volume 12, number 1 • 2001 river voices...2 river voices • volume 12, number 1 river voices...

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River VoicesVolume 12, Number 1 • 2001Quarterly publication of River Network

Maps are powerful tools for communication.This power is enhanced by new technologies,which are changing the very nature of maps.

Increasingly, maps can be viewed as dynamicentities that can be queried interactively. The wideavailability of new software programs allows greateraccessibility to map-making by a broad range ofpeople.

History of Map-makingMaps utilize representation and symbols to conveyaspects of the real world. New and different types ofmaps have been created in response to new ideasabout the world or due to technicaladvances. For example, Erastosthenes, aGreek astronomer, used geometry tocalculate the circumference of theearth, introducing new methodsto determine shapes andsurfaces. The Age of Explorationushered in a period of map-making, creating maps that wereboth artistic products and generalreference maps for identifyingplaces. The Enlightenment and theScientific Revolution produced mapsthat classified and defined space, introducingthematic and choropleth (i.e., population density)maps that depict patterns of distribution. Newmethods and theories, such as cartographicmodeling and ecological perspectives, influence thetypes of maps we make. Increasingly, maps aretreated as dynamic entities which utilize real-timedata to create models to weight the importance ofenvironmental phenomena, to assess land suitabilityand to address sustainability strategies.

Technology and MapsAdvances in technology have had a profoundinfluence on the types of maps we construct and theuses we have for such products. Map design, dataselection and collection, the production andreproduction of maps, are all influenced bytechnology. Early maps were constructed using avariety of mediums—brushes, quills, stylus onpapyrus, silk and parchment. Magnetic technologyallowed for the development of the compass, whichnavigators and surveyors found particularly usefulfor measuring angles and determining directions.Mechanical technology, in the form of engraving

machines and engine-driven presses,

allowed forincreased mapproduction

andaccessibilityof maps to awideraudience.

Lens grindingprocesses have

increased map accuracy by enhancinghuman vision through telescopic sightinginstruments and magnifying lenses. Advances inlaser technology have improved data storage andretrieval through the use of CD-ROMs.Photography has influenced data collection, mapcompilation, production and reproduction.Enlargement and reduction techniques were greatlymodified and simplified through both photographyand lithography.

The Power of MapsBy Melinda Laituri

Continued on page 4

2 RIVER VOICES • Volume 12, Number 1

River VoicesNational Office520 SW Sixth Avenue, Suite 1130Portland, Oregon 97204-1511503/241-3506fax: 503/[email protected]

D.C. Office4000 Albemarle Street NW, Suite 303Washington D.C. 20016202/364-2550fax: 202/[email protected]

Vermont Office153 State StreetMontpelier, VT 05602802/223-3840fax: 802/[email protected]

River Network is a nationalorganization whose mission is to helppeople understand, protect and restore

rivers and their watersheds.

RIVER NETWORK BOARD OF TRUSTEESSarah Chappell ArmentroutSally BetheaDavid BordenWilliam G. F. Botzow, II Mason BrowneJames E. Coleman, Jr.Robert T. Coulter Dianne Dillonridgley

Peter KirschKen MargolisParry MeadTim Palmer E. William Stetson, III Dan ValensLaurene von KlanJames T. Waring

RIVER NETWORK STAFFMatthew BurkeRobin Chanay Geoff DatesSteve DickensSue DoroffDon ElderRobert FieldsReni Fox Jean HamillaLaurie Harris Victoria Jeans-GailTanyia JohnsonPamela JordanGayle KillamJosh KlingEva T. LealLaraBeckie Lee

Kathy Luscher Ken Margolis Margaret McCoyTim McNeilDebbie MorsePat MunozVinh Nguyen David PolkPeter RaabeAngie ReedJudith Rubin Cary R. SchayeGabriela StocksBen StrandNicole WaldheimPhil Wallin Hugh ZackheimThalia Zepatos

CONTENTS

1 The Power of Mapsby Melinda Laituri

3 From the President

6 CASE STUDY:

Mapping Your Membershipby Elliot Olsen

7 GIS for River Groupsby Amy Haak

11 CASE STUDY:

Mendenhall Watershed Partnershipby Cheryl Van Dyke

12 Mapmaker, Mapmakerby Kathy Luscher

18 CASE STUDY:

Friends of the Presumpscot Riverby Dusti Faucher

20 References & Resources

23 River Network Partnership

River Voices is a forum for information exchange among river and watershed groupsacross the country. River Network welcomes your comments and suggestions. RiverNetwork grants permission and encourages sharing and reprinting of informationfrom River Voices, unless the material is marked as copyrighted. Please credit RiverNetwork when you reprint articles and send the editor a copy. Additional copies andback issues are available from our national office.

Editors: Kathy Luscher, Thalia Zepatos

Editorial Assistance: Laurie Harris, Jean Hamilla, Angie Reed, Pamela Jordan

Design & Layout: Greer Graphics Inc.

AAll species tend to expend their range until they bump up against the edgesof the habitat that supports their needs. Among mammals, none approachthe expansion success of Homo sapiens. Surely, no other life form comes near us for

the exfoliating variety of adaptation strategies we have developed. Through them, weinhabit nearly every terrestrial ecosystem type, and dominate most of them.

Mapping must have been one of the earliest adaptation technologies humans developed.Sticks or fingers probably drew the earliest maps in dirt. The water hole is there, over thesecond ridge. We saw the game moving in this direction. At some time, some ancientcartographer developed the concept of including unknown regions on maps. For manycenturies cartography advanced by progressively filling in the blank spaces atincreasingly fine levels of resolution. For many, filling in the blank spaces waspreparatory to occupying them.

Today, there are no more blank spaces, but the ramifications and importance of mappingcontinue to grow. All over the world, indigenous peoples are mapping their cultural andsubsistence sites as a step toward gaining protection for them. Thus, today, mapping notonly reflects, but can be used to help drive management decisions.

Urban governments map the hidden conduits that send services around the city.Neighbors map boundaries. More and more elements of society are participating inmapping ecosystems and watersheds as functional management areas.

