_/ 1495

PLASTER TECHNOLOGIES IN NORTHERN ITALY FROM 15TH TO 19TH CENTURY

BUGINI, R. Centro CNR "Gino Bozza", Milano FOLLl,L. Milano LOMMANO,A. Milano

SUMMARY The study of mortar with their own features is very important in order to know the making techniques throughout the time and to preserve and restore them. More than 370 samples of mortar were analyzed to compare one another and to outline the difference during the ages. The comparison was carried out on mineralogical composition and structure of different kind of mortar. The samples are coming from twenty-six historical buildings in Northern Italy (Lombardia, Piemonte, Veneto) and they have been a matter of study in the last ten years. These buildings represent important steps in the period from the fifteenth till the nineteenth century. According to Italian "Raccomandazioni NORMAL" five kinds of mortars were identified: masonry bedding, rendering, decorative plaster, filling, mosaic bedding. Samples were analyzed by optical microscopy on thin section, X-ray diffraction on powder, mercury porosimetry. A digital image processing was employed in studying the binder-aggregate ratio.Structure and texture of binder, mineralogical composition and aggregate morphology, binder-aggregate ratio, morphology of cavities were identified in each sample. Origin of raw materials and making techniques were also described. Finally we may observe that the way of making mortar is quite uniform throughout the different geographic regions and the time.

1. INTRODUCTION The coating of masonry by mortar for protective or decorative purposes is very spread in Italy since Roman time. The study of mortar is very important to know ancient techniques and sources of raw materials. The knowledge is useful to preserve the mortar from weathering and decaying. The study is considering the period between 15th and 20th centuries, the samples coming from previous centuries are lacking. A comparison between the samples allows to verify the changes occurred during the ages; but it's very important to subdivide the different tipologies of samples as they require different making techniques. Vitruvius in the 7th book of "De Architectura" suggested it and afterwards other Authors confirmed the same basic idea.

2. SAMPLING The samples (total 376) are coming from twenty-six historical buildings in Northern Italy (Lombardia, Piemonte, Veneto), mainly churches or their annexed buildings (monastery, nunnery, etc.). There are also palaces and private buildings, public buildings and even a tomb. These buildings represent important steps in the period from the fifteenth till the nineteenth century. For this reason there are different architectural styles and different making techniques regardless of different raw materials used in the preparation of mortar.

3.ANALYSES According to Italian "Raccomandazioni NORMAL" five kinds of mortars were identified: masonry bedding, rendering, decorative plaster, filling gap, mosaic bedding. Mineralogy, texture, colour and cohesion of binder; mineralogy, grain size, sorting, shape and morpno1ogy of clasts were detected in every kind of mortar. This study is considering only the mortar composition (mineralogical nature of binder and aggregate) and binder/aggregate ratio. Such a simplification is necessary to avoid the risk of considering every sample as belonging to a particular group. Samples were analyzed by: optical microscopy on thin section; X-ray diffraction on powder; digital image processing; mercury porosimetry. Optical microscopy on thin section and X-ray diffraction on powder are carried out to ascertain structure and texture of binder, mineralogical composition and morphology of aggregate and morphology of cavities. Digital image processing allows to calculate binder-aggregate ratio: in every thin section four different areas were examined. Mercury porosimetry identifies the bulk texture and allows to know the state of preservation too.

1496

4. ANALYTICAL RESULTS

Masonry bedding: the feature of this kind of mortar doesn't require a subdivision of the samples. Rendering: a subdivision between internal rendering and external rendering is required. Internal rendering is almost always used to support wall paintings or painted decorations; external rendering is used to preserve the masonry from weathering.Sometimes both renderings are made by using the same raw material. Decorative plaster: a subdivision is required between the internal plaster, often used such as a support for gilding, and the plaster for external use. Filling: every different purpose is requiring an unlike composition of mortar.

5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

1. Masonry bedding: mortar shows always one layer. The binder is made by lime. Portland cement was used since the beginning of the 20th century; this material became in use, in Italy, in the last decades of 19th century and rapidly replaced the ancient methods of mortar making. The filler is made by river sand. The different composition of sands was not considered because of the use of local sources for the supplies. In few cases the presence of crushed brick was detected; the crushed brick is added to obtain hydraulic mortar. The binder/aggregate ratio is very different throughout the ages; usually the ratio is: one part of lime, one part of sand.

