90

What’s New?

Wisconsin Crop Diagnostic Training Center, Aug 9 ...... 90

Crops

NSSI Survey Results are in ........................................... 91

Vegetable Crop Update 7/30/13 with Disease Supplement #5

.................................................................................... 91

Plant Disease

Field Crops Fungicide Information Webpage ................ 91

Disease Profile: Ergot ................................................... 91

Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC) Summary ....... 92

Insects and Mites

Wisconsin Pest Bulletin 8/1/13 ..................................... 92

Wisconsin Crop Diagnostic Training Center, Aug 9

Dan Heider, UW-Integrated Pest Management Program

Take time now to register for the 2013 Crop Diagnostic

Training Center Workshops. The August 9th Crop and Pest

Management Workshop covering 5 corn and soybean topics is

just around the corner and filling up fast. Utilize our easy and

convenient online registration site at:

https://www.patstore.wisc.edu/ipm/register.asp

Friday August 9, 2013

Registration Fee: $60 ($75 after 8/1/13)

CCA CEU’s: 5.0 (2.0 Soil & Water, 1.0 Crop Mgmt, 1.0 Pest

Mgmt, 1.0 Nutrient Mgmt)

Location: Arlington Ag Research Station

Topics covered:

Small grain troubleshooting

Shawn Conley, Extension Soybean and Small

Grains Specialist

Are you prepared to handle all the renewed interest in

small grains?

This session will explore crop management practices and troubleshooting in oats and wheat

Weed management strategies to combat herbicide

resistance

Vince Davis, Extension Weed Specialist

Do you really understand best management practices

to delay herbicide resistance?

This section will give you an opportunity to evaluate

multiple weed management programs and discuss their potential at affecting herbicide resistance

Cover Crops aren’t just for weed control any more

Matt Ruark, Extension Soils Specialist

Have you considered using cover crops but don’t

know where to start?

What about all the buzz surrounding tillage

radishes? Is it hype or reality?

Evaluate several cover crop species for biomass, soil

effects and stand establishment

Fertility programs following a draught year

Carrie Laboski, Extension Soils Specialist

In light of dry soils and poor crops last year, where is

all the nitrogen?

What can pre-plant or pre-sidedress nitrogen tests

really tell us?

This section will focus on the tools available to

customize your nitrogen fertility program

To till or not to till

Francisco Arriaga, Extension Soils Specialist

Not just whether to till or not, but also what kind of

tillage

Does vertical tillage make sense for you?

Evaluate tillage effects on residue, soil structure and

crop production

Schedule:

Friday – August 9, 2013

8:45 - 9:00 registration / introduction & orientation

9:00 - 12:00 sessions 1-3

12:00 - 12:45 lunch (provided)

12:45 - 2:45 sessions 4-5

Volume 20 Number 21 - - - University of Wisconsin Crop Manager - - - August 1, 2013

91

For additional information, contact Dan Heider at (608) 262–

6491 or via email at djheider@wisc.edu.

NSSI Survey Results are in

Shawn Conley, Soybean and Wheat Extension Specialist

The results from the National Sustainable Soybean

Initiative’s survey on sustainable practice adoption and the

percentage of growers in Illinois and Wisconsin implementing

research-based practices are in. Scroll down to the end of this

newsletter to view the final results of the survey.

Vegetable Crop Update 7/30/13 with Disease Supplement #5

The 14th issue of the Vegetable Crop Update is now

available. This issue also includes Disease Supplement

#5. This Supplement contains more information on late blight

in Wisconsin. To view this issue and the supplement click

here.

Field Crops Fungicide Information Webpage

Damon Smith, Extension Field Crops Plant Pathologist

Fungicides have become a major component of plant disease

management plans for agronomic crops. Fungicides are

applied to prevent or slow epidemics of disease caused by

fungi. Unlike insecticides and herbicides, which are used to

kill insects and weeds, fungicides are applied to form a barrier

to protect plant organs from infection. Performance of

fungicide products can be affected by many factors including

timing of application, off-label rates, poor product choice for

the pathogen of concern (e.g. active ingredient is not effective against the organism), fungicide resistance, etc. In order to

better understand how fungicides should be used in field crops,

visit the new webpage

at http://fyi.uwex.edu/fieldcroppathology/field-crops-

fungicide-information/. The webpage covers many of the

aspects of using fungicides and also includes fungicide efficacy

tables for corn, soybean, and small grains.

Disease Profile: Ergot

Dan Undersander, Extension Forage Agronomist, Damon Smith, Extension Field Crops Plant Pathologist

We have had a report of ergot in pastures. This is not

unexpected with the cool, wet spring we had. This can be toxic

to cattle, sheep, and horses. Read the attached and alert animal

owners with pasture to be watchful.