Geographic Information Systems have invested mapping with new power by enabling usto map our increasingly complex and detailed knowledge about the world. We cancompare such attributes as slope, soil type, management regime and erosion, and can usethose layers of information to compare relationships between erosion and fishpopulation trends on similar streams with different management regimes. Thepermutations of combining layers of information are nearly endless, and in this area weare still learning.

Grassroots groups can’t afford to be left out of the revolution in mapping. Ultimately,you can’t talk about or plan for watersheds without including cartographic informationin the discussion. This is a set of conversations from which none of us can afford to beexcluded.

Volume 12, Number 1 • RIVER VOICES 3

From the PresidentThe Mapping Revolution

Lind

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In less than 50 years, the new process ofcomputer-assisted mapping has beeninvented and implemented. The analog map(two-dimensional map) is being replaced bythe digital file or record in which alllocations and characteristics are coded in abinary system. This technology isinfluencing how people think about maps,how data is collected and compiled, andhow maps are produced and reproduced.The conventional graphic map is no longerthe only product to be generated in thecartographic process. GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) are complexdatabases that not only store data and creategraphic outputs, but also allow analysis ofspatially explicit data to create newinformation.

Fundamental cartographicconceptsWhile all of these technical advances havechanged map production, none of thefundamental concepts of map-making havechanged. In effect, these changes simplycreate the old map in new forms.

The fundamental concepts of cartographyinclude:

• scale (what shall be seen and whatshall not be seen)

• projection (what shall be distorted)

• legend (what is being mapped)

• symbolization (what story is told)

All of these cartographic concepts areemployed in making a map. In addition, allmaps should contain these additional mapelements:

• title (what is the map about)

• direction (how is the map orientedwith regard to the earth)

• source (where did the data comefrom)

• date (how old is the information)

• author (who made the map)

Underlying assumptions of mapsIn constructing maps, we assume a certainlevel of commonality with regard togeographic reference points or coordinatesystems. We assume the map is oriented inan established and accepted way: north isthe top of the map and we reinforce thisusing a directional arrow. We recognizeoutlines of certain shapes to refer to suchthings as watersheds, states, countries orcontinents. We identify mapped elementsbased upon their color—water is blue. Also,we agree on fundamental symbolizationwhere certain symbols refer to specificfeatures: points are wells or cities, lines arerivers, roads or contours, and polygons areecosystems or land uses.

Maps are composites of this world and arenecessarily selective. We recognize thatmaps are simplifications of complexlandscapes—representations of space andplace that reflect our assumptions andbiases. In fact, every map is as much aboutwhat is not represented as what isrepresented.

Generally, it is easier to determine theboundaries of human-made featuresbecause their extent tends to be discrete.The properties of natural features may notbe easy to calculate because the boundariesdefined by the map maker will always be

continued from page 1

The Power of Maps, cont.


artificial. Exactly where does the forest end? Is the boundaryof a lake the spring maximum or the fall minimum? Naturetends to be fuzzy, and maps are discrete. There is afundamental disparity between the two.

Cartographic generalization is composed of the following:• simplification: related to scale, involves omitting

details that will clutter the map or confuse the reader,

• classification: reducing the information to a form thatcan be easily presented on a map,

• induction: the process whereby more information isrepresented on a map than is actually supplied by theoriginal data. Information is inferred or interpolatedbased upon sampled data (i.e. contour maps,topographic maps, precipitation maps).

Better Maps?The question must be asked again: are we making bettermaps? More fundamentally, are we communicating better?To communicate complex ideas and compete in thecontentious atmosphere of land use management decisions,it is necessary to utilize new tools: Geographic InformationSystems, Global Positioning Systems & Remote Sensing.These new tools may lend legitimacy to alternativeperspectives by creating a common language. However, arealternative perspectives truly represented? What happens tosuch intangibles as values, cultural perceptions about placeor even language differences? Maps represent a reality thatexceeds our vision and embody a point of view. Maps can beviewed as a moment in the decision-making process—theycan help to visualize and solve problems. In this context, themap-maker assumes a significant responsibility. In addition,computer-based maps are powerful tools of persuasion. Weneed an educated citizenry that understands the pitfalls,problems and potential in the use of digital data and theoutputs created.

Melinda J. Laituri is an Associate Professor of Geography in theEarth Resources Department at Colorado State University. Herresearch interests include environmental justice issues, indigenousknowledge, natural resource management and geographic informa-tion systems.

TIPS FOR MAKINGBETTER MAPS

• Prepare maps based upon their final use:– Large poster display, on-screen display,

reproduction.

• Don’t work too large or too small.

• Start with a good base map.– Register all your other information to

this map.

• Use standard symbols.

• Don’t crowd.

• Use maps to make a point.

• Beware of bad reproduction.

• Take advantage of the printing process:– Compare your on-screen display with

printed maps.

– Colors and patterns often appeardifferent on paper.

• Observe lettering conventions:– i.e. italicized fonts are used for water

bodies.

• Watch your choice of color and patterns:– Think about your audience.

– Intensity, hue and tone are linked topreferences based upon culture, genderand age.

• Question the value of a thematic map.

• Think about your data classes.– Do they make sense? Are you

comparing appropriate types of data?

• Beware of software defaults!!– Software defaults are not designed for

the product you have in mind, they aredesigned to sell the software. Be sure tocreate maps that reflect your needs.

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Membership lists are helpful, but theydo not let you analyze the spatialrelationships that exist between your

members and their geographic, political andeconomic environments. At the MinnesotaCouncil of Trout Unlimited, we have foundthat maps of members can help reducewasted volunteer effort, so important to ourgroup without paid staff. We have usedmaps to help plan outreach into anadjoining state with no Council, to clusternames for member solicitation, to matchmembers with legislators, to matchmembers with adjacent environmentalthreats and to look for gaps in membership.And, we are presently gathering data to mapprojected population growth near troutstreams to help anticipate and predictfuture threats.

Maps display data as a point, a line or anenclosed area such as a circle or rectangle.Point data includes locations such as achurch or a TU member. Line data includesroads, boundaries and rivers. Enclosed areasinclude political divisions such as counties,cities, wards and districts or zip codes.These areas can be colored to identify themor to show features such as populationgrowth or average age.

