Volume IV Number 30 August 2009

Asia Pacific

The driving force ofdemand

Pakistan

Incentives for production of cylindersand dispensers

Conversion costindications in Asia

Sponsors

AuspiciaSupported by

ConvocaHosted by:

OrganizaOrganized by:

24 al 26 de Septiembre, 2009 September 24-26, 2009Jockey Plaza Convention Center Lima, Perú / Peru

I Cumbre Latinoamericana de GNV y Combustibles Alternativos

I Latin American Summit of NGV and Alternative Fuels

www.expognvperu.cominfo@expognvperu.com

August 20092

Summary04 NGV related plans and projects for

near future remain strong

Sales of equipment and vehicle conversion rate may have slowed downduring the past few months as a resultof the oil price decrease. However ...

19As the Delhi government issued a mandate for the conversion of lightcommercial vehicles (LCVs), both three-wheelers and sub-one tonne ...

23

24 Asia-Pacific, the driving force of demand

26 Kanpur in favour of CNG conversion

27 Sharjah to convert 85 per cent ofits public transport to CNG

28 Seoul’s public buses to be fully operated on NG next year

29 Pakistan incentives for the productionof CNG cylinders and dispensers

30 Oil warning: In 3 years oil pricecould exceed 2008's peak

30 Donghae offers funding forvehicels conversions

Copies Distribution

Maintenance requirement for converted vehicles

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

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is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)

20 Conversion cost indications of2008-2009

In 2007, Frost & Sullivan predicted thatby 2012, sales of CNG/LPG vehiclesand conversion kits would increasefrom 2.9 millions units in 2006 to ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmental relat-ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gascompanies, associations, related NGV indus-tries, refuelling stations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list (somefigures rounded):Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readersin 94 countries

by e-mail (.pdf) and is also onlinein www.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +31 20 420 1076Tel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com

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Delhi's convesion mandate for 2009will lead to increase in CNG demand

August 20094

Sales of equipment and vehicle conversion rate may have slowed downduring the past few months as a resultof the oil price decrease. However,short-terms plans and projects in bothvehicle and refuelling sectors in theNGV industry —those goals to beaccomplished in a few period of time- remain strong. As short termstrategy, these are expected to beimplemented and completed this yearand in the next two years. The NGVbusiness medium and long-term outlooks are therefore still consideredas promising by many players in theNGV and energy industries.

AustraliaHolding a large portion of the world’sLNG reserves, Australia is moving gradually but steadily towards the-quieter-and-“cleaner”-LNG-vehicle segment. Several liquefied natural gasrefuelling facilities are planned to bebuilt in Victoria and Tasmania. Animportant player in this field, KleenheatGas, plans to build another LNG pumpfor vehicle in south western Victoria.Marketed under the EVOL LNG brand,Kleenheat supplies LNG and providesrefuelling services to approximately 200trucks. It already has three EVOL LNGrefuelling stations at Koroit, Leongathaand Deer Park.

China As the country is actively promoting theuse of clean energy –also in the transport sector—many cities are building CNG and LNG refuelling stations to facilitate taxis and buses.The subsidiary of the UK-based FortuneOil, Xinyang Fortune Gas Company, hasagreed to acquire a 35% share in abusiness with exclusive rights to develop CNG stations in Xinyang City inthe south eastern Henan province. Theapproval process is expected to becompleted within the next few months.Xinyang Fortune already has three CNGstations in operation and one underconstruction. Fujian Investment and DevelopmentGroup Ltd. will build 30 LNG refuellingstations with a capital investment of320 million RMB. The facilities will havea capacity to dispense 133,000 tonnesof LNG to replace 180,000 tonnes ofgasoline and diesel per year. The stations will serve 2,000 inter-citybuses in East China's Fujian Provinceand more than 1,000 constructionmaterial-carrying vessels on the waterways in the province and along itscoast. Fujian will buy 2.6 million tonnes

of LNG from Indonesia annually in a 25-year period from 2009 to fuel the plan.Considering OEM car sector, Chang’anAutomobile Group CO., Ltd, one of the"Big Five" automobiles makers in China,is well prepared for the upcoming greenrevolution. Chang’an will release hybrid(gasoline/EV) and bifuel sedans. Theone with bifuel technology, would beprovided with a mixture of a 1.5 litregasoline engine and a CNG cylinderand kit. It is most probable that the bifuel version will be offered to cabdrivers. Both cars will be built based onChang’an’s CV5 sedan.Guangxi Yuchai Machinery CompanyLimited (GYMCL) is also developing twoalternative-fuelled engines one of whichis a new dual-fuel diesel/NG engine.

IndiaIndraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL), the onlyprovider of CNG in Delhi, increased theprice of CNG by Rs. 2.10 from Rs18.90 to Rs. 21 per kg. The rise willcause higher fuel consumption cost ofRs 0.06 per km for cars, Rs 0.10 fortaxis and Rs 0.60/km for buses. Evenwith the price augmentation, CNG is stillmuch cheaper than other fuels. Forexample, compared with diesel vehicles, the increased cost would be infavour of CNG at 31%.The price hike is mainly caused by theIGL input cost of sourcing gas. IGL hasmassive investment plans in the pipelineas they plan to enhance the gas network in a major way. Currently, IGLhas 170 CNG stations. Fifty more stations will be constructed before theCommonwealth Games 2010. Nevertheless, IGL expects its averagegas sales volume in the current financialyear to rise by a fifth to 2.16 millionstandard cubic meters a day. The rise isexpected to be made possible by therising demand for compressed naturalgas from the automotive sector.On the vehicle makers sector, fans ofpremium cars would soon have theoption to drive on CNG and LPG too.In the future, the premium cars expected to be available in CNG or LPGversions are Toyota Corolla, MarutiSuzuki SX4, Skoda Octavia and GM’sChevrolet Aver.TVS Motor Company plans to enlargeits product portfolio, for example, byintroducing four-stroke TVS King inPetrol, LPG and CNG versions in thethree-wheelers section. TVS will launchCNG versions of the three-wheelers inDelhi by September this year. Meanwhile, Maruti plans to introduceCNG versions of their passenger cars,

most probably starting with CNG Altoearly next year.

MalaysiaThis year, 14 CNG buses will be addedto the Malaysian NGV fleet as SistemKenderaan Seremban- Kuala LumpurSdn Bhd (SKS) will invest RM 8.4 millions to those buses. SKS informedthat 8 CNG buses started operating inJune and the other six were underassembly and would be ready instages. Apart from that, 11 CNG buseshave been in operation since May 2008.SKS currently has 69 buses in its fleet.Its manager, Rosli Ramlan, said that thecompany plans to replace the wholefleet with NGVs by 2011.

PakistanPrime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilaniwithdrew the proposed Rs 6/kg carbonsurcharge on CNG from which the CNGstations and NGVs owners would gainbenefits equal to Rs 12 billions during2009-10. Currently, CNG station owners pay 4% Withholding Tax and16% General Sales Tax to the governmentand in total 25% taxes under differentheads. Further price reduction is notgranted by the government. FurtheringCNG price regulations by OGRA, thecabinet’s Economic CoordinationCommittee (ECC) has rejected monthlyand quarterly reviews of natural gasprices. However, the prices would continue to be reviewed bi-annually.Under the 1994 CNG policy, the government notified that CNG would bekept 50% cheaper than gasoline to promote “clean” CNG usage and lowerair pollution. Yet, rising utility pricessuch as gas and electricity was makingthe CNG business less competitiveagainst gasoline stations. In June 2009,CNG is only 28%-47% cheaper thandiesel and gasoline respectively.Presently, CNG stations obtain gas atRs 427 per mmbtu as compared to Rs339 per mmbtu for industry and Rs 393for commercial tariffs.

VietnamFour Far Eastern shipyards have beenshortlisted to construct the world's firstCNG vessels for a Vietnamese projectowned by TransCNG International, ajoint venture between US tanker ownerOSG and Calgary-based Trans- CanadaPipelines. The four vessels are destinedfor state-owned PetroVietnam's DaiHung field off Vietnam, which is primedto be the world's first marine CNG project.It is expected that the CNG schemecould be fully implemented in 2012.