Ergot is a fungal disease of worldwide distribution that is

common in the northern two-thirds of North America. Ergot

affects wild and cultivated grasses, as well as small grain crops

such as wheat, oats, barley and especially rye. The ergot

pathogen produces alkaloid toxins that are mostly

vasoconstrictors. This means that the compounds produced as a

result of ergot reduce blood flow in mammals. If these

alkaloids are ingested they can result in convulsions,

hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The effect of ergot is

cumulative; poisoning may develop slowly if lesser quantities

are eaten regularly. In animals such as cattle the first symptom

of alkaloid toxicity is lameness, 2 to 4 weeks after exposure, as

a result of the reduced blood flow to the extremities. The

reduced blood flow will eventually lead to complete blockage

of blood vessels with terminal necrosis of the extremities such

as hooves and ears. This can be exaggerated in very hot or cold

conditions.

Signs of ergot first appear as droplets of a sticky exudate

(called honeydew) on immature grain heads. Honeydew

contains asexual spores of the ergot fungus. Over 40 species of

insects are attracted to honeydew and can carry spores from

infected to healthy plants. After approximately two weeks,

infected grains are replaced by dark, compact fungal structures

(called sclerotia). Sclerotia range in size from 1/16 to 3/4

inches in length, and often look like seeds, rodent droppings, or

insect parts.

Ergot is caused by several species of the fungus Claviceps, most commonly Claviceps purpurea. Sclerotia of these fungi

survive in soil and harvested grain. Sclerotia require a one to

two month period of cold temperatures (32 to 50°F) after

which they germinate to form small, mushroom-like structures

that produce sexual spores. Germination is most common in

cool (57 to 84°F), damp weather and is inhibited at higher

temperatures. Sexual spores are blown to developing grain

heads where infection occurs. Humid weather (> 90% relative

humidity) contributes to honeydew production. Ergot is also

often more severe if frosts occur at the time of spore

production.

Fungicide treatments are not recommended to control ergot. If ergot occurs, modern cleaning equipment may assist in

removing sclerotia from grain. However, if sclerotia are broken

or are the same size as the grain itself, removal might be

difficult and costly. Often attempted removal of sclerotia from

grain will still result in levels above marketable thresholds.

Tolerances for ergot sclerotia in harvested grain can be as low

92

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as 0.05% by weight. Infected grass crops should not be

harvested for animal feed or grazed. All hay should be

destroyed and should not be used for animal bedding.

Management of ergot should include rotation with at least

one year between small grain crops. Use crops that are not

susceptible to ergot (e.g., soybeans, alfalfa, corn) in years when

small grains are not grown. Plant seed that is free of ergot

sclerotia. Ergot resistant varieties are not available, but avoid

longer-flowering varieties as they tend to be more susceptible

to infection. Keep weed grasses under control. Also, mow

areas adjacent to small grain fields to prevent grasses from flowering and prevent development of ergot in these areas. In

fields where ergot becomes a problem, consider clean, deep

plowing that will bury ergot sclerotia to at least three to four

inches, thus preventing sclerotia from germinating.

Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC) Summary

Brian Hudelson, Ann Joy, Erin DeWinter and Joyce Wu, Plant

Disease Diagnostics Clinic

The PDDC receives samples of many plant and soil samples

from around the state. The following diseases/disorders have

been identified at the PDDC from July 20, 2013 through July

26, 2013.

Plant/Sample Type, Disease/Disorder, Pathogen, County

FIELD CROPS,

Soybean, Root Rot, Pythium sp., Fusarium spp., Burnett,

Winnebago

FRUIT CROPS,

Apple, Black Rot, Sphaeropsis sp., Pierce

Raspberry, Raspberry Leaf Spot, Cylindrosporium rubi, Grant

Raspberry, Root Rot, Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium sp., Bayfield

VEGETABLES,

Horseradish, Root Rot, Fusarium spp., Pythium sp., Dunn

Tomato, Herbicide Damage, None, Barron

Tomato, Septoria Leaf Spot, Septoria lycopersici,, Dane

Watermelon, Pythium Fruit Rot, Pythium sp., Waushara

SOIL,

Alfalfa Soil, Aphanomyces Root Rot, Aphanomyces euteiches race 2, Dane, Jefferson

For additional information on plant diseases and their control,

visit the PDDC website at pddc.wisc.edu.

Wisconsin Pest Bulletin 8/1/13

A new issue of the Wisconsin Pest Bulletin from the

Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer

Protection is now available. The Wisconsin Pest Bulletin

provides up-to-date pest population estimates, pest distribution

and development data, pest survey and inspection results, alerts

to new pest finds in the state, and forecasts for Wisconsin’s

most damaging plant pests.