One of our firstmapping projectswas a simple one.We wanted tolook at thelocation of TUmembers in Iowato help plan somemeetings. Thefirst step was getthe geographiclocation of ourmembers. Wematched themember’s addresswith a Census

Bureau street file named Tiger. Internetprograms such as MAPQUEST can alsoprovide a map of a single location oraddress. We use a “batch process,” whichallows us to run the whole membership listand then plot it on a commercial mappingpackage. The Iowa map is one of the firstthat we produced. We then did the samething for Minnesota and the Twin Cities.

Our next project was in membershipdevelopment. The Twin Cities Chapterpurchased the list of names and addresses oftrout stamp purchasers in the state. We hadthese records compared with ourmembership roster and purged currentmembers from the list. This gave us a list ofnon-members who fish for trout. We thenplotted and sorted them by calling ormailing area.

Once the new legislative districts areselected, we will sort our membership listby representative districts and group themfor call lists.

The list of possibilities increases daily, andwe anticipate that mapping will continue togrow as a tool for our organization.

Eliott Olsen is the Chairman of the MinnesotaCouncil of Trout Umlimited, a voluntary position.As a boy growing up in Illinois, he witnessed themass die off of birds from DDT, the stinky beachesof Lake Michigan littered with dead alewife andthe erosion of stream banks in SouthwestWisconsin and he has tried to make a difference.

by Elliot Olsen

CASE STUDY:

Mapping Your Membership

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What is GIS?

Geographic Information Systems, orGIS, may be easiest to describe interms of what it is not. GIS is not a

drafting program. It is not a graphicsprogram. It is not a spreadsheet. So what isit? While a GIS can support many of theanalytical and graphic functions found inthese computer programs, what makes aGIS unique is that these functions have aspatial, or geographic, component to them.Any feature that can be mapped can be putinto a GIS, and any data associated withthat feature can also be put into the GIS tosupport analytical functions.

The inter-actions between different featurescan be evaluated based on their geographicrelationship. For example, erosion proneareas within a watershed can be identifiedby looking at the spatial relationshipbetween soil type, land cover/land use, andtopography. Simply stated, steep areas witherosive soils that have been logged are goingto have a greater risk for surface erosionthan flat areas with trees. Being able toapply this type of analysis across largegeographic regions with multiple layers ofdata can be a powerful tool for conservationgroups that can be used in a variety of ways.

How can groups benefit from GIS?One of the greatest benefits to anorganization from a GIS is developing abetter understanding of the physical andbiological conditions and influences on theresource of concern. A comprehensive GIS,built on credible data with defensibleanalyses, will provide a conservation groupwith an effective means of evaluating andcommunicating complex inter-relationshipsaffecting the resource or region of interest.This improved understanding can be usedto focus organizing strategies and provide asolid basis for evaluation of proposedpolicies and actions. The results of these

analyses, portrayed in well-done maps(often used in conjunction withphotographs), can be used to tell a story inan understandable manner to a non-technical audience that may consist ofpoliticians, judges, the media or the generalpublic.

The results of GIS analyses can help to buildthe credibility of an organization in thepublic process by enabling you toquantitatively show the gaps that often existbetween science and policy.

For example, Conservation Geographyrecently completed anevaluation of proposedforest plans for the Boise-Payette-Sawtooth NationalForests in southern Idaho.These forests arecharacterized by steeperosive slopes and contain anumber of water-quality-limited stream segments.While the activistsreviewing the plansintuitively know thaterosion andsedimentation aresignificant issues acrossmany of the forest watersheds, it wasdifficult to evaluate the site-specificmanagement prescriptions being proposedrelative to these water quality concerns. Inorder to help with this review, a GIS wasdeveloped for the three forests whichcontained data on topography, waterquality, road network, land type, firehistory, vegetative cover, and existing andproposed management prescriptions.

A detailed analysis was performed acrossthe three forests that identified undisturbedareas with low to high erosion sensitivityindex as well as disturbed areas with low to

GIS for River Groupsby Amy Haak

Continued on page 8


high erosion sensitivityindex. These areas wereevaluated relative to themanagementrecommendations.Interestingly it wasfound that the heavilydisturbed highly erosiveareas with water qualitylimited streams, wereNOT the targets forproposed watershedrestoration work, butrather wererecommended for morecommercial logging,while the restorationwork was focused on theundisturbed erosivewatersheds. When welooked a little further wefound that the areastargeted for ‘restoration’(which permits loggingand road building) alsocontained large tracts ofrelatively pristineponderosapine stands.

This GISanalysis wasextremelyuseful to theconservationgroups working onthe project since ithelped identify theirstrongest arguments andenabled them to counterspecific managementrecommendations withquantifiable data ratherthan more qualitativecomments. Detailedmaps of the analysis aswell as supporting

statistics were incorporated into the 40pages of comments.

Results from a GIS may also be used torefine and enforce legal arguments. This isparticularly powerful when data from theagency being challenged can be used toshow the inconsistencies in their ownactions. By using their data, the argumentover ‘advocacy science’ is eliminated and thediscussion is focused on the proposedactions rather than the validity of the data.In general, resource agencies today arecollecting fairly credible inventory data. Theproblems tend to arise when they allowpolitics and ‘business as usual’ to drive thedecision-making process and control theparameters used in evaluation andmanipulation of their resource data. Bygoing back to their original inventory data,it is often possible to demonstrate that theiractions can not be justified based on theirown resource information and governingmandates.

Conservation Geography used thisapproach successfully in support of a

lawsuit brought against the ClearwaterNational Forest over an old growth

timber sale. Using the forest’sown data and aerialphotography, we were able to

show that the forest service wasincluding clearcuts and non-forested lands as part of their old

growth inventory. The analysisshowed that they were not meeting the

forest’s requirement for 10% old growthretention, thus any additional old growthlogging was a clear violation of their forestplan. Two declarations were generated thatdescribed every step of the analysis andlarge format maps were produced for thecourtroom. The judge remanded the sale.