2. Rendering: the last centuries (18th-20th) revealed renderings (one coat) simpler than those ones used (two coat) during the previous centuries (15th-17th). Aniway this feature is a loss of quality: in fact one coat (a few millimetres thick) is less resistent against the weathering agents than two or three coats (a few centimetres thick). The coupling between rough coat and finishing coat is quite similar in all the cases: lime and sand, used in the rough, are also utilized in the finishing. The binder/aggregate ratio is often different. The presence of crushed brick is scarce in the rough coat and absolutely lacking in the finishing coat. A lot of differences between rough and finishing coat were detected only in the case of the graffito (rough coat: lime, sand and charcoal; finishing coat: gypsum); the difference between two coats is essential to obtain the ornamental effect. The renderings of Milan buildings show the same composition of the plasters for internal or external use. Rough coats are made by lime, usually magnesian lime, and river sand; the presence of crushed brick is rare. Finishing coats are made by pure lime and river sand, crushed marble is rarely used to substitute the sand. The presence of crushed marble, usual in Roman Age together with crushed limestone, is no more actual at the present time; it is still living in some restoration work of great importance. The absence of marble in the aggregate is probably due to the high cost for getting this raw material. The renderings of other regions of Northern Italy buildings show lime, often magnesian lime, and river sand in the rough coats; the use of crushed brick is very rare. Calcium lime binder and river sand aggregate are common in the finishing coats. The crushed brick is detected in a very few cases while the crushed marble is always absent. It is not clear why the magnesian lime was used in the rough coat and the calcium lime was used in the finshing coat. Magnesian lime is coming from the burning of dolomites; calcium lime from the burning of limestone. Both dolomite and limestone are diffused in lombard and venetian Prealps. The Magnesium was considered the most important factor to get a "poor'' lime; further a poor lime requires less quantity of water for slaking and produces less quantity of lime putty than "fat lime". As concern the composition, the binder prevails on aggregate without differences by the use or the geographic region. It seems that the aggregate percentage is higher in the rough coat, but the samples are so scarce that is impossible to prove this hypothesis. Graffito plaster shows a low percentage of aggregate and the quartz is the main component.

3. Decorative plaster. The features of finishing coat were pointed out, by neglecting the undercoats. Undercoats always show a composition similar to bedding or rendering mortar used in the same building and are always different from finishing coats. The finishing coats used for external application show a lime binder and river sand aggregate. River sand varies according to the geographic location of the building.

1497

The finishing coats for internal use show a gypsum binder and quartz aggregate coming from crushing. The finishing coats made by lime become more and more frequent in recent times. Binder percentage prevails on aggregate. Gypsum binder is often used without aggregate, lime binder is always used with aggregate. The use of gypsum binder is linked to internal decoration, often accompanied by gilding; the lack of aggregate is due to the thinness of the coats and to the need of having a smooth surface ready to be gilded. The use of lime binder is linked to external decorations where the motif is simplified and the durability is very important. Furthermore, the durability is better using lime than using gypsum.

4. Filling: the period of application is recent (end of 19th century), but datation is very difficult in many cases. Some different kinds of recipes were tested to fill the cracks, to re-glueing, to remodelling. The most diffused binders are lime and Portland cement, epoxy resin is also used in recent times. The aggregate was made by crushing the marble or the same stone to be repaired or another stone with the same colour. Binder/aggregate ratio is very different in each case.

5. Mosaic application: a very few examples were examined and consequently it is impossible to get a result.

6. CONCLUSION

It is possible to remark that the way of making mortar in Northern Italy, is quite uniform throughout the different geographic regions and the time. This is true even if some important differences are observed: - the use of magnesian lime in buildings of 15th-17th century; - the loss of one coat in the rendering starting from 18th century; - the use of marble powder as aggregate in decorative plaster worked in Lombardy, following the

Roman examples; - the replacement of gypsum binder with lime binder in decorative plaster starting from 16th

century. - the addition of crushed brick in aggregate of masonry bedding belonging to 15th and 16th

centuries; - the presence of Portland cement in some samples of masonry bedding and filling starting from to

last decades of 19th century; As far as the provenance of raw materials concerned, the use of local sources is diffused. The binder comes from the burning of carbonate roks. Both dolomite and limestone are diffused in Northern Italy Prealps. Outcrops belong to Mesozoic era (Triassic for dolomite, Jurassic and Cretaceous for limestone); quarries and kilns are spread along the Preapline valleys. The different aggregate comes from sand of many rivers that flow from the Alps in the Po valley. The petrographic composition of these recent sediments represents the rocks outcropping along the alpine valleys (granite, diorite, porphyry, micaschist, gneiss, limestone, dolomite, sandstones). Common minerals are: quartz, muscovite, potash feldspar, calcite, dolomite, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Raccomandazione NORMAL 12/83 (1983) "Aggregati artificiali di clasti e matrice legante non argillosa: schema di descrizione", CNR, Rome.