Issue No. 13 of the Wisconsin Pest Bulletin is now available at:

http://datcpservices.wisconsin.gov/pb/index.jsp

http://datcpservices.wisconsin.gov/pb/pdf/08-01-13.pdf

The National Sustainable Soybean Initiative:

BackgroundThe National Sustainable Soybean Initiative (NSSI) is working toward stream-lining sustainability for soybean growers by creating a coordinated national framework for assessing sustainability and communicating achievements throughout the value chain. With funding from the United Soybean Board (USB), this pilot program is being developed under the National Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture, a producer-led group whose goals are to: 1) Coordi-nate producer-led, research-driven sustainability programs; 2) Document and measure progress for agricultural entities; and 3) Communicate these advanc-es to the supply chain.

The primary objective of the NSSI program is to provide all segments of the soybean value chain—including growers, processors, manufacturers, retail-ers, end-users and consumers—with a method for documenting and verify-ing progress along the sustainability continuum. Soybean growers need a voice in the sustainability discussion that ensures they have a reasonable way forward and that they receive credit for previous advancements. Wisconsin soybean grower Chuck Prellwitz states, “Being sustainable is more than being able to put a crop in year after year. It is maintaining and improving the world we live in. Better soils, cleaner water, more efficient ways of doing things, and being an integral part of the local community are all parts of being sustainable.”

Our NSSI program incorporates the following guiding principles that will be carried forward as a basis for the national framework:

�Grower-driven

�Research-based

�Crop and regionally appropriate measurements

�Documented progress in all three components of sustainability: environmental, economic and social

This project is supported by the USB and will continue to engage soybean growers in the development and implementation of assessment tools that meet the quickly building market demands for sustainability. The NSSI program was initiated in the Midwest in 2011. Soybean growers in Illinois and Wiscon-sin, with help from their state associations, have successfully implemented an assessment system for Midwestern soybean production (www.coolbean.info). This assessment system was developed by growers, researchers, and industry leaders to ensure that it meets grower needs for economic solvency and to ensure access to markets needing sustainability documentation. NSSI designed this system as an entry-level program that provided a convenient way to docu-ment, verify and track whole-farm, behind the farm gate sustainability practices on Midwestern farms that focus on soybean production.

A Grower-driven Sustainability Program to Enhance US Soybean Production and Markets

Illinois/Wisconsin Soybean Sustainability Survey Results

Authors: Deana Knuteson (University of Wisconsin Nutrient and Pest Management Program), Shawn Conley (UW Agronomy), Paul Mitchell and Fengxia Dong (UW Agricultural and Applied Economics), AJ Bussan, and Jeff Wyman (UW Horticulture)Design: Mimi Broeske (UW NPM Program)

What is Sustainability? Sustainability is a driving force in all business sectors, and agriculture is no exception. Agricultural sustainability for soybean growers requires on-farm documentation to ensure market ac-cess in the US and globally. In general terms, sustainability is a balance of environmental, social and economic criteria that 1) Ensures profitable returns to growers, 2) Uses resources wisely to achieve conservation and environmental management goals, and 3) Provides social investments in communities that develop equitable returns for rural economies.

Adoption of sustainable manage-ment systems entails continual im-provement over time while ensuring farm productivity and profitability. The NSSI process addresses criteria in environmental (ecosystems, biodi-versity, soil, water, crop nutrients, pest management), social (labor, community, consumer) and econom-ic (profitability, energy, carbon, value added) sustainability.

Survey ToolThe survey tool (www.coolbean.info) was developed to accurately as-sess current practices implemented by soybean growers. This data may be used to meet the sustainability requirements of the value chain both nationally and globally. The questions, which were written to assess sustain-ability in environmental, social and economic arenas, are easy to answer

and can be used to communicate in-dustry advancement. The questions in the assessment tool were developed by growers and soybean production specialists at the University of Wiscon-sin-Madison. The assessment process is research-based and developed from best management practices from the Midwestern region.

Preliminary work has been focused in Illinois and Wisconsin; data in this document represents responses from both states. Between 2012 and 2013, we collected and analyzed data from 600 survey responses represent-ing around 275,000 soybean acres. The average size of the farms in the survey was just less than 1,500 acres. These growers on average managed 600 acres of soybeans per farm. Over-all, surveyed growers manage over 700,000 acres of cropland.

