VOLCANOES

PART DEUX

GEYSERS

• Volcanoes that only eject geothermal heated water. They even use them to heat homes in Iceland.

• Most famous one is Old Faithful in Yellowstone Park

• Old Faithful Geyser – YouTube• The Blue Lagoon Iceland – YouTube• Iceland geyser – YouTube• "steamland" -- geothermal energy in iceland -

YouTube

ICELAND AND GREEN ENERGY FROM VULCANISM

• In recent years Iceland has rapidly been positioning itself as a leading force in harnessing geothermal energy for the purposes of producing electricity. Around 82% of the energy consumption in Iceland is generated domestically with renewable energy sources, 67% of which come from geothermal sources. Despite that it is estimated that around 20-25% of Iceland’s renewable energy sources have been harnessed. That fact is reaffirming to most Icelanders as the nation is the world leader in energy consumption per capita.Two Hundred DegreesTo generate electricity with Geothermal Energy heat from the earth’s core is harnessed by drilling for hot steam surging up through the earth at great speed. The steam is then used to put turbines into motion, which power a generator which ultimately produces electricity. This is however only possible where there is volcanic activity. What happens is that water will seep down the soil where it comes into contact with extremely hot surfaces which then send the water back to the surface, either naturally through geysers or man-made boreholes. Geothermal areas are divided into high and low heat areas, in low heat areas the temperature is usually under boiling, but high heat areas can reach over 200°.

And their stories!

VERY WELL KNOWN VOLCANOES…

Krakatoa

Krakatau erupted in 1883, in one of the largest eruptions in recent time. Krakatau is an island volcano along the Indonesian arc, between the much larger islands of Sumatra and Java (each of which has many volcanoes also along the arc).

Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883: Amazon.ca: Simon Winchester: Books

• In , the author of and focuses his considerable research powers on one of the most cataclysmic events of modern history: the volcanic eruption, in 1883, of the Southeast Asian island of Krakatoa, which resulted in the deaths of 36,000 people and sent shock-waves around the world. But what at the time was a mysterious, almost supernatural phenomenon has become, under the precepts of the contemporary science of plate tectonics, explicable if no less tragic. Winchester veers between eyewitness accounts by survivors and the limited scientific measurements of the time in an attempt to describe the indescribable. The event "is still said to be the most violent explosion ever recorded and experienced by modern man," he writes. "Six cubic miles of rock had been blasted out of existence, had been turned into pumice and ash and uncountable billions of particles of dust." Yet words and numbers can barely hint at the scale of the calamity, which resulted in tsunamis that washed whole villages into the ocean and forever changed the very topography of the area. The author also explores the social and cultural topography, noting, "Orthodox Islam, its revival in part triggered by tragic events such as the great cataclysm, was totally transformed in Java during the nineteenth century, with fundamentalism, militancy, and profound hostility to non-Muslims its watchwords." At times Winchester seems to overstate his case, and the link he finds between Krakatoa and the rise of anti-Western sentiment in the Islamic world isn’t especially convincing. But, by weaving together the disaster with science, communications, politics, religion, and economics, he has come up with a comprehensive and often fascinating glimpse into the way the world, and our perception of it, can change in an instant

1. The explosions were heard on Rodriguez Island, 4653 km distant across the Indian Ocean, and over

1/13th of the earth's 2. Ash fell on Singapore 840 km to the N, Cocos (Keeling) Island 1155 km to the SW, and ships as far as 6076 km WNW. Darkness covered the Sunda Straits from 11 a.m. onthe 27th until dawn the

next day. 3. Giant waves reached heights of 40 m above sea

level, devastating everything in their path and hurling ashore coral blocks weighing as much as 600 tons.

4. At least 36,417 people were killed, most by the giant waves

5. When the eruption ended only 1/3 of Krakatau, formerly 5x9 km, remained above sea level, and new islands of steaming pumice and ash lay to the north

where the sea had been 36 m deep. 6. Every recording barograph in the world ducumented the passage of the airwave, some as many as 7 times

as the wave bounced back and forth between the eruption site and its antipodes for 5 days after the

explosion.

7. Tide gauges also recorded the sea wave's passage far from Krakatau. The wave "reached Aden in 12 hours, a distance of 3800 nautical miles, usually traversed by a

good steamer in 12 days". 8. Blue and green suns were observed as fine ash and aerosol, erupted perhaps 50 km into the stratosphere,

circled the equator in 13 days. 9. Theree months after the eruption these products had spread to higher latitudes causing such vivid red sunset afterglows that fire engines were called out in New York, Poughkeepsie, and New Haven to quench the apparent conflagration. Unusual sunsets continued for 3 years.

10. Rafts of floating pumice-locally thick enouth to support men, trees, and no doubt other biological passengers-

crossed the indian Ocean in 10 months. Others reached Melanesia, and were still afloat two years after the eruption.

11. The volcanic dust veil that created such spectacular atmospheric effects also acted as a solar radiation filter,

lowering global temperatures as much as 1.2 degree C in the year after the eruption. Temperatures did not return to

normal until 1888

THE VOLCANO BLEW ITSELF UP! ITS SON IS THERE NOW…ANAK-KRAKATOA.

Roman City of Pompeii…frozen in time by ash from Vesuvius

79 A.D.

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101102/pompeii-mount-vesuvius-science-died-instantly-heat-bodies/

• Pink Floyd - Echoes (complete) (live in Pompeii 1971) – YouTube

• The Lost City of Pompeii - YouTube

THE KRAFFTS: VULCANOLOGISTS

R.I.P.

• Maurice and Katia Kraft – YouTube

• Unzen (1991) - YouTube

Mt. St. Helens 1980

BEFORE

DURING

AFTER

Harry Truman (and cats) R.I.P.

• Mt. St. Helens - Harry Truman – YouTube

• Mt. St. Helens Eruption and Harry Truman – YouTube

• St.Helens Funny Song - YouTube

Mt Fuji, Japan

Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

                                                        

Mt. Etna, Sicily

Mt. Egmont, New ZealandTHE SOUTHERN ALPS

• MOUNT DOOM - LORD OF THE RINGS - HIKING - NEW ZEALAND - TONGARIRO - TAUPO 3 DAY CIRCUIT – YouTube

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1a7jhBh0UE

• Pedaltours - New Zealand Southern Alps 15-day Cycling Tour – YouTube

Mt. Shasta, California

Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines

1964 Surtsey/Eldfell, Iceland

ELDFELL

Iceland Volcanic Eruption - YouTube

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Kilauea, Hawaii

Mt. Rainier, Washington State

Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

Montserrat air studios

http://www.uncommoncaribbean.com/2011/04/28/on-site-montserrat-air-studios-rock-and-roll-ruins/