NGV related plans and projects for nearfuture remain strong

August 20096

天然气汽车发展计划与项目依然强劲在过去几个月中,由于石油价格下降天然气汽车部件的销售及改装率有所下降。然而，天然气汽车的短期计划与项目——

在短时期内设有需要完成的目标 ——无论是在车辆还是加气站方面都表现出强劲的发展势头。

作为短期战略，这些计划和项目不仅有需要在今年完成的，还有在2010-2011年完成的。

因此，从中长期看，很多业内人士认为天然气汽车产业的发展潜力仍然很大。

澳大利亚澳大利亚拥有世界很大比例的LNG资源，并且正在向清洁的LNG车辆领域发展。在Victoria 和Tasmania两个地区，

有一些LNG加气站正在规划中。Kleenheat燃气公司计划在Victoria的西南部建设另一座LNG加气站。以EVOL作为LNG业务的品

牌，Kleenheat公司为200辆卡车提供LNG燃料及加气站服务。该公司已经在Koroit, Leongatha以及Deer Park

三个城市设立了LNG加气站。

中国中国正在大力推进清洁能源的使用——同样也重视交通运输能源的清洁化——很多城市建设了CNG 和LNG

加气站为出租车和公交车提供燃料。信阳Fortune石油公司是香港Fortune石油公司的子公司，该公司已经同意在河南省的信

阳市建设CNG加气站，且拥有35%的股份。行政许可程序将在未来几个月内完成。信阳Fortune石油公司目前已经有三个CNG加

气站投入运营，一个正在建设中。福建投资发展集团将建设30座LNG加气站，总投资约3.2亿元。每年，这些加气站提供12.3

万吨LNG，将可替代18万吨汽油和柴油，将为福建省2000辆城际间公交车和1000多艘货船提供燃料。福建计划自2009年开始从

印尼每年购买260万吨LNG，合同期为25年。

长安汽车公司作为中国五大汽车公司之一，为即将来临的绿色革命作好了准备。该公司将推出混合动力电动轿车与两用燃料

轿车。后者将配备一个1.5升排量的发动机和CNG气瓶与组件。两用燃料版的轿车很有可能供应出租车市场。这两款车型均基

于长安的CV5轿车开发。广西玉柴机器公司（GYMCL）也开发了两款替代燃料发动机——其中一款为新型的柴油-天然气双燃料型。

印度Indraprastha 燃气公司 (IGL)， 作为德里唯一的CNG供应商将CNG的价格从每公斤18.90卢比提到到了21卢比。

这无形中使私家车车主的每公里燃料费用增加了0.06卢比，出租车增加了0.1卢比，公交车增加了0.6卢比。尽管如此，CNG仍

旧比其他燃料便宜很多，如柴油的价格比CNG价格高31%。

CNG价格的提高主要是由于IGL公司采购成本的提高。IGL已经投入大量资金用于建设输气管线。目前，IGL公司拥有170座加气

站。在2010年联邦运动会前，还将建设50多座加气站。

IGL公司预计今年每日的燃气销量将增加216万立方米。这主要是因为汽车对CNG需求的增加。

在汽车方面，车迷很快就可以有LPG和CNG的车型选择了。预计上市的LPG和CNG高级车型为丰田的Corolla，Maruti Suzuki

的SX4，斯柯达的Octavia与通用的雪佛兰Aver。

TVS汽车公司计划增加其产品类型，如将引入四冲程TVS汽油、LPG和CNG三轮汽车。TVS将在今年9月份在德里引入CNG车型。另

外，Maruti计划明年推出CNG乘用车，很有可能CNG版的Alto车。

马来西亚今年马来西亚Sistem Kenderaan Seremban- Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd (SKS)公司将投入840

万元增加14辆CNG公交车。SKS透露，六月将启用8辆,而另外6辆则在组装中，很快启用。从2008年5月以来，马来西亚已经投

入使用11辆CNG公交车。SKS目前有69辆公交车。SKS的经理Rosli Ramlan称，公司将在2011年前替换所有车辆为CNG车型。

巴基斯坦巴基斯坦总理Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani 撤消了对CNG征收的每公斤6卢比的碳税， 这使得NGV加气站和车主将在2009

到2010年间获得120亿卢比的收益。目前，CNG加气站经营者需要纳4%的代扣所得税和16%的一般销售税，加上其他名目的税收

总共要纳25%的税。政府并未承诺进一步降低燃料价格。尽管内阁经济协调委员会拒绝了按月度和季度审查天然气价格的方案

，然而天然气价格继续每两年进行一次审查。根据1994年CNG政策，政府通知说CNG价格将比汽油低50%，以促进CNG的应用、

降低大气污染。然而，上涨的燃气价格和电力价格使CNG业务与汽油站相比竞争力大打折扣。2009年6月,CNG分别比柴油和汽

油低28%和47%。目前，CNG加气站的天然气采购价格为每mmbtu热量单位427卢比，而工业用采购价格为339卢比，商业用采购

价格为393卢比。

越南四家远东造船厂已经列入最后候选名单，被委托建设世界上第一批CNG船只，其委托公司为TransCNG

International，这是一家美国油轮公司OSG和基于卡尔加里的一家加拿大管网建设公司的合资公司。这四艘船为越南国有公

司越南石油公司而建，这有可能是世界上第一个CNG船只项目。该项目预计2012年全部完成

August 20098

지난 몇 개월 동안의 유가 하락으로 인해 천연가스 관련 장비 및 차량 개조 사업이 주춤하는 듯 보이긴 했으나, 단기간내에 목표를 달성하겠다는 천연가스 차량이나 충전소 분야의 단기 계획 프로젝트는 강한 의지와 함께 꾸준히 진행되고있다. 대부분의 단기 계획 프로젝트들은 올해, 적어도 2010-2011안에는 실행, 완료될 것으로 보인다. 하지만 NGV 중장기프로젝트는 큰 사업인 만큼 이 분야의 많은 관계자들이 개입되어 진행되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

호주전 세계적으로 가장 많은 LNG를 보유하고 있는 호주는 진행 속도가 느리기는 하지만 -더 조용한 “더 깨끗한” LNG자동차- 분야로의 꾸준한 움직임을 보이고 있다. 이미 빅토리아와 타즈매니아에 3~4개의 LNG 충전소를 설립하기로되어 있다. LNG 분야의 핵심 기업인 Kleenheat Gas는 빅토리아 남서부에 LNG 충전소 설립을 계획하고 있으며 이미EVOL LNG 라는 상표로 영업 활동을 하고 있다. Kleenheat는 LNG공급은 물론 약 200대 분량의 트럭을 수용할 수 있는충전 시설도 지원한다. 코로이트, 레온가타와 디어 파크에도 3개의 EVOL LNG 충전소가 운영되고 있다.

중국청정 에너지 사용을 적극 권장하는 나라인 중국은 많은 도시들이 운송 분야를 포함한 택시와 버스 편의를 위해 CNG와LNG충전소를 설립하고 있다.영국 Fortune Oil 의 자회사인 Xinyang Fortune Gas는 Xinyang시(Henan 남동부지방)에 CNG 충전소 개발 독점권과 지분35% 소유에 동의 했으며 몇 달 후면 모든 승인 절차가 마무리될 것으로 기대된다. Xinyang Fortune Gas는 이미 3개의충전소를 운영하고 있으며 1개의 충전소가 공사 중에 있다.Fujian 투자 &개발 그룹은 32억 RMB 규모의 30개 LNG 충전소를 건립할 계획이다. 이 충전소는 133,000 톤의 LNG공급규모를 갖췄으며 연간 180,000톤의 휘발유와 디젤을 대체해 줄 것이다. 이 충전소는 중국 서부 Fujian 지방에 있는2,000대의 시외버스와 이 지역 해안 육송로를 이용하는 건설자재 운반 선박1,000척에도 LNG를 공급하게 된다. Fujian는이 사업을 위해 인도네시아로부터 2009년부터 25년간 매년 260만 톤의 LNG를 구입하게 될 것이다. 자동차 제조업 분야에 있어서 중국의 자동차 메이커 “빅 파이브”중의 하나인 Chang’an 자동차 그룹은 다가올 그린혁명에 잘 대비하고 있다. 그들은 하이브리드(휘발유/EV)와 세단형 휘발유/CNG 겸용 자동차를 출시할 예정이다. 겸용자동차에는1.5리터 휘발유 엔진과 CNG 실린더, 키트가 장착된다. 겸용 차량은 택시 운전자에게 제공하는 것으로 거의확정되었다. 위 두 차량 모두 Chang’an의 CV5 세단형 모델에 적용시킬 예정이다.Guangxi Yuchai 기계 공업회사는 2가지 대체 연료를 사용하는 엔진을 개발 중이다. 신 디젤/천연가스 혼용 엔진은 그 중하나이다.

인도인도의 유일한 CNG 공급업체인 Indraprastha 가스 회사(IGL)가 CNG 가격을 올렸다. 이러한 연료가격 상승은 자동차는km 당 0.06 루피 , 택시는 km 당 0.10 루피, 버스는 km 당 0.60 루피 만큼의 초과 연료비를 사용하는 결과를 가져오기는하지만 여전히 다른 연료에 비해서는 저렴한 편이다. 예를 들면, 디젤 차량과 비교했을 때 상승된 CNG 가격은 디젤의31%정도에 불과하다.IGL의CNG관련 사업에 대한 투자가 CNG가격 상승원인이 되고 있다. IGL은 주요도로에 CNG 네트워크를 강화할 목적으로대규모의 파이프 라인 부설 투자 계획을 하고 있다. 현재 그들은 170의 CNG 충전소를 보유하고 있으며 2010 영연방경기대회가 열리기 전까지 50개의 충전소를 더 증설 시킬 계획이다. 한편, IGL는 올해 평균 CNG 판매 물량을 하루 216만 NM3로 예상하고 있다. 자동차 분야의 CNG 소비량 증가가CNG가격을 상승 시킬 것으로 예상된다. 자동차 제조업 분야를 보면, 고급 자동차 매니아들이 곧 CNG와 LPG용 고급 차량을 만나볼 수 있게 된다는 소식이다.Toyota Corolla, Maruti Suzuki SX4, Skoda Octavia 와 GM’s Chevrolet Aver등의CNG /LPG 겸용 고급 차량들이 곧실용화 될 것으로 기대된다.TVS 자동차 회사는 휘발유, LPG, CNG 용 4-스트로크 TVS 킹을 삼륜차에 적용 시키는 등의 방식을 소개함으로써 그들의생산 가능 품목을 확대시킬 계획이다. TVS는 올 9월 델리에서 CNG용 삼륜차를 선보일 것이다. 한편 Maruti는 내년 초쯤CNG Alto를 시작으로 CNG 용 승용차를 출시할 계획이다.