Data AnalysisAnalysis of the data uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to pre-process the data and then Data En-velopment Analysis (DEA) to identify key drivers of sustainability. DEA is a widely used technique to measure the performance of individuals to a best practices frontier defined by the best performing individuals. DEA is particularly well-suited for analyzing practice-based assessment tools and summarizing the collected informa-tion. The overall process scores each grower relative to the best performing

growers in the collected data, creat-ing a distribution of grower scores for a region as illustrated in the NSSI Sustainability Scores graph.

The process helps evaluate grower-driven programs on each farm while generating data needed to evaluate sustainability used to communicate advancements throughout the sup-ply chain. In addition, this method defines the key drivers for sustain-ability and conservation in the region and identifies where the greatest needs and advancements for the region could occur. Over time, data collection and analysis will demon-strate measurable improvement by individual growers plus allow docu-mentation of the positive shift in the sustainability scores in a region.

As shown in the NSSI Sustainability Scores graph, the data and results demonstrate that the surveyed pop-ulation (a statistically valid sample) is tightly grouped at the upper end of the sustainability continuum, indicat-ing that a high level of achievement has already occurred.

Survey ResultsThe initial results have been ex-tremely encouraging. The industry as a whole has already adopted many of the practices that are recommended in sustainable systems. The informa-tion gathered through this program is shown in the Survey Results table.

Survey Results: Sustainability Practice Adoption and Percentage of Growers in Illinois and Wisconsin Implementing Research-based Practices:

Environmental PracticesRotate crops (at least two years) 93%

Calibrate planting equipment 92%

Use practices that limit soil compaction 90%

Clean and sanitize equipment 42%

Take soil samples to determine nutrient levels 86%

Use filter strips or some natural bio-filter on the landscape 77%

Use reduced and/or no-till practices that maintain residue on soil surface 91%

Work fields in contour strips to limit soil loss 91%

Update nutrient management plan annually 64%

Have a soil and water conservation plan 66%

Follow recommended guidelines for nutrient applications 92%

Use clean, quality, and pest-free seed 90%

Use scouting practices 88%

Use thresholds for pest management decisions 85%

Maintain scouting records for more than two years 38%

Use GPS technologies on the farm 48%

Conduct on-farm research with science-based partners 68%

Attend informational and educational sessions about farm, crop and/or ecosystem services 78%

Attend university sponsored educational field days during the growing season 60%

Calibrate spray equipment to limit overspray 83%

Have a written drift management plan 34%

Use technologies to minimize drift 84%

Prop

ortio

n of

Farm

s

Scores Source: National Sustainable Soybean Initiative (NSSI)Average score of nearly 500 surveys completed was 0.8

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.000.00 0.45 0.50 0.55 .0.60 065 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

PRACTICE ADOPTION INTENSITY

NSSI Sustainability Scores

Survey Results: Sustainability Practice Adoption and Percentage of Growers in Illinois and Wisconsin Implementing Research-based Practices:

Use certified applicator for crop inputs 90%

Use cultural practices for insect, disease and weed management 95%

Control problem weeds in rotational crops 68%

Manage noxious weeds on the farm to limit spread to sensitive ecosystems 76%

Rotate modes of actions to limit pesticide resistance 80%

Use diverse modes of action in rotational crops to control problem weeds in rotational crops 75%

Base spot spray or cultivation decisions on scouting reports 60%

Select resistant varieties for insect control 72%

Manage crops to avoid insect pests from previous to current year crop 48%

Rotate crops to avoid soil borne disease 62%

Monitor disease concerns using crop management websites 75%

Develop an ecological management plan for land management and plant community restoration on privately owned lands 28%

Utilize practices to conserve native wildlife and biodiversity 73%

Enroll in conservation incentive programs 34%

Attend ecological training sessions 23%

Economic PracticesComplete a cost or production analysis for farm and crop 82%

Maintain a production plan each year 75%

Use marketing plans for economic sustainability 53%

Track market information at least twice per week 78%

Maintain diverse business plan by growing multiple crops 79%

Utilize risk management tools for farm disasters 69%

Track crop productivity and document trends over the last ten years 73%

Have a farm succession plan 47%

Social PracticesHave ability to trace back from field to distribution chain 38%

Use practices that limit energy use (energy efficient lighting, use of biofuels, limit vehicle/equipment idling) 90%

Improve fuel efficiency of farm vehicles and equipment over time 53%

Utilize a recycling program on the farm 58%

Provide educational opportunities for farm employees 16%

Buy production inputs from local (e.g. state) sources 82%

Maintain a written human resources plan 10%

Provide some benefits to employees 89%

Involved in community service organization 63%

Educate communities on local agricultural issues 66%

Serve as local community leaders 33%

Subscribe to trade journals 80%

Highlights of Sustainability Achievement from Survey Results

EnvironmentalSoybean acres in Illinois and Wis-consin account for 10% of national production. Sustainability is impor-tant in this region and results show that growers are implementing many practices to ensure productivity while maintaining environmental quality and ecological biodiversity.