In another case related to stream diversionsin the upper Salmon River basin that killendangered fish species, Conservation

GIS for River Groups, cont.continued from page 7

by Angie Reed

It is important to rememberthat map perspectives areoften incomplete. This isespecially true of the Nativepeople that call this place“home,” and did so long beforeit was “mapped” and “named.”Each of the many differentNative cultures are intimatelyconnected with and defined bythe place to which they belong,and their way of life and oralhistory have made maps, aswe are discussing them,unnecessary.

Knowing people that are sodefined by the land helps meto remember that thewatershed perspective isnothing new. It also heightensmy sense of the impact ofartificial political boundaries.

The process of making andsharing watershed maps hasnurtured and changed myown sense of place on theground an in the web of inter-connections that is life.Perhaps, if maps could get usall back to that perspective, wewould no longer need them.EXCERPTED FROM “NURTURING YOUR SENSE

OF PLACE: USING MAPS AS TOOLS FOR SEEING

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES” BY ANGIE REED.

THE ARTICLE IN ITS ENTIRETY IS AVAILABLE

ON RIVER NETWORK’S WEB PAGE:

WWW.RIVERNETWORK.ORG.

KEEPING IT INPERSPECTIVE


Geography was able to show with satelliteimagery and aerial photography that adiversion claimed for irrigation purposeswas really being used to water livestock. Theland claimed as irrigated in the water rightwas actually sagebrush and the six mileditch that ran through the desert didn’tirrigate anything. This diversion, which de-watered important bull trout spawninghabitat, was illegal and the irrigator agreedto decrease the amount ofthe diversion as well asimprove the structure,making it safe for fish.

How can groupsaccess GIS?If your conservationgroup wishes tointegrate GISanalyses into yourwork, you essentiallyhave two choices: 1)develop thecapabilityinternally or 2)work with a GISservice provider.There are prosand cons to eachapproach, and the best one for you willdepend on the level of commitment yourorganization is willing or able to make todeveloping the technology. If your groupwants the scientific analyses andinformation provided by a GIS but doesn’twant to expand the organization toaccommodate a new department, thendeveloping a relationship with a serviceprovider is probably the best option.

There are numerous for-profit GISconsulting businesses located across thecountry, as well as some nonprofit GISservice providers, such as ConservationGeography.

If an organization wants to make thecommitment to developing its own GIScapability, it needs to consider a number ofissues. The simplest and probably cheapestelement in starting a GIS is

acquisition ofthe hardware and software.Although purchasing a powerful computerand the necessary peripheral devices is not atrivial expense, programs such as theConservation Technology Support Programprovide hardware and software grants toconservation groups. If your organizationcan demonstrate that it has the resourcesand commitment to develop an in-houseGIS capability, you have a good chance ofbeing granted at least a simple hardwareand software configuration.

However, having hardware and software on-Continued on page 10

These maps wereprepared as projectsfor the Scappoose BayWatershed Council byDavid Evans andAssociates, Inc.(Peter Bahls, ProjectManager)


site does not constitute a functional GIS program. The most criticalcomponent in the system is qualified personnel. If your organization isunwilling or unable to invest in an experienced GIS analyst, you shouldseriously reconsider your interest in developing in-house GIS capability. Inorder to realize the full potential of an integrated GIS program, the operatorneeds to know not only how to run the software, but should also understandissues related to data integrity, data structure and how to design andimplement effective spatial analyses. Without this level of understanding,you may never get more than very expensive maps of baseline informationfrom your GIS.

The final element of the GIS is the data. It has been said that today’s societyis data rich and information poor. GIS can help you turn the vast quantitiesof data being produced by public agencies into usable information to helpguide policy development and management actions. There are numeroussources of data on a variety of subjects. A great deal of statewide andregional data can be downloaded directly from the internet. More detailedinformation can often be obtained directly from a specific agency through aFreedom of Information Act request. The challenge comes in integratingthese data sets, being able to separate the good data from the bad anddetermining what is an appropriate use for any given data element. Takingdata that was developed for regional or national planning purposes andapplying it to a detailed watershed analysis will produce inaccurate andinconsistent results.

Investing in GISOne of the most important things to consider when integrating GIS workinto any program is that the bulk of the cost of a GIS is at the front end. Thepower of a GIS comes from its data-driven analytical capabilities and thesingle greatest expense is the compilation of appropriate data into a versatileand effective application. Once the data has been compiled, runningdifferent analyses, what-if scenarios, generating maps, statistics, etc. isrelatively inexpensive. However, if a GIS system is only used for making amap, it will be the most expensive map a group has ever paid for since eventhe simplest map requires real data. The value of a GIS is in the long-termdevelopment of a comprehensive information system and database for yourarea of interest that you can build on over time as resource conditionschange and new information becomes available. Whether this is doneinternally or through a relationship with a GIS service provider, it isimportant to view this as a long-term investment that will increase in valueand decrease in unit cost every time you use it.

Amy Haak is the founder and Executive Director of Conservation Geography and apartner in Spatial Dynamics, a GIS consulting firm. She is on the board of directors forIdaho Rivers United and the Idaho Conservation League and is working on a PhD inwatershed-based risk assessment in Guatemala.

ABOUTCONSERVATIONGEOGRAPHYConservation Geography is aBoise, Idaho-basednonprofit organization thatwas founded solely for thepurpose of providing GISexpertise to the conservationcommunity.

Conservation Geography’swork is done by GISprofessionals, and itmaintains a state-of-the-arthardware and softwaresystem with over 100gygabytes of resource-baseddata, primarily for Idahoand the Intermountain West.

While ConservationGeography primarily workswith the Idaho conservationcommunity, it has supportedlarge projects around thewest for various non-Idahobased organizations.

Conservation Geography isfunded through acombination of foundationgrants and subsidized feesfrom the groups it supports.

GIS for River Groups, cont.continued from page 9


The Mendenhall Watershed Partnership in Juneau, Alaska is a volunteer citizens' groupworking to enhance the environmental quality and economic vitality of the MendenhallWatershed. The Partnership has frequently used GIS to map land use and environmentalinformation for the Mendenhall Valley Watershed.