말레이시아올해 SKS가 말레이시아 NGV 시장에 840 만 링깃을 투자함에 따라 그들 버스 시장에14대의 CNG 버스가 추가될전망이다. SKS는 이미 6월부터 8대의 CNG 버스를 운행하기 시작했으며 나머지 6대도 현재 조립 중에 있으나 곧 운행이가능할 것이라고 전했다. 이와는 별개로 이미 2008년 5월부터 11대의 CNG 버스도 운행 중이다. SKS는 현재 69대의버스를 보유하고 있으며 Rosli Ramlan 과장은 2011년까지 회사의 모든 차량을 NGV로 교체할 계획이라고 전했다.

파키스탄1994년 파키스탄 정부는 “청정” CNG 사용을 권장하고 공기 오염을 줄이기 위해 CNG 가격이 휘발유 가격보다 50% 낮은가격으로 유지할 것을 발표하였다. 하지만 아직 가스나 전기와 같은 물가 상승이 주유소에 비해 CNG 사업의 경쟁력을떨어지게 만들고 있다. 2009년 6월 현재 CNG가격은 디젤과 휘발유에 비해 각각 28%-47% 저렴하다.현재, 산업용 가스는 mmbtu당 339루피, 상업용은mmbtu당 393 루피인데 비해 CNG 충전소는 mmbtu당 427 루피에구매한다.

베트남미국의OSG 와 트랜스-캐나다 파이프라인(캘거리 소재)의 조인트 벤쳐인 트랜스CNG 인터네셔널이 주관하는 베트남프로젝트에 4개의 극동 조선소가 세계 최초의 CNG 선박 제조 업체 명단에 올랐다. 이 CNG 선박 계획은 2012년에 완성될 것으로 기대된다.

강한 의지로 남아있는NGV 관련 단기 프로젝트

August 200910

近い将来のNGV関連計画やプロジェクトは依然好調機器の売上げや改造車の割合が原油価格の低下の結果、過去数ヶ月下降しているかもしれない。しかしながら、短期的計画やプロジェクトはNGV、充填設備共に順調である。短期的戦略では、これらの計画やプロジェクトは実行され、今年だけでなく、２０１０年から２０１１年にかけて完成するようにスケジュールされている。NGVビジネスの中期的および長期的展望は結局、NGV産業の多くのプレーヤーにより達成されると考えられている。

オーストラリア世界のLNG埋蔵量の大きな割合を占めるオーストラリアは徐々に、しかし堅実に静かでクリーンなLNG車の普及に向けて進んでいる。ビクトリア州とタスマニアではいくつかのLNG充填所が計画されている。この分野で重要なプレーヤーであるクリーンヒートガス社はビクトリア州の南西部で別のLNG充填所を設置する計画がある。EVOL LNGとして市場で知られているクリーンヒートガス社はLNGを供給し、約２００台のLNGトラックに対する充填所を運営している。コロイト、リーオンガサ、そしてディアパークで３ヶ所のEVOL LNGスタンドがすでにある。

中国国として積極的に輸送用分野も含めてクリーンエネルギーの利用を積極的に推進しているので、多くの都市でタクシーやバス用にCNGやLNGスタンドを設置している。イギリスのFortune Oil 社の子会社である信陽Fortune ガス社は、河南省南東にある信陽市にCNGスタンドを設置する権利の３５％を取得することに合意した。正式な許可が出るまでには数ヶ月かかる模様である。信陽Fortuneガス社はすでに３ヶ所のCNGスタンドを運営し、１ヶ所が建設中である。福建Investment and Development Group 社は、 ３億２千万元をかけて３０ ヶ所のLNGスタンドを建設する予定である。スタンド能力は、１８万トンのガソリンや軽油の代わりに１３万３千トンのLNGを供給できる。中国東部の福建省の２千台の都市間LNGバスや１千隻以上の原材料を運搬する船にLNGを供給する。福建Investment and Development Group 社は、この計画にLNGを供給するために２００９年から２５年間、毎年２６０万トンのLNGをインドネシアから購入する予定である。自動車会社では、中国の５大自動車メーカーの一角であるChang’an Automobile Group が来るグリーン革命を準備している。Chang’an Automobile Group は、ハイブリッド（ガソリン／電気）車、 バイフューエル車セダンを発表する予定である。バイフューエル車は、１.５リットルガソリンエンジンとCNG改造キットとの組み合わせである。ほとんどのバイフューエル車はタクシー用である。ハイブリッド車、バイフューエル車共にベース車はChang’an CV5セダンである。Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited (GYMCL) もまた２種の代替燃料エンジンを開発している。そのひとつは新しい軽油／天然ガスのデュアルフューエルエンジンである。

インドデリーにおける唯一のCNG供給者であるIndraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL)は、 CNGを２.１０ ルピー値上げし、１ｋｇあたり１８.９０ルピーから２１.００ルピーにした。この値上げにより、乗用車で１ｋｍあたり０.０６ルピー、タクシーで０.１０ルピー、バスで０.６０ルピー余分に費用がかかる。この値上げがあっても、CNGはまだ他の燃料よりも安い。たとえば、ディーゼル車と比較すると、値上げをしてもCNGはまだ軽油の３１％にすぎない。CNG価格の上昇は、IGLが購入する原料ガス価格の上昇によるものがほとんどである。IGLはガス導管網を強化するため、導管に多くの投資を行っている。現在、IGLは１７０ヶ所のCNGスタンドを持っている。２０１０年のイギリス連邦ゲーム前にさらに５０ヶ所のCNGスタンドを建設する予定である。それ以上に、IGLは今年度のガス販売量を現在の５倍にあたる１日２１６万立方メートルを期待している。このガス増量分はCNGによる輸送用分野でのガス利用により可能であると想定している。自動車会社の動向としては、近々、高級車ファンはCNGとLPGを選ぶことができるようになるだろう。将来的には、CNGまたはLPG仕様と期待されている高級車はトヨタカローラ、マルチ・スズキSX4,スコダ・オクタビアそしてGMのシボレーアヴェールである。TVS Motor Companyは、たとえば三輪車においてガソリン、LPG,CNGの４サイクルTVS Kingを市場投入することで種類を広げる計画がある。TVSは今年の９月にCNG版三輪車をデリーで発売する予定である。一方、マルチ社は来年始めにCNGアルトを市場投入する計画である。

マレーシアSistem Kenderaan Seremban- Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd (SKS) は、 ８４０万リンギッドを投資するので、 今年、マレーシアのNGV車両に１４台のCNGバスが加わる予定である。SKSは６月に８台のCNGバスの運行を開始し、残りの６台は製作中であると発表した。それとは別に２００８年５月から１１台のCNGバスが運行中である。SKSは現在、６９台のCNGバスを所有している。SKSのマネージャーであるロスリ・ラムラン氏は、２０１１年までにすべての車両をCNGにすると語った。

パキスタンパキスタンのユースフ・ラザー・ギーラーニー首相は、提案されていたCNG1ｋｇあたり６ルピーの環境税を取り消した。このためCNGスタンドオーナーやNGVユーザーは２００９年から２０１０年で１２０億ルピー相当の恩恵を受けることになると考えられる。現在、CNGスタンドオーナーは、４％の源泉徴収、１６％の売上税を政府に払い、合計では２５％の税金を該当箇所に支払っている。政府はさらなる価格低下を望んでいない。内閣のEconomic Coordination Committee (ECC) は天然ガス価格の毎月およ四半期ごとの見直しを拒否した。しかしながら、半年後の価格見直しは継続されるだろう １９９４ 年のCNG 政策によりクリーンなCNG 利用の促進と大気汚染改善のためCNG価格をガソリン価格の５０％以下にするよう政府は通達を出した。ガスや電気といった公共料金の値上げでCNGスタンドの経営はガソリンスタンドに比べてまだ競争力がない。２００９年６月では、CNGは軽油より２８％、ガソリンより４７％それぞれ安い。現在、CNGスタンドは１mmbtuあたり４２７ルピーでガスを仕入れている。一方、産業用は３３９ルピー、業務用は３９３ルピーである。

ベトナム極東の４つの造船会社が、米国のタンカー所有会社OSGとカナダカルガリーに本社を持つトランスカナダパイプライン社の合弁によるトランスCNGインターナショナル社によるベトナム向けプロジェクトによる世界初のCNG船建造の発注リストに載っている。世界初の海運におけるCNGプロジェクトとして、ベトナム沖のペトロベトナムが所有するダイ・フング油田との往復にこの４隻の船が利用される。２０１２年にこのプロジェクトが完成することが期待されている。

August 200912

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August 2009 17

August 200918

Meskipun sales dari komponen NGV dantingkat konversi kendaraan akhir-akhir inimenurun and vehicle conversion ratemay have slowed down during the pastfew months as a result of the oil pricedecrease. However, short-terms plansand projects in both vehicle and refuelling sectors in the NGV industry —those goals to be accomplished in a fewperiod of time- remain strong. As shortterm strategy, these are expected to beimplemented and completed this yearand in the next two years. The NGVbusiness medium and long-term outlooks are therefore still considered aspromising by many players in the NGVand energy industries.

AustraliaSedikit demi sedikit, Australia yangmempunyai salah satu LNG reserveterbesar di dunia beralih ke segmenkendaraan LNG. Beberapa LNG stasiunakan dibangun di Victoria danTasmania. Salah satu perusahaan penting di sector ini, Kleenheat Gas,berencana untuk membangun satu stasiun lagi bagi kendaraan berbahan-bakar LNG di Victoria Barat Laut.Perusahaan ini mensuply LNG danmenawarkan servis bagi stasiun bahanbakar LNG melalui brand khususnya,EVOL LNG. EVOL melayani sekitar 200truk. Tiga stasiun LNG lainnya dariEVOL sudah dioperasikan di Koroit,Leongatha dan Deer Park.