G.Alessandrini, R.Auletta, E.Broglia, R.Bugini, R.Peruzzi (1985) "Basilica di S.Satiro in Milano: analisi e studi preliminari su malte e intonaci antichi" Atti del Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone, 275-290.

G.Alessandrini , R.Bonecchi, R.Bugini, C.Ferrari, G.Galletti, R.Peruzzi (1985) "Basilica di S.Ambrogio in Milano: tecniche costruttive della cupola del Sacello di S.Vittore in Ciel d'Oro" Atti del Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone, 291-310.

G.Alessandrini, R.Auletta, R.Bugini, R.Negrotti , R.Peruzzi (1986) "Chiesa di S.Maria presso S.Satiro in Milano- La prospettiva bramantesca: indagini sui materiali e sulle tecniche usate nei restauri" Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone .. 149-~60 . . . .

Raccomandazione NORMAL 23/86 - 23/87 (1986-87) "Termmolog1a tecmca: defimz1one e descrizione delle malte", CNR, Rome.

Raccomandazione NORMAL 27/88 (1988) "Caratterizzazione di una malta", CNR, Rome.

1498

G. Alessandrini, R. Auletta, R. Bugini, L. Toniolo (1988) "Malte a base di gesso: preparazione e messa in opera. Le decorazioni a stucco della chiesa di Santa Maria presso San Satire (Milano)" Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone, 185-193.

G.Alessandrini, G.Bonecchi, R.Bugini, E.Fedeli, S.Ponticelli, G.Rossi, L.Toniolo (1989) "Bramante in Milan: the Cascina Pozzobonelli. Technical examination and restoration" Studies in Conservation 34, 53-66.

G.Alessandrini, R.Bugini, L.Toniolo (1990) "lntonaci milanesi del Rinascimento: caratteristiche composizionali e tecniche" in OPD Restauro Numero Speciale "Le pitture murali: tecniche problemi conservazione" Centro DI , 29-38.

R.Bugini, L.Toniolo (1990) "La presenza dei grumi bianchi nelle malte antiche: ipotesi sull'origine", Arkos, 12, pp. 4-8.

R.Bonecchi, E.Broglia, R.Bugini, M.Realini, S.Ferrari (1990) "L'arca scaligera di Mastino II (Verona): le malte utilizzate nei restauri" Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone, 167-178.

G.Alessandrini, A.M.Bocci, R.Bugini, M.Realini, S.Ferrari (1990) "Palazzo da Porto Barbaran (Vicenza): le malte impiegate in facciata" Convegno Scienza e Beni Culturali, Bressanone, 179-188.

G.Alessandrini, R.Bugini, R.Negrotti e L.Toniolo (1991) "Characterization of plasters from the church of San Niccolo di Comelico (Belluno - Northern Italy), European Journal of Mineralogy, 3, 619-627.

G.Alessandrini, R.Bugini, L.Folli, M.Realini e L.Toniolo (1992) "The compositional ratios of mortars. Comparison between chemical and petrographical methods" Atti 7th International Congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, 667-676.

LEGEND OF TABLES TOWN: name of the town with examined buildings (L=Lombardy, P=Piedmont, V= Venetia) BUILDING: denomination of examined building and list of the examined parts. DATE: period of work (documented or presumed). LOCATION: provenance of samples. BINDER: components of binder (cA= calcium lime; MG= magnesian lime; Pc= Portland cement). AGGREGATE: components of aggregate (az= quartz crystals; s1= silicate rocks clasts; CR= carbonate rocks clasts; BR= brick fragments; M= marble fragments; F= other components, i.e. charcoal). Components are listed according to the percentage, brackets indicate very low percentage. RATIO: percentage of the aggregate in the mortar; square brackets indicate lack of aggregate. SAMPLE: number of samples with the same features.