Because the valley was formed by a receding glacier, the landscape and geologic forms arecontinually changing. "Isostatic rebound" occurs when land compressed by a glacier slowlysprings back to its pre-glacier elevation (much like a saturated sponge that has beensquished.) Wetlands and estuarine zones are especially susceptible to changes from isostaticrebound, in addition to man-made influences.

Housing nearly half of Juneau's population of 30,000, the Mendenhall Watershed has seenintense development over the last century. Mapping current development, land ownership,land use plans, wetlands, salmon streams and tributaries has helped the watershedpartnership to facilitate "smart growth" and plan restoration and educational projects. Adatabase of water quality data created by interns from the University of Alaska Southeast willbe linked to the map electronically. The map is made available to the public free on thePartnership's website: www.mendenhallwatershed.org.

Future plans for thePartnership's GIS mapsinclude training volunteers touse hand-held GPSequipment to plot failingculverts, storm water outfalls,restoration sites and otherpoints of interest in thewatershed. The Partnershiphas also teamed with the Cityand Borough of Juneau tofind funding for updatedtopography mapping of thewatershed. More accuratetopo maps will help thePartnership work with FEMAto improve floodplain mapsof the watershed, reducingunnecessary flood insurance for some homeowners.

GIS mapping has been an inexpensive way for the Mendenhall Watershed Partnership topresent a variety of information in a clear way. The Partnership considers it to be awonderful tool so far, with limitless possibilities for the future.

For more information about the Mendenhall WatershedPartnership, visit www.mendenhallwatershed.org, or write:P.O. Box 32559, Juneau, AK 99803.

Cheryl Van Dyke is the former Executive Director of the Mendenhall Watershed Partnership in Juneau,Alaska. She spends her free time seas kayaking and hiking.

CASE STUDY:

Mendenhall Watershed Partnershipby Cheryl VanDyke


Mount Desert Island WaterQuality Coalition, ME

Purpose: Community Awareness

This map shows which storm drainswere stenciled "Dump No Waste,Drains To Bay" by third graders(assisted by high school sophomores)in Bar Harbor, Maine. This is part of a

community awarenesscampaign, toinform residentsand visitors aboutstorm waterpollution. The

digital data for themap came fromCollege of theAtlantic's GIS

(GeographicInformationSystem). The

map was produced inArcView by individualsinvolved in the"Sophomores for CleanShores" program atMount Desert IslandHigh School (MDIHS).

MMapmaker, Mapmaker

Make Me a Map

Maps are an amazingly efficient vehicle for storing and communicating complex information.And while technological developments have greatly impacted the manner in which maps arecreated and utilized—expensive and sophisticated technology are not the only means by

which to produce maps. From planning a route to hike or canoe along a river to displaying sites ofhistorical events or habitat loss, maps not only play a substantial role in everyday life, they also offerwatershed groups a powerful tool with which to convey our message.

How are grassroots groups across the country incorporating maps into river conservation work?Here is a sampling of the creative ways in which maps are being used, along with some hints andstrategies from your colleagues.

Dr.

Jane

Dis

ney

Compiled by Kathy Luscher


Hennepin Conservation District, MNPurpose: Stream Monitoring

This map has been very popular with both the schoolgroups we work with and the watershed districts andmunicipalities responsible for management decisions onthese streams. The ratings categories—good, fair, andpoor—were developed based on Hilsenhoff 's FamilyBiotic Index scores for the sites in our program. Thewatershed boundaries were delineated from the legalparcel descriptions.

Pure Water for KansasMap Purpose: Watershed Perspective

A Pure Water For Kansas partner in theKansas City metro area created basinmaps that wiped out the politicalboundaries between Kansas City, MOand Kansas City, KS. The map was asan effective tool for joining two,politically distinct states and cities inshared watersheds.

Dry Creek Conservancy, CAPurpose: Greenway Promotion

This map, created to help promote a greenway, isbeing used by all groups and agencies working onthe greenway. It is also used to educate people to

understand the watershed conceptand the area and issues of the DryCreek watershed. Because thenotion of a watershed is somewhatabstract, the map is an ideal tool forcommunicating with the public. Weuse a smaller, less detailed version ofthe map in our membershipbrochure.


River Keepers, NDPurpose: Canoe Guide

We made this map as part of our mission to "advocatesustainable use of the Red River of the North." Therewas nothing available to give to people when they asked"where are the dams?", "where are the public accesssites?" "where can I canoe?" etc.

Projects like this always seem to take more time thananticipated. We encountered numerous challengesduring the creation of this map, including compilingand “ground-truthing” existing data. (Many existingmaps are incorrect; be sure to verifyeverything.)

Indian Law Resource Center, MTPurpose: Land Claims

We have helped the Maya in Belize produce an entirebook-length atlas to substantiate their land claims andenvironmental protection work. We have also begunmapping work on the Yukon with native tribes.

Kentucky River Authority, KYPurpose: Watershed Assessment Report

The assessment report and watershed rankings reflect datacompiled during the watershed management cycle to date(1997-2000). The report includes data collected by stateagencies and volunteers. This report is one of the principalways that information compiled at the state and basin levels isprovided to local Watershed Task Forces for use in planning.

The information is provided via an on-line map. Viewers canclick on the relevant section of the watershed to see the datafor a particular region—including volunteer data, agency dataassessment, primary land uses and geographical information.

http://www.uky.edu/WaterResources/Watershed/KRB_AR/INDEX.htm


The Charles River Conservancy, MAPurpose: Visioning

We turned a map of the CharlesRiver Basin Parkland into a poster.We started with an aerial view ofCambridge, Boston, Watertown andNewton in black and white. Theposter measures 2 1/2 by 5 feet.Below the map we included quotesby Thoreau, Longfellow and Eliot,as well as a description of theCharles River Conservancy. We areabout to go to print (off-set) withthis artwork and then distribute itto schools, agencies andorganizations with the support ofcorporations. The map poster willbe mounted, ready to hang.