Cina Sejalan dengan kebijkan pemerintahuntuk mempromosikan penggunaanenerji “bersih”juga di sector transport,banyak kota Cina membangun stasiunCNG dan LNG untuk melayani armadabis dan taxi.Subsidiari dari Fortune Oil Inggris,Xinyang Fortune Gas Company, telahsetuju untuk membeli 35% share darisuatu bisnis yang memberikan hakeksklusif untuk membangun stasiunCNG di kota Xinyang di bagian tenggara dari provinsi Henan. Perjanjianini sedang dalam proses dan dalmabeberapa bulan mendatang proses iniakan diselesaikan. Xinyang Fortunetelah mengeoperasikan 3 stasiun CNGsedangkan satu unit lagi sedang dibangun.Fujian Investment and DevelopmentGroup Ltd. akan membangun 30 stasiun LNG senilai 320 juta RMB.Fasilitas ini akan menawarkan 133,000ton LNG per tahun untuk mengganti180,000 ton bensin dan diesel. Stasiunini akan melayani 2,000 bis antar kotadan 1,000 vessel di jalur laut di provinsiFujian di Cina Timur. Tiap tahunnya,Fujian akan membeli 2.6 juta ton LNGdari Indonesia selama 25 tahun semenjak tahun 2009.

Di sector mobil OEM, Chang’anAutomobile Group CO., Ltd, salah satudari lima pabrik mobil terbesar dinegara ini bertambah aktif dalam sectorrevolusi “hijau”. Chang’an akan mengeluarkan hybrid (bensin/EV) danbifuel sedan. Model mobil yang menggunakan bifuel teknologi, akandilengkapi dengan 1.5 liter mesinbensin dan CNG silinder dan kit. Mobilbifuel ini diharapkan akan ditawarkan kepengendara taxi. Kedua mobil tersebutdi atas akan dibangun berdasarkanChang’an CV5 sedan.Guangxi Yuchai Machinery CompanyLimited juga sedang mendesain 2mesin alternative-fuelled, yang manasalah satunya adalah mesin dual-fueldiesel/NG baru.

IndiaIndraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL), satu-satun-ya provider CNG di Delhi, meniakkanharga abhan bakar ini sebanyak Rs.2.10 dari Rs 18.90 ke Rs. 21/kg. Hal iniakan menaikkan harga konsumsi bahanbakar kendaraan sebanyak Rs 0.06/kmbagi mobil, Rs 0.10 bagi taxi dan Rs0.60 bagi bis. Meskipun demikian, CNgmasih jauh lebih murah daripada bahanabkar lainnya. Contohnya, dibandingkandengan kendaraan berbahan bakardiesel, ongkos pengoperasian CNGmasih 31% lebih murah.Kenaikan harga ini sebagian besar disebabkan oleh naiknya ongkos inputdari supply gas di IGL. Perusahaan inimempunyai rencana besar dalambidang perluasan jalur pipa gas dalamrangka mengembangkan jaringan gasdi jalur-jalur utama. Saat ni IGL mempunyai 170 stasiun CNG. Limapuluh stasiun lagi akan dibangunsebelum pelaksanaan CommonwealthGames 2010.

Deangan adanaya kenaikan demandgas di sector NGV, IGL mengharapkanvolume penjualan gasnya di FY ini akanmeningkat sebanyak 1/5 kali menjadi2.16 juta standard cubic meters per hari. Di sektor mobil OEM, tidak lama lagifans dari mobil premium (lux) akandapat membeli mobil berbahan bakarCNG dan LPG. Diharapkan ToyotaCorolla, Maruti Suzuki SX4, SkodaOctavia dan GM’s Chevrolet Aver yangttermasuk dalam kelas mobil premium,akan dapat diperoleh dalam versi LPGdan CNG di masa depan. TVS Motor Company berencana untukmengembangkan portfolio produknya,contohnya, ddengan meluncurkan 4-takTVS King 3-roda dalam versi bensin,LPG dan CNG. Versi CNGnya akandiluncurkan di Delhi bulan Septembermendatang.Di lain pihak, Maruti berencana untukmemperkenalkan mobil versi CNG.

Kemungkinan besar, CNG Alto akandiluncurkan sebagai permulaan CNGventure di awal tahun depan.

MalaysiaTahun ini, 14 bis CNG akan ditambahkanoleh Sistem Kenderaan Seremban- Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd(SKS) ke armada NGV di Malaysia. SKSakan menginvestasikan RM 8.4 jutabagi proyek ini. Delapan unit bis inimulai beroperasi bulan Juni sedangkan6 unit lainnya sedang diassemble.Selain itu, 11 bis CNG telah dioperasikan sejak May 2008. SKSmempunyai 69 bis. Manajer RosliRamlan menyatakan bahwa SKS berencana untuk mengganti seluruharmada kendaraan ke NGV di tahun 2011.

PakistanPerdana Menteri Syed Yusuf RazaGilani menyatakan bahwa pajak karbonRs 6/kg tidak akan diterapkan bagibahan bakar CNG. Dengan ini, pemilikstasiun CNG dan NGV akan mendapatkeuntungan (tak langsung) senilai Rs 12billion di tahun 2009-10. Saat ini, pemi-lik stasiun CNG memebayar 4%Withholding Tax dan 16% Pajak salesumum yang mana pada akhirnya total25% bermacam-macam pajak diba-yarkan ke pemerintah. Meskipundemikian, pemerintah tidak akan menu-runkan harga CNG lebih lanjut.Sehubungan dengan harga CNg yangakan ditetapkan oleh OGRA, kabinetKomite Koordinasi Ekonomi (ECC)memutuskan bahwa harga NG akanditinjau lagi tiap setengah tahun.

Menurut peraturan 1994, dalam rangkamempromosikan penggunaan CNG danmenurunkan tingkat polusi udara,pemerintah menetapkan bahwa hargamaximum CNG harus 50% lebih murahdaripada harga bensin. Namun naiknyaharga utilitas seperti gas dan listrikmembuat bisnis CNG berkurang tingkatkompetitifnya disbanding bisnis bensin.Di bulan Juni 2009, CNG 28%-47%lebih murah daripada diesel dan bensin.

Saat ini, stasiun CNG membeli gasseharga Rs 427 per mmbtu, lebihmahal jika dibandingkan tariffnya bagiindustri (Rs 339 per mmbtu) dan bagisector komersil (Rs 393).

VietnamVietnam akan membangun CNG vessels pertama di dunia bagiTransCNG International, joint ventureantara pemilik US tanker OSG danTrans- Canada Pipelines. Keempat vessel ini akan dimiliki oleh perusahaannegara PetroVietnam di Dai Hung field.Proyek ini diharapkan akan selesai ditahun 2012.

Rencana pengembangan dan proyek NGV dimasa mendatang masih sangat kuat

August 2009 19

As the Delhi government issued a mandate for the conversion of lightcommercial vehicles (LCVs), both three-wheelers and sub-one tonne fourwheelers ply in the capital, to CNG system by September 30th, thedemand of CNG kits is expected toshoot up. Manufacturers of CNG kitsare increasing their production volumeto meet the projected demand. CNGkits and cylinder manufacturers andconversion centres are expecting arobust growth during the next fewmonths.About 25,000 diesel-powered LCVs,both three-wheelers and sub-one tonnefour wheelers, are currently operating inthe capital. These vehicles must beconverted into CNG mode by the endof September this year, otherwise theywill not be allowed to operate in thecapital. However, those with nationaltransport permits need not to complywith this ruling.Nirmal K Minda, CMD of MindaIndustries Ltd, the largest supplier of

CNG kits to vehicle manufacturers, stated that volume-wise this could bethe single-largest order for CNG kits thecompany have seen so far. It is expected to be bigger than the lastmass conversion of vehicles to CNG in2001 when, following a Supreme Courtorder, around 5,000 diesel buses wereconverted to NGVs (only half of the10,000 bus fleet have been convertedto CNG mode. The rest were sold tooperators outside the city).The conversion cost for those dieselLCVs would be around Rs 150,000 perunit. With an estimated of 25,000 LCVsto be modified, around Rs 3.75 billionsworth of CNG kits are required in Delhialone in the coming month. However, aCNG kits supplier for after-sales marketinformed that they expect that only15,000 LCVs will be converted as theremaining fleet will be sold to truckoperators outside Delhi.An industry executive noted that only200 vehicles had complied with the firstdeadline up to mid July.

Converting to the CNG system couldoffer big economic savings to vehicleoperators. Diesel cost around Rs30/litre while CNG costs Rs 21/kg inDelhi. Furthermore, maintenance cost ofNGVs is around 50% cheaper thandiesel-powered cars. Minda said in 2008, on a low base, thecompany’s sales grew by 2%. This year,with more car companies like MarutiSuzuki preparing to roll out models withfactory-fitted CNG kits, the kit supplierexpects to grow sales up to 100%.

Delhi’s conversion mandate for 2009will lead to increased the demand of CNG

August 200920

In 2007, Frost & Sullivan predicted thatby 2012, sales of CNG/LPG vehiclesand conversion kits would increase from2.9 millions units in 2006 to 8 millionsthree years from now. About 85% ofthose sales in 2006 were from the aftersales (conversion) market. Althoughcurrently the CNG kits sales are mostlyfor the conversion segment, by 2012,the sales to OEM NGVs are expected toincreased (from 15% in 200^) to 27%by 2012. India and Iran held a 20% ofthe global trade of CNG kits in 2006.Frost & Sullivan believes that this number is likely to increase to morethan 42% by 2012.