M b dd' ason_ry_ e mg_ TOWN BUILDING DATE LOCATION BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO

Arsago S. (L) Church St Vittore 12th cent. North wall CA OZ-SI 50 20th cent. South wall CA-PC OZ-SI 50

Benedetto Po ]_L} Polirone Abb~ - Buildil!.9_ 1538/42 Fac;ade CA OZ-SI nd Cantu (L) Church St Ambrogio 1660/80 East a_e_se wall CA OZ-SI 30

1660/80 South a_e_se wall CA CR 30 Corsico]_L} Guardia orato_!Y 1622 Fas_ade CA OZ-SI 45 Grosotto JlJ_ Blessed Vi~n Sanctua_!Y_ 1705 Bell tower CA OZ-SI-CR 50 LodiJ..Ll Ch. St Maria lncoronata 1488-89 Tiburio CA SI-CR 50 Milano Ca' Granda HoSQital 1456 Wall CA OZ-SI nd Milano Church St Paolo Converse 1611 North, south wall CA OZ-SI-CR 40 Milano Church St Satiro 1476/83 Tiburio MG OZ-SI-BR:!_ cR}: 40

1476/83 Transept CA oz-s1-cRi:BRl 35 GY OZ-SI 25

1467/83 A_e_se CA OZ-Sl-Mi_Baj_ nd Milano St Maria lncoronata - 1487 North wall MG OZ-SI-CR 25

Libra.ry Milano Odescalchi palace 16th cent. Wall - Staircase MG SI-BR-OZ 50

17th cent. Wall - Staircase MG SI-OZ-BR 25 Novate M.J..lJ_ Church St Fedelino 10th cent. South wall CA SI-OZ 75 VercelliJPl Church St Andrea 1219-27 Wall - Tiburio CA OZ-SI 35 Vicenza1v1 Porto Barbaran _E_alace 1571 F~ade CA Slj_Baj_ 50

SAMPLE

5 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2

1 1 2 2 1

1499

Rendering. ( 11 ,....- MONUMENT DATE LOCATION BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE TOWN ~agoS. (Ll_ Church St Vittore 19th cent. external, one coat CA OZ-SI 45 1

~edetto Po (L) Polirone Abbey 16th cent. external, one coat CA-GY OZ-SI-CR-BR 45 1 Buildin_g_ near the church external, one coat CA-GY OZ-SljCRJ 45 1

"Cantu (L) Church St Ambrogio 1660/80 .. ~~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~?..~9.~ ............ CA OZ-SI-BR 35 4 ·················· ••• O•••• o •• ••• •••• ••••••• • • •• ••• .................. ..................... East A__e_se finishin_g_ CA OZ-SI 30 4

South Apse 1660/80 .. i.~~~!.~.~!! .. ~?..~9.~ ............ CA CR 35 2 ·················· ................................. .................. ..................... finishing CA OZ-SI 30 5

comelico (V) Church St Niccolo 1482 internal, one coat CA SI-OZ-CR-BR 20 6 18th cent. internal, one coat CA SI-OZ-CR-BR 50 1

Corsica (L) Guardia oratory 1622 --~~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~?..~.9.~ ............ CA OZ-SI 35 1 .................. ................................. .................. ..................... finishin_g_ CA M 40 1

1622 internal, one coat CA OZ-SI 28 1 1622 external, one coat CA OZ-SI 40 1

Esine (L) Church St Maria 1488 - -~~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~?..~9.~ ............ CA OZ-SI 30 2 .................. ································· ·················· ..................... finishin_g_ CA oz-s1:.(_cftl_ 30 7

1488 --~~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~.~~.~.?.~.! ...... CA .... ~.:(~.~H~~L. 25 1 .................. . ................. ..................... 1510 .. ~!:'~~.~!:'.~!! .. ~?..~9.~ ............ CA OZ-CR-SI 35 1 ························· .................. ................................. .................. .....................

finishing MG OZ-CR-SI 35 1

Grosotto (L) Blessed Virgin Sanctuary 1705 - -~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~?..~9.~ ........... CA OZ-SI-CR 55 3 ·················· ................................. .................. .....................

finishin_g_ CA OZ-SI-CR 55 4

Lodi (L) Ch. St Maria lncoronata 1494 internal, one coat CA SI-OZ-CR 15 1 1868 internal, one coat CA SI-CR-OZ 20 1

Tiburio 1488-89 - -~~~!.!:'.~!! .. ~?.~9.~ ........... CA SI-CR 40 2 .................. ................................. .................. ····················· finishin__g_ CA SI-CR 40 2

Renderi~(~ TOWN BUILDING DATE LOCATION BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE 1--------1-----------+-------1············································ ················· ................................ .................. ....................... .

Melzo (L) Oratory St Andrea 15th cent. .!!:'.!~~-~~-1 ..... ~~.~.9.~ ............ ...... ~~·- ··· · ... ~::~!~.~~.(~.~>. .. ....... ?.!?. ................. ~ .......... .