�91% use reduced and/or no-till practices to maintain residues on soil surface, ensuring at least 30% of the ground is covered during the season. Research has shown that maintaining cover greatly reduces soil loss.

�Practices to limit soil compaction are used by over 90% of growers. These practices improve infiltration, promote crop productivity and limit soil loss.

�91% use contour strips, which limit soil loss and pesticide runoff while promoting soil health.

�86% use soil sampling to determine nutrient levels in the soil. This en-sures accurate nutrient applications during the season.

�Scouting for insects (73%), weeds (75%), and diseases (39%) oc-curs regularly during the growing season. More importantly, over 85% use scouting thresholds as indica-tors for pest control measures, en-suring adequate and limited needs of pesticide applications.

�95% use cultural management strategies to limit disease, insect and weed concerns in the field.

�Native wildlife and biodiversity are maintained or enhanced on 73% of the farms. Growers are actively using practices to conserve species diversity.

EconomicSoybean growers produce multiple crops in diverse farming systems that foster thriving rural economies. Growers themselves must remain economically competitive if they are to maintain soybean access to national and international markets.

�79% grow multiple agricultural crops on their farm while 22% also have livestock to maintain economically diverse production systems.

�73% have tracked and increased their productivity in the last five years. Enhancing productivity is a major requirement as pressures on land resources and the need for food production continue to increase.

�Risk management tools were used on 69% of farms, including crop insurance (69%), property insur-ance (85%) and business insurance (79%). These tools help support farm stability during adverse times.

�78% track market information at least twice per week. Growers use this information to adapt to changing markets and economic conditions.

SocialSoybean growers are critical in main-taining rural communities.

�82% buy their farm inputs from lo-cal sources, which helps to main-tain rural communities and local businesses.

�66% actively communicate the positive aspects of agriculture in their towns and rural lands. Of these growers, 63% are part of a local service organization in their communities while 33% consider themselves leaders of their rural communities. This type of partici-pation—leadership positions with church, school boards or other civic groups—keep these rural communities thriving.

�90% have used practices to conserve energy, including using efficient lighting, biofuels, and equipment operation. Fuel effi-ciency of vehicles and implements have improved on 53% of farms.

�At least some benefits are pro-vided to 90% of employees. These included vacation, education reimbursements, paid holidays, health and dental insurance, and retirement packages.

For more information, contact Shawn Conley, program

director and soybean specialist at the University of

Wisconsin-Madison (spconley@wisc.edu, 608-262-7975)

or discuss the program with the USB and any participating

growers!

NISANational Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture

Work To DoThe industry has made great strides; the NSSI process and use of documenta-tion has provided opportunities to see where simple changes can be made to help growers improve their sustainability. For example, only 10% of the opera-tions maintain a written human resources plan for farm employees, but such a plan is an important step for long-term management. Farm succession plan-ning, which ensures long-term agricultural commitment to the landscape and ultimately food security, has only occurred on 47% of growers’ operations.

By working together, the industry-research-grower team is developing effec-tive tools that help implement best management practices to advance long-term sustainability.

Next StepsSustainability is not an end point but a continual improvement process. The results from this survey are from the 2012 cropping season and represent a baseline documentation of on-farm practices. This data will be used to begin communicating sustainability achievements to the value chain. The NSSI pro-gram is using this approach as an entry-level engagement into sustainability that will encourage broad grower participation. Once engaged, improve-ments can be monitored, assessed and communicated along the sustainabil-ity continuum.

Final ThoughtsThe NSSI program is currently expanding this effort to engage other regions, ensuring that regional issues are highlighted. The program is an evolving process, and we are actively working to continue improving on-farm sustain-ability while maintaining economic returns to all entities by promoting risk management efforts and research-based practices. Finally, we will continue to communicate these advancements throughout the soybean value chain, which includes growers, processors, manufacturers, retailers, end-users, con-sumers, national and international partners.

Why complete the survey? For the sustainability effort in agri-culture to be practical, the process must start with the grower. Filling out the assessment survey that documents practices and

level of sustainability allows producers and regions to:

1. Create a baseline for individual farms and the larger industry.

2. Determine advances and changes that have already occurred.

3. Push for continual improvements.

4. Stay ahead of the regulatory curve.

5. Ensure access to different markets.

6. Identify research questions for further advancements.

7. Communicate a positive image of agriculture to the larger community.