However, the projection was madebefore the oil price shot up to USD147/barrel and later went down toaround USD 37.71/barrel (see article“Crude oil price history ”in this magazine to see the balance betweenoil price and projections made for theNGV industry).

A sufficient gas infrastructure and CNGrefuelling network plus excellent campaigns to increase the end-usersawareness regarding the NGV safetyand benefits are needed to guarantee abigger success in this industry.Below are the 2008-2009 prices ofvehicle conversions to NGVs from various Asian countries for your owncountry analysis.

North AsiaRussiaIn this country, it costs RUB 52,000 toconvert a typical VAZ car, and RUB155,000 for a LiAZ-677 coach bus. Theconversion cost payback period isaround 2.3 years for the car and 0.5year for the LiAZ bus. This calculation isbased on the average annual mileage of30,000 km and 100,000 km for car andbus respectively. For commercial andmunicipal vehicles, the potential fuelsaving is massive. To support the use ofCNG in vehicles, the government issueda decree in 1993 to guarantee that theprice of CNG will not exceed the 50%of the gasoline RON-80 price.

East AsiaChinaFrom a supplier in China, the averageprice for carburettor kits (excluding thecylinder) is around 120-150 Euro.

The average price for sequential injection kits (cylinder excluded) is 500-600 Euro.The supplier informed that there wasnot a big price difference (of their products) between China and otherAsian countries.

KoreaIn Korea, the cost of conversion startsfrom about 3,500,000 won in(September 2008. Korea is mainly anHDV market, although some companiesalso have a very limited number ofretrofitted Light-Duty NGVs.

South AsiaBangladeshThe conversion industry in this countryindicates that a PROPER CNG conversion fee ranged from Tk 50,000to Tk 70,000 (September 2008).According to Iqbal Shahid, from CometCNG, a licensed conversion centre inDhaka, to convert a gasoline vehicle tobi-fuel with a carburettor system costfrom Tk 34,000 (with a 28 litre cylindercapacity for three-wheelers) to Tk68,000. For those with Electronic FuelInjection (EFI) or Variable Valve Timing(VVT-i) technology the cost ranged fromTk 42,00 to Tk 76,000 depending onthe vehicle size and the brand of theCNG cylinders used in the vehicles. Forretrofit with a Multi Sequential CNG KIT(5th generation of CNG conversion), thecost was TK 70,000 excluding the cylinder (data October 2008). Apart from that, a 4.5% VAT was isapplicable.

For diesel vehicles, the conversion feewas from Tk 125,000 to Tk 135,000with an 80-120 litre CNG cylinder. An 18-month warranty and free servicewas already included in the price, aswell as the labour cost of the conversion. COMET also advised clientsto retest the cylinders every 5 year, in

accordance to the government’s regulation. This requirement was alsoprinted on the COMET’s brochures.

The cost of a SUBSTANDARD conversion varied between Tk 10,000and Tk 20,000.Standard CNG cylinders are imported,mostly from Argentina, Brazil, UAE,South Korea and India.

Bangladesh had about 192 authorisedCNG conversion centres by the end of2008.

At least about 200,000 vehicles in theDhaka city alone are expected to beconverted to the CNG (bi-fuel for LDVs)system.

In 2007, the conversion price tags wereslightly lower. Below is the data provided by Rupantarita Prakritik GasCompany Limited (RPGCL), the authorised promoter of the CNG vehicleindustry in Bangladesh.

IndiaBy January 2009, authorised CNG kits,approved by the Automotive ResearchAssociation of India and the VehicleResearch and DevelopmentEstablishment, were available in a pricerange of Rs 35,000 to Rs 75,000 forfour wheelers and between Rs 20,000to Rs 25,000 for three-wheelers.

The cost for the conversion to a CNGcar in Delhi in September 2008 was Rs35,000-48,0000 (which is about Rs20,000- 23,000 more expensive thanthe conversion to LPG mode, althoughthe running cost for CNG vehicles is Rs0.015/km lower compared to the LPGand gasoline powered ones at Rs 0.025–Rs 0.03 and Rs 0.04 respectively). In Bengal, the conversion cost of gasoline to CNG cars is slightly cheaper, at Rs 30,000-35,000 per unit.As in October 2008, for a car convertedinto bi-fuel system with a conversioncost of Rs 45,000, the payback periodwas about 1.25 years or equal to afterrunning the vehicle around 10,000 km(of an average mileage of 750km/month). If the car owner uses gasoline to power his car it would costhim Rs. 6.5 per km while with CNG thecost would be Rs. 2.0.In the car variant segment, many

Conversion cost indications of 2008-2009

Type ofNGV

Cylinder

Conversion Cost [including VAT]

CarburatorKit

EFI Kit

90 Litre Tk 58,372 Tk 59,777

60 Litre Tk 50,758 Tk 52,163

50 Litre Tk 50,262 Tk 51,677

40 Litre Tk 40,453 Tk 41,857

August 2009 21

automakers offer CNG variants of theirgasoline vehicles. For example, MarutiSuzuki plans to release a CNG model ofthe Alto in 2010, and the price of theinstallation of the kit is expected to bearound Rs 20,000/unit. Maruti, whichpreviously focused on LPG, will stopproducing LPG variants and switch tothe CNG cars production.

PakistanIn October 2008, Pakistan was reportedto experience a 60% price hike in theCNG kits. The price was increasedthree times during an 8-months period.The main reasons of these changeswere the local currency (Rupees) devaluation.Below are the price changes (October2008):® Landirenzo CNG kits for manual carswere sold at Rs 14,000 (before theprice changes it cost Rs 10,000); ® CNG cylinders with water capacity of50 and 55 litre: Rs 17000 and Rs22000 (earlier these costs Rs 14000and 15000, respectively); ® CNG cylinders with the capacity of50 and 55 water litre: Rs 21000 and Rs27000 (before: Rs 15000 and 17000,respectively);® CNG kits for automatic cars: Rs16000 (earlier cost: Rs 14000);

South-East AsiaBruneiBrunei Darussalam is yet to enter theNGV industry, starting with the car conversion segment. The initial plan isto join the NGV business this year, targeting to have 30,000 convertedNGVs by 2020. The conversion kitrequired to build a bi-fuel mode has beenestimated to cost around USD 3,800.

Crude oil price’s history

In 2006, the price of crude oil traded inNew York Merchantile Exchange(NYMEX) ranged from 59.05 USD /bluebarrel (bbl) in the lowest level to 76.80US USD /bbl in the highest level. In2007, the crude cost from 51.99USD/bbl to 98.18 USD/bbl inNovember (highest price of the year).The lowest oil price in 2008 was recorded in February 1st, at 88.96USD/bbl, and the highest on July 4th,when it reached 145.29 USD/bbl (and iteven touched 147 USD/bbl during thetrade in this month) and started to godown since October, reaching USD37.71 USD/bbl on December 26th.

This year, the price of crude oil started ata closing price of 46.34 USD/bbl onJanuary 2nd. On March 20th, it reachedthe 50 USD level at 52.07 USD/bbl, followed by another benchmark of USD61.67 USD on May 22nd, and USD 72.04on June 12th. The price returned to 60USD level on June 19th (at 69.55USD/bbl). The cost for the August 2009delivery traded on July 8th in NYMEX wasclosed at 60.2 USD/bbl, while the LondonBrent price for August 2009 delivery wasclosed at 62.52 USD/bbl*. *Brent Crude is the biggest of the manymajor classifications of oil, consisting ofBrent Crude, Brent Sweet Light Crude,

Oseberg, Ecofisk and Forties. BrentCrude is sourced from the North Sea.The Brent Crude oil marker is alsoknown as Brent Blend, London Brentand Brent Petroleum. It is used topriced two thirds of the world's internationally traded crude oil supplies.The other well-known classifications(also called references or benchmarks)are the OPEC Reference Basket,Dubai Crude and West TexasIntermediate (WTI).The New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX) is the world's largest physicalcommodity futures exchange, locatedin New York City, USA.

August 200922

IndonesiaThe retrofit fee for a taxi in Indonesia isabout Rp 17 millions/unit. This is including the injection kit, the cylinderand the labour costs. Seamless stellcylinder (type 1) of 58 and 62 litres areused in those bi-fuel taxis. The converter offers loans to taxi operators, which payment can be donegradually via the gasoline-CNG fuel costdifferential. In this case, as in Egypt,drivers of those bi-fuel taxis pay theprice of gasoline every time they fill theircars with CNG. The price differencebetween premium and regular gasolineand CNG is around Rp 3,350- Rp1,350 per kg CNG. Every time thedrivers fill their car, payment or price differential is recorded through a cardsystem and the loan is directly deducted. Once the loan is fully paid,the drivers can start paying the fuelbased on the actual price of CNG.

MalaysiaFor a normal passenger car, the retrofitcost in Malaysia in June 2008 wasaround RM3,700 to RM5,000, depending on the brand and quality ofthe equipment used and the type ofsystem installed. For a bigger car, thecost was RM 8,900, for example (seemore price list of 2008 athttp://kereta.info/ngv-price-malaysia.htm).In June 2008, the fuel savings gainedfrom gasoline-to-CNG conversion werearound 90-75%. According to an NGVowner, compared with using gasoline inher Toyota Unser, using CNG gave hera fuel saving of RM 350 per a month.After the conversion, her fuel cost inthis month was as low as RM50/month.The cost of the vehicle certification wasRM 500, while the additional RunnerFee that includes a PUSPAKOMinspection and JPJ was RM250 andRM 50 respectively. According to http://kereta.info/ngv-price-malaysia.htm, the distance thatcan be covered by NGVs with certaincylinder capacity is listed below.

