .. >«

Can dual-purpose dairy cattle be bet­ter milkers than they have in the past? University researchers are laun ching a breed ing study on a herd of 130 milking shorthorns at Rosemount to find out.

comm and prices that w ar ran t sp ecial m anagement. The value added be­tween ages 60 and 85 averages ov er $4 per year and th e compound in ­terest rat e is about 7 percen t. The amoun t of defect presen t in w aln ut does not appear to incr ea se m uch in the upper range of ag es in cluded in th is study .

Red e lm w as included becaus e of it s desir able technical qualities wh ich ar e super ior to those of Am er ican elm . Ho wever, in the t rade the two species a r e usually combined as soft elm . Until a m ar ket develops wh ich w ill make greater use of the straight­grain ed character istic of red elm, it s value will not be great. Even in this species, however, a return of ab out 7 percen t compound interest is r ea­li zed by holdin g it for 25 years be­yon d age 60.

The purpose is to devel op a h igh . producing line of milking shor thorns.

.. .. .. Retirement plans aren 't getting th e

attention th ey deserve from Minnes ota far mers , according to pr eliminary re­sults of a ' survey being conducted by Universi ty rural sociologists. Less than one -fourth of farm fam ilies ar e mak ing investments specifically intended for old age income. They do put high value, ho wever, on social secur ity.

.. .. .. Soil moisture res erves are good in

most part s of Minnesota. At the begin­ning of the wi nter, most fields had 5 or more inches of soil moisture. Man y counties along the western border of th e state plu s par ts or all of Grant, Steven s, Pope, Swift , Kan diyohi, Chip­pewa, Renville, Lyon, Redwood, an d Murr ay Counties were below this level. Lowest soils reserve was 1.7 inches at Beardsley in Big Stone County.

Precip it ation in March, April, and May will determ ine if there is enough moist ure for crops this year. If 5 or 6 inches fall dur ing the period, crops should be good.

.. .. .. Rain making has had little success in

Minnesota thus far. Until doub t is re ­mov ed, Uni versity soils me n say th at the standard conservation practic es such as con tou r ing, te rracing, and wheel­track planting should be the firs t line of defense against drought.

M I NNESOTA F ARM AND H OME S CIENCE 20