volcanoes. vocabulary minerals – an inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition magma –...
TRANSCRIPT
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VOLCANOES
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VOCABULARY
• Minerals – An inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition
• Magma – Liquid or molten rock under ground
• Lava – Magma that has reached the Earth’s surface
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VOCABULARY
• Vent – The main outlet for magma to escape
• Crater – A large, funnel-shaped pit created by an eruption
• Magma Chamber– A large underground pool of molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth.
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THE FORMATION OF MAGMA
• Magma can be formed under three conditions:
• Temperature – the melting point of the minerals is reached.
• Pressure – can decrease the melting point
• Fluids can decrease the melting point of minerals
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VOLCANO
• A volcano is a vent in Earth’s surface where magma and gases are expelled.
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VOLCANISM
• Volcanism - Any activity that includes the movement of magma onto Earth’s surface
• Magma rises upward because it is less dense than the surrounding rock.
• The amount of magma increases as it reaches the surface:
• It melts some of the surrounding rock on its way up
• Large chunks of rock break off and melt.
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• This zone of active volcanoes is formed by the subduction of plates along the Pacific coasts and neighboring plates.
• As the oceanic plate sinks below another, water combines with crust and mantle material. The water lowers the melting point of the rock and magma is formed.
THE RING OF FIRE
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RING OF FIRE
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HOW DO I FIND A VOLCANO?
• Subduction zones are just one area of major volcanic action. They are where one plate slides under another.
• Mid-ocean ridges:
• The best place to find large amounts of magma are where two plates move apart.
• Hot Spots
• Areas of volcanism in the middle of a plate
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3 TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
• LAVA FLOW eruption
• A mass of flowing or solidified lava.
• One of three formations maybe be created:
• Pahoehoe
• Aa
• Blocky lava
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3 TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
• Quiet eruptions
• Quiet eruptions are characterized by:
• Continuous flow of lava over large areas
• Leakage of gases
• The lava does not harden and block the vent, allowing for flow and less violent explosions
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QUIET ERUPTIONS
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3 TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
• Explosive eruptions are due to sluggish lava.
• The lava cools quickly to form plugs in the vent. When the volcano erupts, it does so violently due to the back up of pressure.
• These types tend to throw clouds of gas, ash and other solid particles (pyroclastic material)
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EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
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TYPES OF VOLCANOES
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SHIELD VOLCANOES
• Features:
• Broad base and sloping sides
• Covers a wide area
• Generally form from quiet eruptions of constantly flowing lava
• Example: Hawaiian Islands
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CINDER CONE VOLCANO
• Features
• Very steep slopes, but smaller than the other two
• Form from small explosive eruptions
• Commonly have craters due to the explosive erupting.
• Example: Capulin Volcano in NM
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COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
• Features
• Made from alternating layers of hardened lava flows and volcanic ash/dust (pyroclastic material)
• Formed by both quiet and explosive eruptions
• Create large volcanic mountains
• Example: Mt. Fuji in Japan
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• The upward movement of magma in a vent can cause the surface of a volcano to bulge outward.
• Some volcanoes can be tracked to establish any activity patterns, similar to Old Faithful.
• Pressure can grow inside the rock surrounding the magma. This may cause small earthquakes
• Temperature changes inside the rock can cause fracturing and small earthquakes
• An increase in strength and frequency of earthquakes may be a predictor of an upcoming eruption
PREDICTING AN ERUPTION
INCREASE IN EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN ACTIVITY
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POP QUIZ!NAME THESE THREE TYPES OF VOLCANOES