We made the image large scale so that every individual building along the basin parkland would be recognizable,thus enabling people who work or live along the route of the river to identify their location on the poster. Weare seeking foundation and corporate funding to bring the mounted Parklands Map Poster, which we thinkpresents a powerful message, into as many classrooms, corporate offices, environmental agencies, waiting areasand family rooms as possible. We view the poster as a conversation starter to stimulate people to talk about theCharles River and its Basin Parklands and how they would like to use them and see them restored.

Organization for the Assabet River, MAPurpose: Events Planning

Our “non-technical” map shows a few put-ins along theSudbury, Assabet and Concord Rivers with estimated boatingtimes to encourage people to join us for a Solstice ceremonyon June 21. We boated these stretches and timed ourselves toget the "data," a good excuse to get out on the rivers.

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Trees, Water & People, COPurpose: Strategizing

We are working to develop new layers for the recentlycompleted NRCS map of Colorado watersheds

including: a map of all the "activity areas" for watershedgroups in Colorado (we anticipate adding in a click-through capability so you can click on any watershed

group and see the underlying data about the watershedgroup and their projects) and a map of the high prioritywatersheds (defined by water quality needs).

When completed, we will beable to identify high priority

watersheds that have active watershedprotection groups in them... and focus extracapacity building assistance to these areas. Inthose high priority areas where there are NOwatershed groups active, we will be able to focus onhelping new groups to start.

Bryant Watershed Project, Inc., MOPurpose: Environmental Education

We publish the online Bryant Creek Atlas athttp://www.watersheds.org.

To get teachers and students to use the Atlas, we gave eachteacher in all sixteen elementary, middle and high schoolslarge maps of our watershed and small maps for each oftheir students. This familiarized teachers (and students) withthe concept of watershed and the image of ours, introducingour project in a non-threatening way.

Now, after five years, we areworking with enthusiasticteachers in their classroomsand computer labs. Westart with computer "tours"of the watershed. Sinceknowing where you are is mostimportant, we start out askingelementary and middle students tofind where they live on one of theAtlas' online maps.


Rock River Coalition, WIPurpose: Presentations

We use a map constantly during presentationsto Rotary Clubs, civic groups andgovernmental organizations. We use asmall map of the Rock River Basin that iscontained within our latest brochure. We have a3,800 square mile river basin with 750,000people living there. The map helps bringperspective to our audiences andlets each person find their ownmunicipality. The map also helps tie us alltogether and shows our common bond orcommonality, which is the Rock River.

Meduxnekeag WatershedCoalition, ME

Purpose: Education

The Coalition printed placemats highlighting a map of the watershedand local river facts—which they then donated to area restaurants.

Swatara Creek WatershedAssociation, PAPurpose: Water Trail

After two years in the making, and as part of acollaborative effort, SCWA, the Pennsylvania Fish& Boat Commission and the state Department ofConservation and Natural Resources published amap identifying canoeists access points, dams,rapids and points of interest (descriptions ofthese points are on the back of the map). Themaps are available free of charge to the public.

T


CASE STUDY:

Mapping Your Watershedby Dusti Faucher

President, Friends ofthe Presumpscot River The 25-mile long Presumpscot River

flows through the most populated citiesin Southern Maine. Yet, it has largely

gone unnoticed. Nine dams block allmigratory fish species. Interstate 95 andseveral other commuter roads into Portlandcross the river, but all most peopleremember about the Prescumpscot is theterrible smell from the pollution of thepaper mill located upstream.

Today there is great potential torestore balance to this river. The pulp millhas closed, water quality is greatly improvedon the river and the first dam is scheduledfor removal. Five consecutive hydropowerdams are before the Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission (FERC) for

relicensing. Friends of the PresumpscotRiver (FOPR), a local river advocacyorganization is deep into the process ofseeking selective dam removal and theinstallation of fish passage on these dams.

Mapping the futureTo grab the hearts and minds of the localpeople and to bring them to our cause, theboard of FOPR brainstormed ideas. If wecould present a tangible representation ofour vision for the future and show howmuch it would resemble what existed in thepast, we felt we could show the public andlocal officials that this river has valuebeyond hydropower production. Wereceived a grant of $10,000 from the DavisConservation Foundation to gatherfisheries, habitat and natural resourceeconomics information and to design andprint a map.

Our initial thought was to produce a GISmap that would overlay the present riverconfiguration, with all its impoundmentsand dams, onto a graphic representation ofthe historic river, before the dams werebuilt. Our concept would include picturesor drawings of the species that are presenttoday as well as those that are indigenousto the river, but have been wiped outbecause of the dams and the lack of fishpassage.

Yet as the project progressed, theunexplored history and potential of thePresumpscot kept coming to theforefront in all our discussions. As wedeveloped our case before FERC, newpriorities emerged. We learned about

important events that shaped the existingriver and saw an opportunity to change thestyle of the map into a map/postercombination. The map would not onlyshow the physical characteristics of theriver, but its hidden past.


Our historical research for the FERCrelicensing record also produced storiesabout a species of salmon that was thoughtto have existed only in the Presumpscotwhen it was a fast running river, silver withfish. The records show that Atlantic salmon,brook and sea run trout, shad, stripers,sturgeon, rainbow smelt and other fish oncepopulated the river, where today we mostlysee warm-water fish like bass and sunfish.All these species are shown on themap/poster as it depicts the story of theriver.

A Team EffortTwo volunteers worked tirelessly for a yearto produce the final product. One FOPRboard member, Michael Shaughnessy, asculptor and art professor at the Universityof Southern Maine, involved otherprofessors who volunteered to writenarrative segments for the poster on thegeology and native peoples of the region.Jack Barrett, a graphic designer, contributedhis talents and helped put our ideas ontopaper.

The map incorporated FOPR’s Boardmembers’ knowledge of the river’scharacteristics such as river bottom,location of falls and rapids and the strugglesthat are taking place about river issuestoday. Our new vision became a map thatwould combine historical, cultural andphysical elements. Dr. Michael Dadswell, afisheries biologist, was engaged to assess theriver’s past, present and potential fishery; ananalysis of the river bottom was also donefor our FERC filings. We includedsummaries of the material we gatheredconcerning natural resource economics andfisheries. This truly was a collaboration ofmany people who sincerely believe in therestoration of the Presumpscot River.