SingaporeA local CNG conversion company, CMelchers, ran a promotion in November2008 with a special price of USD2,999++ to retrofit a car to a bi-fuel version. The normal retrofit fee at thattime increased from USD 3,600 to USD4,100 as raw materials/equipmentprices went up.For conversions using German composite tanks, which are half theweight of equivalent steel tanks, costaround USD 3,500.

ThailandBelow is the conversion rates from aconversion workshop in Bangkok (dataSeptember 2008)* :

® Bi-fuel (gasoline/CNG, LDVs)4 cylinder sequential conversion (will beequipped with 70 litre steel cylinder) –THB 62,000.4 cylinder carburettor conversion (with70 litre steel cylinder) – THB 42,000.® Dual Fuel (Diesel and CNG combined).4 cylinder DDF conversion for pick-up(to be equipped with 70 litre steel cylinder): THB 62,000.6 cylinder DDF for trucks (to beequipped with 2 x 145 litre steel cylinder): THB 162,000.® Diesel to Dedicated (100%) CNG fortrucks.6 cylinder change of engine 280hp (tobe equipped with 6 x 145 litre cylinder):THB 900,000.6 cylinder modify engine to Monogas (to

be equipped with 6 x 145 litre cylinder):THB 500,000.® CNG cylinders (type 1 steel), fromTHB 15,000-22,000 for 70 to 145 litrecapacity.

Another licensed installer informed thatthe average LDV conversion in Thailandcosts about THB 80,000-90,000,depending on the quality of the conversion (September 2008). * Forthose conversion that include someservice and warranty, the price for theCNG retrofit with for fuel injected kit isaround THB 60,000 PLUS the cylindercost.

By June 2009, in the CNG variants segment, where brand new cars areinstalled with CNG kits prior to the carsdelivery to buyers, the bi-fuel versionprice tags of the six available CNG variants and one OEM NGV sold inThailand range from THB 629,000 toTHB 3.7 millions. The CNG variantsavailable in Thailand include ChevroletColorado CNG and Optra Estate CNG,Mitsubishi Lancer CNG, Proton PersonaCNG, Toyota Corolla Altis CNG and theonly natural gas player in the mid-sizesaloon segment, Hyundai Sonata CNG.As in Singapore, the only OEM NGVavailable in this country is theMercedes-Benz E200 NGT.

Vietnam Conversion cost for a bus in Vietnamwas around USD25,000 per unit. Thepay back period calculated in 2008 wasaround three year as a tonne ofbiomethane (biogas) cost USD318 whilediesel cost USD 594 at that time. Thefuel save gained from operating withbiomethane was about USD 8,303/yearcompared to operating it with diesel.

West AsiaUnited Arab EmiratesThe conversion costs for passengercars is around Dh7,000 to Dh8,000(June 2009).

Cylinder capacity (litre)

Length Diameter Weight Fuel cost in

2008Distancecovered

(cm) (cm) (kg) (RM) (km)

40 86 26 35 6 100-150

62 82 34 70 8 100-180

71 90 35.6 74 10 140-200

82 102 35.6 80 12 150-220

100 144 32.4 99.1 15 160-240

August 2009 23

Based on an interview with IqbalShahid, an engineer of COMET CNG, aconversion workshop in Dhaka City,Bangladesh, held in 2008, below areexamples of the basic maintenancerequired for vehicles retrofitted to the bi-fuel system.Regular maintenance for (after-marketconverted) NGVs

® Clean up the air filter with air blowevery 3 days;

® Change the engine oil every 3,000-4,000 km (or every 3 months);

® Check the regulator every week;

® Clean up the CNG cylinder everyyear by emptying the gas , opening thecylinder and then cleaning the cylinderand the mounting device;

® Regular visual check for CNG cylinders are recommended (visualcylinder check, scratch/abrasion/cut,corrosion, impact damage such asdents and gouge, crack, etc);

® Take the vehicle (cylinder) to anauthorized cylinder inspection agencyevery five years for an official cylinderretesting and inspection;

® Change all rings (in all CNG accessories) every year. Rubber rings in all valves need to be changed every year, otherwise gas leakage mayoccur.;

® Open and clean the reducer everyyear. If some liquid enters and is somehow mixed with gasoline, it willcreate troubles as the start-up and running of the vehicle will be disturbed.For more general examples of maintenance and inspection of CNGcylinder, visit http://www.apvgn.pt/doc-umentacao/iangv_cng_cylinder_han-dling_guidelines_0409.pdf. Otherexamples from the US are available athttp://www.c-f-c.com/gaslink/docs/dot_cylinder.htm

Maintenancerequirementfor convertedvehicles

Iqbal Shahid, Engineer COMET CNG conversion centre

August 200924

Asia-Pacific, the driving force of demandBy: Lee Glok Seng on behalf of Dr. Chitrapongse Kwanggsukstith, Asia Pacific Natural Gas VehiclesAssociation and PTT Public company

August 2009 25

Space Only

Space+Walk-OnPackage

Booths for ANGVA

Sold

Exhibition Hall 1

Exhibition Hall 2

50% of the stands are booked

ANGVA 2009 exhibition plans

For conference, email:conference@angva2009.comFor exhibition, email: asia@ngvgroup.com

August 200926

“Clean” and cheaper fuels are beingseriously considered by car usersbefore buying a new vehicle, saidAnand Sharma, a sales manager atMaruti. As the gasoline and dieselprices raised by Rs 4 and Rs 2 per litrerespectively, eight authorised LPG/CNGdealers in Kanpur City received questions regarding the pros and consof CNG kits from four-wheeler owners.Nowadays, owners of cars of all segment (both cheap and luxury) aresending their vehicles to retrofitters.

One of the authorised converters inKanpur said that the demand for conversions to CNG/LPG systemincreased by 10% since gasoline anddiesel prices augmented. In this conversion centre, car models madebefore the year 2000 are being converted into NGVs while those models from after that year are beingmodified into LPG system.

The installation centre offers twooptions for conversion into NGVs: a

CNG kit with a 9 kg-water-capacitycylinder which costs around Rs 27,000,and the kit with a CNG cylinder of 2 kgwater capacity at Rs 35,000. Anotherinstaller said that the CNG kits rangesfrom Rs 12,000 to Rs 40,000 depending of the model of the car.

Although currently the LPG market hasa bigger share, the trend will shifttowards CNG after the price hike.Presently, one kg of CNG costs Rs 29while LPG costs Rs 26 per litre.

In Kanpur, gasoline costs Rs 46/litre. A gasoline car with fuel consumption of12 km/litre needs about Rs 4.06 to runper kilometre. The consumption couldgo down by 40% when CNG/LPG isused to power the car.

In India, many CNG variants are offeredby car dealers. The variant is deliveredby dealers who provide them withbrand new car from automakers whichlater equipped them with CNG kits andtank before delivered to buyers.

This is done based upon buyers’requests. Sharma from Maruti informedthat several customers ask specificallyfor some genuine CNG conversiondealers at the time of purchase. Thisinquiry has multiplied several folds andalmost every third customer wants toconvert the vehicle to CNG.

Kanpur in favour of CNG conversion

A new auto care productfor NGVsPTT-PC, the Philippine subsidiary of PTT Public Co. Ltdlaunched a new lube oil product called Performa NGVfor Natural Gas Vehicles.

Using CNG can increase engine temperature that shortens the lube oil’s life. Performa NGV is produced toaddress the high temperature condition of CNGengines. It is a “high-technology premium semi-syntheticlubricant with multi-grade SAE 10W-40” specially formulated for NGVs and can be used in converted passenger cars and taxis. It is able to protect the enginebetter than the conventional oil and can extend thedraining period up to 15,000 kilometres.

Thus, drivers of NGVs can further cut costs said PTTPhilippines Corp. (PTT-PC) technical services engineerDonick Borigas.

Borigas continued that Performa NGV maintains excellent piston and engine part cleanliness, prevents oilsludge, inhibits combustion products at high temperature, minimizes oil top-up, and returns the maximum power output, among others.

August 2009 27

As one of the United Arab Emiratesstates that moves towards “green energy” in the transport sector, Sharjahaims to convert 85% of its public transport vehicles such as buses andtaxis to NGV mode by year end. Accordingly, the Sharjah Electricity andWater Authority (SEWA) has urged companies and schools to convert theirLDV and HDV fleets to the natural gassystem. SEWA itself plans to switch85% of its vehicle fleet to NGVs by theend of 2009. Converting vehicles toNGVs takes only 1.5 days, according toTareq Rashid Demas, Head of theDirectorate of Gas at SEWA.Meanwhile, Sahrjah Public TransportCorporation plans to introduce taxis andbus fueled by natural gas (Asian NGVJuly 2009 edition). About 5,065 bi-fueltaxis would be operating by the end of2009, and 69 CNG buses will be introduced in the next two years.In 2005, SEWA opened the first CNGstation in this state in the Halwan area.The station is now supplying this fuel to300 SEWA vehicles and 20 units thatbelongs to other companies.

Sharjah set a series of targets towards itsattempt to create a cleaner environment.Below are their emission reduction’s targets:® Carbon Monoxide by vehicle exhaustwill be reduced from 4.5% to 3.5% bythe end of 2009.

® As per 2010, the maximum CO levelallowed will be 2.5%.

® Hydrocarbon emission standard willbe reduced from 800 to 500 parts permillion (ppm) this year. By 2010, this willbe reduced to 300 ppm.