The Finished ProductIn June, the public viewed proofs of themap at our river rally and our legislativeinformational event (area legislators wereinvited to hear our presentation and see ourvideo of the river). There was very positivereaction to the design and the historicmaterial.

In early July, 2000 newly-printed postersarrived at our office: 500 printed on heavyposter stock and 1500 on paper stock thatcan be easily rolled and mailed. The mapportrays an unmistakable picture of thePresumpscot River. Its true nature shinesthrough on the poster as a swift, clear, steepand rocky river that once was one of thebest salmon rivers in Maine; one that todayis heavily impacted by industrialdevelopment, but can thrive again as aresource for recreation and beauty for thepeople of Maine.

Many of the newly printed posters will bedistributed through environmentaleducators to schools, some will go toFOPR’s members and some will be given asa promotion vehicle to supporters and toorganizations that will hang them in publicview. Still others will be sold.

CONTACT INFORMATION:

Dusti Faucher28 Covered Bridge Rd. • Windham, ME 04062207/[email protected] Website:www.presumpscotriver.org

Jack Barrett10 Plummer Rd. • Gorham, ME 04038207/892-1472 • [email protected]


SOFTWARE, FUNDING,TRAINING AND CONSULTINGConservation FundThe Conservation Fund’s GIS office, located inChapel Hill, North Carolina, takes a broad-basedapproach to GIS, providing project andapplication development, training, technicalsupport and strategic partnerships to community-based conservation efforts across the nation.Sponsors an online resource for conservationprofessionals: www.conservationGIS.com.Contact: Will Allen, GIS Director, The ConservationFund, PO Box 271, Chapel Hill, NC 27514;Phone: 919/967-2223; Fax: 919/967-9702; E-mail: [email protected]/conservation/sustain/gis.html

Conservation Technology SupportProgramThe CTSP annually awards grants ofequipment plus software and training to501(c)3 tax-exempt conservation

organizations to build theirGeographic Information Systems. Tofind out if a CTSP grant is right foryou, complete the web-based CTSPplanning tutorial for assistance inplanning GIS work for yourorganization. Conservation Technology Support

Program, 116 New Montgomery Street,Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94105;Phone: 415/979-0474; E-mail:

[email protected]. www.ctsp.org

EcotrustEcotrust is a nonprofit organization dedicated tosupporting the emergence of a conservationeconomy along North America’s rain forest Westcoast, the region from San Francisco toAnchorage. Ecotrust Consulting Initiatives providescommunity mapping, watershed restoration,conservation GIS training, GIS development andanalysis, and more. Contact: Eileen Brady, 721NW 9th Avenue, #200, Portland, OR 97209;Phone: 503/227-6225; E-mail: [email protected]

Environmental Systems Research Institute(ESRI)ESRI is the leader of the GIS software industry,offering ArcInfo, ArcEditor, ArcView andArcExplorer. In addition to software, ESRI providespublications, consultations, workshops, data andsupport. ESRI Environmental Services Consultantshelp people implement GIS tools andmethodologies in assessing, monitoring andmanaging natural resources. Consultants canfacilitate an entire project or support projects withsoftware and methodology. The ESRIConservation Program donates GIS software toconservation and environmental organizations.Grants are awarded all year. ESRI, 380 New YorkStreet, Redlands, CA 92373-8100; Phone:800/447-9778; www.esri.com; www.gis.comteaches all the basics of GIS.ESRI Environmental Services: Peter Bottenberg;Phone: 909/793-2853, ext. 1-1249.ESRI Conservation Program: Charles Convis,909/793-2853. ESRI’s virtual campus: http://campus.esri.com.Download ArcExplorer, a free data viewer:www.esri.com/software/arcexplorer/index.html.ESRI Canada, 49 Gervais Drive,Toronto, ON M3C1Y9; Phone: 416/441-6035 or 800/GIS-XPRT; E-mail: [email protected]

GreenInfo NetworkGreenInfo Network brings the power ofcomputer-based mapping to nonprofits, publicagencies and other public interest organizations.GreenInfo provides access to GIS resources,supports groups who desire their own GIS andfosters collaboration around data and GISprojects. GreenInfo Network, 116 NewMontgomery, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA94105; Phone: 415/979-0343 x301; E-mail:[email protected]

Land Evaluation and Site Analysis (LESA)LESA is a ranking system adopted by Pennsylvaniacounties to prioritize potential farmland for theAgricultural Conservation Easements PurchaseProgram. LESA is a 2-part ranking system basedon soil productivity and analysis of the potentialsfor development, farmland and clustering. LESAutilizes GIS technology to increase the efficiencyand speed of calculating the rankings.LESA, Rick Day, Land Analysis Lab, Department ofAgronomy, 116 Agricultural Sciences Building,University Park, PA 16802; Phone: 814/863-1615;E-mail: [email protected]/outreach/lesa

Resources & References


National Park Service Rivers & TrailsThe Rivers & Trails program staff has a great dealof expertise and experience with river and trailconservation mapping. Contact River & Trails DCoffice at 202/565-1200 for the office nearest you.www.ncrc.nps.gov/rtca

Natural Resources Canada Center forTopographic InformationCenter for Topographic Information, GeomaticsCanada, Natural Resources Canada, 615 BoothStreet, Room 705, Ottawa Ontario, Canada K1A0E9; Phone: 800/465-6277; E-mail:[email protected]

NAUTILUSNortheast Applications of Usable Technology inLand Planning for Urban Sprawl (NAUTILUS)makes the power of remote sensing technologyavailable, accessible and usable to land useplanners and decision makers concerned aboutsprawl. NAUTILUS has land use/land cover mapsand town-based watershed maps for Connecticut.In addition, they work nationally and have fourstudy watersheds in New England that can beviewed on the Internet. Connecticut maps aresold at the Connecticut Department ofEnvironmental Protection Book Store.NAUTILUS, University of Connecticut, College ofAgriculture and Natural Resources, HaddamExtension Center, 1066 Saybrook Road, Box 70,Haddam, CT 06438; Phone: 860/345-4511; E-mail: [email protected]://nemo.uconn.edu/nautilus.htmStudy watersheds on the Internet:http://resac.uconn.edu/maps_data/index.htmlConnecticut DEP: Phone: 806/424-3555.

Nonpoint Education for Municipal OfficialsThe Nonpoint Education for Municipal OfficialsProject (NEMO) is an educational program forland use decision makers that integrates mappingand addresses the relationship of land use tonatural resource protection. NEMO offerseducational programs to municipalities inaddressing such topics as the relationshipbetween land use and water quality, approachesto natural resource protection, and how to reducenonpoint source pollution from developed and/ordeveloping areas. NEMO, Middlesex CountyExtension Center, 1066 Saybrook Road, Box 70,Haddam, CT 06438; Phone: 860/345-4511http://nemo.uconn.edu/default.htm

The Nature ConservancyThe Nature Conservancy’s Geographic InformationSystems website provides TNC staff and partnerswith GIS knowledge, systems, data, maps andcommunity resources. Some sections of the siteare restricted to registered users only.www.gis.tnc.org

The Urban and Regional Information SystemsAssociation (URISA) URISA is an interdisciplinary and internationalsociety of public and private sector professionalswith a special interest in the effective applicationof information technologies and the integration ofurban and regional data. URISA specializes ineducation through large-scale conferences,regional trainings and one-day intensiveworkshops. Urban and Regional InformationSystems Association, 1460 Renaissance Drive,Suite 305, Park Ridge, IL 60068 USA; Phone:847/824-6300; E-mail: [email protected]

MAPPING DATABPA Environmental MappingThe Bonneville Power Administrationoversees a mapping system for thePacific Northwest that allows users tocreate their own user-specified map.Map themes include land owners,hydropower projects and salmonstock.www.efw.bpa.gov/cgi-bin/E/MAPPING/MappingIntro

Your Local City or Town HallMaster plans, zoning bylaws,subdivision regulations androad specifications. Checkwith public works,transportation and parks andrecreation departments for current plansand projects. Real property tax office, local taxassessors office, local planning or regionaldepartment.

Federal Emergency Management AgencyFloodplain maps.National Flood Insurance Program, 500 C Street,SW, Washington, DC 20472, 202/646-3445;877/FEMA-MAP (877/336-2627).www.fema.gov/mit/tsd/


Resources & References, continuedGeo Community-GisDataDepotA depository of free GIS data for the environmentand natural resources, including parkways andscenic rivers, National Wetlands Inventory data,USGS data and maps of dams, aquifers, miningsites and more.www.gisdatadepot.com

LandViewA collaborative project of the US EPA, US CensusBureau, USGS and NOAA.LandView is a desktop mapping system that plotsjurisdictional boundaries, detailed networks ofroads, rivers, and railroads, census blockgroup and tract polygons, schools,hospitals, churches, cemeteries,airports, dams, and otherlandmark features. Users maycreate their own maps usingLandView themes.http://landview.census.gov

National Geophysical DataCenterThe national repository forgeophysical data provides awide range of science dataservices and information for habitatand solid earth geophysics.www.ngdc.noaa.gov

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)The NSDI has a data clearinghouse that allowsaccess to over 250 spatial data servers, primarilyusing GIS technology.www.fgdc.gov/nsdi/nsdi.html

Natural Resources Conservation ServiceSoil survey maps, soils reports and farmland soils.Watershed plans, river basin surveys and studies,and flood hazard analyses. Natural ResourcesConservation Service, Headquarters Office, USDepartment of Agriculture, PO Box 2890,Washington, DC 20013, 202/720-4527.Cartography & Geospatial Center, 817/509-3420.www.nrcs.usda.gov

US Fish and Wildlife ServiceInformation about wetlands, endangered speciesand water courses.USFS, US Department of the Interior, 4401 N.Fairfax Drive, Rm #180, Arlington, VA 22203. www.fws.gov/data/gislist.html

Your State Department of the EnvironmentStream and river classifications and naturalheritage information.

US Geological Survey: Map Distribution andNational Hydrography Dataset (NHD)The US Geological Survey publishes topographicand thematic maps of all areas of the UnitedStates. Consult USGS publications for a completelist of resources. The NHD is a comprehensive setof digital spatial data that contains informationabout surface water features such as lakes, ponds,streams, rivers, springs and wells. USGS, MapDistribution, Box 25286, Bldg. 810, DenverFederal Center, MS 517, Denver, CO 80225.http://nhd.usgs.govDemo: http://nhd.usgs.gov/app_demo.html

USGS Services & Products: 888/ASK-USGS(888/275-8747).

US Environmental ProtectionAgencyThe US Environmental ProtectionAgency web page has data andmapping resources available online.The Envirofacts Warehouse providesthe public with direct access to thewealth of information contained inEPA databases. Other sites of interest

are: WATERS, a mapping system thatdisplays state water quality standards in

their geographic context; Surf Your Watershedwhere users can locate, use and shareenvironmental information on their watershedcommunities; the Index of Watershed Indicators(IWI), a compilation of information on the “health”of aquatic resources in the United States;Enviromapper, which combines EPA datasets toallow users to look at many geographical levels ofenvironmental data; and the Watershed Atlas, acatalog of geo-spatial displays and analysis ofinformation and data for watershed protectionand restoration. The Geospatial DataClearinghouse provides a pathway to findinformation about geospatial data available fromthe EPA.

Envirofacts Warehouse:www.epa.gov/enviro/index_java.html

Watershed Assessment, Tracking andEnvironmental Results (WATERS):www.epa.gov/waters

Surf Your Watershed: www.epa.gov/surf

Index of Watershed Indicators:www.epa.gov/iwi

Enviromapper: www.epa.gov/iwi/iwimapper

Watershed Atlas: www.epa.gov/wateratlas

Geospatial Data Clearinghouse:www.epa.gov/nsdi/

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