Sharjah to convert 85 per cent of its public transport to CNG

August 200928

With the 40% of its total public buses already powered byCNG, Seoul city aims to convert the rest of these units toNGV by 2010. Currently, about 3,000 out of 7,800 publicbuses in Seoul are powered by this fuel.

By next year, the remaining diesel buses will be replacedmostly by new CNG ones and probably also with few LNGpowered units. According to the Korean transportation law,buses older than 9 years old must be replaced by new ones.

To finance this program, Seoul municipality will provide afunding of 96.8 billion won. A subsidy of up to 22.7 millionwon will be offered for each bus purchased to the bus operators in order to offset the price differential betweendiesel and CNG units that costs 67.7 million won and 94 million won per vehicle respectively.

The city government will require operators to replace theremaining diesel buses with new CNG models by 2010.Under the Korean law, buses aged more than nine years oldmust be withdrawn from operation.

Korea has two major CNG bus manufacturers, Hyundai andDaewoo. Overseas, such as in India and Thailand, Hyundaialso offers CNG variants of its passenger cars.

Seoul’s public buses to be fully operated on NG next year

La soluzione attualeper un trasporto miglioreToday's solution

for sustainable transportation

12a Conferenza ed Esposizione Mondiale dell’AssociazioneInternazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV12th World IANGV Conference and Exhibition

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Un evento diAn event of

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August 2009 29

As the biggest NGV country in the world,Pakistan imports around 600,000 CNGcylinder worth USD 100 millions per year.The industry reported the existence of agrowing demand of NGVs in cities aswell as in rural areas. To support the NGVbusiness, the government grants zero percent tax on importation of these cylinders.As the government wishes to save USD100million foreign exchange/year on import ofCNG cylinders, Pakistan OrdnanceFactories (POF) lately signed a joint venturewith a foreign company to manufactureCNG cylinders. USD 17 millions are going tobe invested in this project.As the raw material for CNG cylinder,steel tube falls under Pakistan CustomTariff nr 7304:5900 that can be importedwith 15% duty was a major input for themanufacturing of the cylinders.Previously, the Ministry of Industries andProduction and the EngineeringDevelopment Board (EDB) suggestedthat the Federal Board of Revenue(FBR) ask to ask the government togrant an import duty waiver on steeltubes from customs duty in the countrybudget 2009-2010. And it was granted.The government also offered incentivesfor the production of LPG and CNG dispensers in the same budget. The EDB recommended a facility forconcessionary import of inputs used bydomestic CNG dispenser producers tobe made available.As per the existing policy, before thenew budget was made it had been pro-posed that new raw materials, sub-components, and components forthe production of those dispensers mightbe allowed for import at concessionaryrate of customs duty of 5%.In the budget 2009-2010, the governmenthas grant an import duty waiver ofinputs (raw materials and equipment)that will be used in the production ofLPG dispensers. The duty is lowered to0% from 10% for nozzle, 25% for inletfilter, 15% for non-return valve, 15% forsolenoid isolation valve, and 5% forLCD back light, LCD display, and pressure gauge.Similarly, the custom duty for raw mate-rials and /equipments used for manu-facturing CNG dispensers is reduced to0% from 5% for memory stick, 10% forelectric integrated circuit, and 5% forLED display.

Pakistan offers incentives for the productionof CNG cylinders and dispensers

August 200930

One of the most important oil producersof Saudi Arabia warned that the crudeoil price is likely to increase above the2008 record high within two or threeyears from now. This statement, sentvia the United Arab Emirates, wasbased on the fact that the current oilresources are declining in productionvolume and that investment in this sector is stagnant.

Looking at the historical demand curve,we would need about 20-30 million barrels of oil per day by 2030. However,the supply of this fuel is in the downside. Several oil fields are decreasing itsproduction volume (Mexico), past itspeak production (Russia), consideredtoo expensive to be processed(Canada’s tar sands) or simply offers alow volume of oil production (Brazil,etc).

If no one steps up to invest more in theoil sector, by 2012-2013 the crude oilprice could increase to the same levelof July 2008—which was the highest oilprice at all times so far—or even higher.

The statement is followed up by T.Boone Pickens, American financier, whoestablished and chairs the hedge fundBP Capital Management. Pickens saidthat oil prices will match 2008 recordUSD147/barrel in three years if producers could not increase the output.

He said that by 2013 there will be adecline in oil production and in 10 yearscould reach USD 300/barrel.Pickens is strongly in favour of the useof Natural Gas in the energy basketincluding in transport sector. Americadoes not have lots of oil but owns a lotof Natural Gas resources. The shift inenergy basket from oil as primary energy to Natural Gas (at least as astrong substitute) could save theAmerican economy as well.

Similar logic applies to some othercountries which have abundant NGresources such as Myanmar, Indonesia,Malaysia, Iran, China, Russia, and manyothers. Some of those countries alsohave oil fields but lack of refining facilities/production. Many other

countries that depend on imported oilcan also benefit from using more NG intheir energy basket, especially thosecountries near or bordering the gas producers.

Oil prices updateIn June 9th, oil price crossedUSD70/barrel in NYMEX at the closingtime, the highest in seven months. In London, International PetroleumExchange (IPE) Brent for the July contract traded at the same date wasclosed at USD 68.69/barrel. By July2nd, the Brent price was closed at USD69.02/barrel for August delivery andUSD 70.04/barrel for October delivery.

Due to an unauthorized deal outsidetrading hours reportedly done by brokerSteven Noel Perkins, who bought 9million barrels oil at USD 73.50/barrelthrough InterContinental ExchangeEurope- the marketplace for Brent oil,the price continued to go down to USD65.5/barrel in the next day. By mid July,oil was traded just below USD 60/bbl inNYMEX.This price dip could recover soon asenergy analysts continues to underlinethe facts that oil supply in the future is

projected to be unable to cope withdemand. Besides, economists believethat the global economic recovery isstarting in which goods production and,thus, oil demand is expected toincrease.

Natural GasIn general, the price of NG shows adelayed-pattern in following oil price.The decrease of oil prices at themoment will show an effect in the lowergas prices several months later. Hence,we can expect that NG price will continue to go down in the next fewmonths. On July 2nd, the August NGcontract traded in NYMEX was alreadydown by USD 0.04 to USD3.80/MMbtu.In May, due to the continuing recessionand decline demand in NG, Asian LNGimports down by more than 12% compared to the last year’s Maydemand. The biggest LNG importers,Japan and Korea lowered their demandby 11% and 17% respectively. While thenew big importer, China, showed a59% increased demand (equal to576,000 tonnes LNG) this year compared to their purchase in May2008

Saudi Arabia warned that by 2012-2013oil price could exceed last year’s peak

Donghae city government in SouthKorea is ready to provide financial supportfor 100 passenger vehicles owners toconvert their cars to CNG vehicles.

With this funding gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles (LDVs) would be converted tobifuel CNG/gasoline system. The city will provide 1 million won to cover a part ofconversion expenses. Converting vehicles to bifuel system will help reducing fuelexpenses as CNG at 754 won/Nm3 is cheaper than the 1,548 won/lt gasoline.This project can be seen as a break through in Korean Light-Duty segment forNGVs as so far the country mainly plays in the Heavy-Duty Vehicles sector.

On 27-29 October 2009, Donghae City will host the ANGVA 2009 Conferenceand Exhibition, the biggest NGV event in Asia. The Committee would like toinvite you to participate in the conference and fair. Please contact conference@angva2009.com to participate in the seminar. For expo informationand stand bookings, contact Asian NGV Communications at asia@ngvgroup.com.Online registration is also available at www.angva2009.com

Donghae offersfunding for vehicle conversion

August 2009 31

BusinessCentre

Folha do GNV, a member of NGVCommunications Group, has been published since April 2001 as an NGVmagazine for the Brazilian market. A few years ago, the online version ofthis magazine was launched at www.ngvgroup.com, available for freedownload to all e-visitors.

After eight years of uninterrupted publications about the developmentof the methane vehicles sector inSouth American and in the rest of theworld, Folha do GNV celebrated its100th edition in July 2009. Withoutany doubt, this is a landmark thatdeserves to be celebrated. Hence,this issue, printed in Portuguese andEnglish languages, will be distributedfree of charge in five continents. With no doubt, this will be a collector’s collectable edition.

Started as a new supplement of PrensaVehicular (Argentina) in a Portugueseversion, the Folha do GNV was laterrevamped to an autonomous publication after the company saw thepotential of the Brazilian market.

In Folha Nº 100 you will find:

® The most complete and updatedinformation about the local and globalmarkets® The trends for this semester® Statistics about the Brazilian andglobal markets of NGV® Technological advances® The merits of methane fuel® The last and upcoming highlightedevents on the worldwide methane’sindustry: ExpoGNV Perú (September2009); ANGVA 2009 (October 2009)and NGV 2010 Roma (June 2010).

The newest and older editions of thismagazine are available for free atwww.ngvgroup.com. This way, thereader has complete and updated information about the Brazilian market, and can also make an analysis of the changes throughouttime, which turns it into a valuablereference tool. Having reached the100 issues is both an event and areason to celebrate.

Fabricantes de eletrônicosmostram suas novidades

MERCOSUL

Integração dos PaísesO presidente da ALGNV, R. Fernandes fala comexclusividade sobre a busca do objetivo de unificaros critérios de regulamentação da indústria entre ospaíses sul americanos .

NOVA LEI DO GÁS

Especialistas debatem o marcoFórum discute a regulamentação e os impactos parao setor no Brasil. O encontro contou com os principais representantes da indústria e do governo.

NOVAS TENDÊNCIAS E INOVAÇÕES

Em conversa com a Folha do GNV, as empresas de componentes eletrônicos para sistema GNV dopaís falam de suas apostas no reaquecimento do mercado nacional e do lançamento de maisnovidades tecnológicas para o segmento.

RUMO AO VELHO CONTINENTE

Todos ao encontro mundial do gás veicular A Espanha promove em sua capital a GNV 2009 Madrid, de 17 a 19 dejunho, no pavilhão 1 da Feira de Madrid, no marco mais importante do anona história do setor gasífero Europeu. Em mais de 1.500 m², serão exibidas asúltimas tecnologias e propostas comerciais do setor.As principais empresaseuropéias e do mundo acompanharão as conferências da NGVA Europe.

Publicação mensal do gás veicular do Brasil

Abril de 2009

Ano IX Nº 97Rio de Janeiro / República do Brasil

®

®

info@folhadognv.comwww.ngvgroup.com

Madrid se transforma na capital do GNVMadrid becomes the capital of the natural NGV

REGIÃO SUL

Crescimento e destaque As distribuidoras do sul do país falam de suas metas,expectativas e seus projetos para a expansão desuas redes.

TODOS OS PROTAGONISTAS DO SETOR ESTARÃO NA EXPOSIÇÃOALL THE PROTAGONISTS OF THE SEGMENT WILL ATTEND THE EXHIBITION

A NGVA Europe e o NGV Communications Group recebe os atores da indústria do gás veicular,biogás e hidrogênio, sob a ordem de conduzir o planeta para uma mobilidade limpa e sustentável.NGVA Europe and NGV Communications Group receive the actors of the NGV, biogas and hydrogen segment, with the purpose of leading the planet to a clean and sustainable mobility.

CAMINHÕES A GNV JÁ RODAM EM CIDADES DO BRASILNGV TRUCKS ALREADY PLY ACROSS THE CITIES OF BRAZIL

15 veículos em teste 15 vehicles in test Cerca de 6 cidades brasileiras já contam com veículos urbanos de carga circulando com gás veicularpor ruas e estradas. O projeto conta com apoio de três importantes empresas do setor gasífero.Almost 6 brazilian cities have freight transport vehicles running with natural gas vehicles around their streetsand roads.The project is supported by three important companies of the natural gas industry.

Publicação mensal do gás veicular do Brasil

Maio de 2009

Ano IX Nº 98Rio de Janeiro / República do Brasil

®

®

info@folhadognv.comwww.ngvgroup.com

II EXPOGNV PERÚ

Capital espanhola comemora

o sucesso da conferência

De 24 a 26 de setembro deste ano, a cidade

peruana de Lima celebrará dois grandes

encontros internacionais simultâneos: a I Cumbre

Latinoamericana de GNV e a ExpoGNV Perú.

Convocado pela Câmara Peruana do GNV e com

a Organização do NGV Communications Group.

SUDESTE EM FOCO

GNV 2009 MADRID

Durante três dias, protagonistas da indústria mostraram ao mundo os produtos desenvolvidos e

àqueles que marcarão tendência. O evento contou também com conferências e mesas redondas,

onde reconhecidos especialistas, empresários e autoridades analisaram o mercado e deram as

pautas do rumo que este segmento tomará no restante de 2009 e nos próximos anos.

Publicação mensal do gás veicular do Brasil

Junho de 2009

Ano IX Nº 99Rio de Janeiro / República do Brasil®

®

info@folhadognv.com

www.ngvgroup.com

INMETRO - Portaria nº 155/2009O presidente do Inmetro, João Jornada, aprovou no

início do mês de junho a norma que tem como

objetivo criar um padrão, no âmbito do Mercosul,

para os equipamentos, códigos e procedimentos dos

veículos automotores que utilizam gás natural

veicular, como combustível.

LEGISLAÇÃO

Evolução e crescimento

Os executivos das empresas do setor mostram

que a região continua em franca expansão, falam

de seus projetos e de suas

expectativas para o

segundo semestre

de 2009.

Folha do GNV 100th edition for Brazil market

The ECOGEO3000EOBD BEDINI gaseous sequential electronic injection control system, for LPG and CNG conversion Kit, launched in the worldwide market, has hadan extraordinary success consequently increasing the business by more than 30%, said Dr. Walter Candini,Worldwide Managing Director of the Italian company, newplayer to expand the brand in the world.

BEDINI Company, one of the worldwide leading companiesin the automotive LPG and CNG systems industry and oneof the pioneering and most experienced Italian manufacturerson the market since 1955, produces gas vehicles conversion equipments and its range of products allowsthe conversion to LPG or to CNG of any type of vehicleoriginally fuelled with petrol.

BEDINI has already signed collaboration agreements withsome important car manufacturers (or by license manufacturer) on an international level, and are focused onsome models intended for TATA, ZASTAVA, BMW, MAZDA,among others.

The single stage diaphragm reducer produced in die caststeel, is extremely compact and is supplied with a safetysolenoid valve to lock-off LPG, equipped with a filter and aself cleaning system. It feeds engines up to 135 Kw.

Besides the Italian homologation and the approval obtainedin many other European or overseas countries, BEDINIproducts have also been approved according to the latest

European antipollution regulation CEE/Euro 4 and its equipments comply with the ECE/ONU 67R/01 ( LPG ) andR110 ( CNG ) standards.

Its range of products is enriched through an on-goingresearch on automotive gas conversion. The main featuresof BEDINI equipments are high performance and long lasting reliability. The technical department is directly at customer’s disposal for after-sale assistance and specifictrainings, and constantly updates our installers and dealers,both Italian and coming from abroad, concluded Dr. WalterCandini.

You may read all the new info on the company’s website:www.bedinigas.com

New Bedini kit ECOGEO3000 for LPG and CNG systems

By: Dr Walter Candini, Worldwide Managing Director Bedini S.r.l.

Country

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRAMonthly gasconsumption

(M Nm3)Last update

Total Cars/LDVs MD/HDbuses

MD/HDtrucks Others Total Public Private Under

construction

August 200932

Asian NGV statisticsNGV statistics

Region Total NGVsCars

/LDVsMD/HDBuses

MD/HDTrucks

Othersfuellingstations

Fuel Prices

Country

Armenia 0,79 0,73 0,71 0,27 0,24 0,28Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35Egypt (b) 0,24 0,12 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,06India 0,83 0,76 0,53 0,27 0,24 0,28Indonesia 0,55 0,44 0,61 0,23 0,21 0,24Iran (m) 0,110 0,075 0,012 0,015 0,014 0,015Japan (o) 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58Korea (b) 1,07 1,06 0,43 0,39 0,44Kyrgyzstan 0,60 0,70 0,26 0,23 0,27Malaysia 0,51 0,49 0,49 0,19 0,17 0,19Pakistan (a) 0,68 0,57 0,40 0,36 0,41Philippines 0,89 0,87 0,22 0,20 0,23Russia 0,80 0,69 0,70 0,22 0,20 0,23Singapore (a, s) 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53Tajikistan 0,55 0,45 0,21 0,19 0,22Thailand (a, x) 0,56 0,56 0,55 0,18 0,16 0,18Turkey (y) 1,70 1,60 1,26 0,78 0,68 0,76Uzbekistan 0,49 0,34 0,34 0,11 0,10 0,11

PremiumGasoline(Euro/litre)

RegularGasoline(Euro/litre)

Diesel(Euro/litre)

CNG(Euro/Nm3)

CNG price equivalent perlitre gasoline

CNG price equivalent per

litre diesel

World review

Asia Worldwide

7042.389

Cities with stations

Pakistan 2.000.000 1.949.960 40 50.000 2.718 2.718 April 2009Iran 1.215.593 1.209.381 6.200 12 764 703 61 1.003 February 2009India 700.000 315.200 12.000 715 372.085 500 181 319 52,00 April 2009China 400.000 231.685 112.755 1.100 54.460 1.336 920 416 230 9 February 2009Bangladesh 180.000 117.229 3.233 8.355 51.183 296 6 290 13 21,36 November 2008Thailand 147.265 119.888 10.195 15.509 1.673 331 306 25 72 July 2009Egypt 110.100 107.442 1.209 708 741 119 115 4 16 33,90 June 2009Russia 103.000 18.000 8.000 35.000 42.000 226 201 25 12 26,79 December 2008Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 214 9 205 23,80 March 2008Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 December 2007Malaysia 40.248 40.067 170 11 101 99 2 10 January 2009Japan 37.117 14.218 1.455 20.155 1.289 344 293 51 672 March 2009Myanmar 22.821 2.902 18.290 4 1.625 37 37 October 2008Korea 20.283 776 19.078 429 130 130 2 13 43,94 April 2009Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007Singapore 3.609 3.570 30 9 3 3 April 2009Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 35 0,40 July 2008Georgia 3.000 3.000 4 4 December 2007Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2008Australia 2.453 130 1.263 1.060 146 127 19 130 March 2007United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 1 March 2007New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006Taiwan 4 4 1 1 April 2005

Vietnam 2 2 1 1 January 2009

Total 5.156.677 4.265.834 204.673 102.903 583.267 7.410 5.971 1.439 1.323 895 211,17 July 2009

Asia 4.946.269 4.172.299 186.350 48.277 539.343 6.957

Eurasia 210.408 93.535 18.323 54.626 43.924 453

Africa 226 220 6 0 0 7

Europe 841.712 710.227 40.690 36.733 54.062 2.620

South and CA. 3.833.223 3.721.175 13.820 9.660 88.568 4.316

North America 115.177 99.037 11.240 2.500 2.400 920

Total 9.947.015 8.796.493 270.429 151.796 728.297 15.273