Milano (L)

MilanolL) Milano (L)

Milano (L)

Ca' Granda Hospital

Church St Maria Ari_g_eli Church St Paolo Converso

North wall

19th cent. 1456

1550 1600/11

South wall 1600/11

Church St Satiro 1476/83

Tiburio Transept 1476/83

1476/83

Apse 1820

1938

finishin_g_ CA OZ-Sl-CR-(Bftl_ 40 6 internal, finishin__g_ CA oz-s1-cR-(Fl 50 11

.!!:'.!~~-~~.' .... E~.~9.~ .................. ~~····· · ....... ~.:~.1.:(g~) ...... ....... ~!?. ...... ........... ~ .......... . finishil![ CA OZ-SI 50 2

internal, one coat CA SI-OZ 25 3

external, rough MG oz-s1 30 2

intermediate MG oz-s1 35 2 ........................................... ................. ................................ .................. ........................ finishin__g_ GY M-OZ-s1 50 2

-~~~~.~~.'..~?..~9.~ ............ ...... ~ ...... ... ~~~::~H~~2 ......... ~?. ................. ? ......... . ........... ~~~~!.!!!~.~!~!~ ............ ~ ...... ... ~::~!~.~~.(~~>. ......... ~?. ................. ? ......... .

finishin_g_ CA oz-s1-M 45 2 external, one coat MG oz-s1 25 6 external, rough MG oz-s1-BR-(CR) 50 2

··········································· .. ..'.~.~P. ... ································ ·················· ························ finishin_g_ MG OZ-Sl-BR-(CRJ 65 2

.!!:'.!~.~~~.1~.~~~~········ ·· · ·· ·~~·· · · · · · ··:~;;~:1::} ·······~~··· · · · ·· ·· ·· ···· ·~····· · ·· · · ·

.!!:'.!~~-~~.1.\ .. ~~.~9.~ ............ ...... <:!.'!. ...... ........ ~::~!~~---· · · · ....... ?.!?. ................. ~ .......... . finishil![ GY az-s1 35 2

.!!:'.!~~~~.1.\ .. ~~-~9.~ .................. ~ ...... ........ ~!~~~ ....... ....... ?.?. ...... ........... ~ .......... . finishin_g_ GY M 60 6

.!!:'.!~~~~-1 ..... ~~-~9.~ .................. ~~ ...... ........ ~::~!~~ ....... ....... ?.!?. ...... ........... ~ .......... . finishing CA OZ-SI-CR nd 6

Renderin_gj_3l TOWN Milano (L)

Milanolll Milano (L)

Novate M. (L)

Oro_Q_affI Pozzuolo M. (L)

Vercelli (P)

Vicenza (V)

Vigevano (L)

Decorative _Qlaster TOWN Benedetto Po (L)

Cantu (L)

Corsico (L)

Lodi (L)

Milano (L)

Milano (L)

Vicenza (V)

BUILDING DATE St Maria lncoronata 1487? Library

1487 Odescalchi _Q_alace 16th cent. Pozzobonelli house 1498

Graffito Graffito 1907 Plaster 1498

Church St Fedelino 10th cent.

Our Laeh'_ Sanctu<!rY_ 1885 St Francesco 1296

Church St Andrea 1219/27

1822 Porto Barbaran palace 1571

Fa_.£.ade Rooms 1571

P.za Ducale buildings 15th cent. 20th cent.

BUILDING DATE Polirone Abbey - Building 1538/42

near the church mouldin_g_

Church St Ambrogio 1660/80 mouldin_g_ modelling 1660/80

Guardia oratory 1622 moulding

1622

modelling 1622

Ch. St Maria lncoronata 1494 moulding

moulding 1868

Church St Satiro 1476/83 Transept - moulding

A....e_se - mouldi'!.9_ 1467/83 Odescalchi palace 16th cent.

Staircase - moulding Porto Barbaran palace 1571

Faitade moulding 1571

Rooms 1571 moulding

1571

1500

LOCATION BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE ····················-······················ ................. ................................ ·······35 ..... ························ external, rough CA SI-OZ-CR 3

··················rin-;;;t;fili······· ................. ................................. ······2a···· .. ···········i ·········· CA SI-OZ-CR external one coat CA SI-OZ 35 1 internal one coat MG OZ-SI-BR 50 3

.r.~.~9.~ ............................. MG Sl-OZ-F 60 3 ................. ·············ft············· ·······a ........ ···········3··········· finishin_g_ GY finishi'l9_ CA 0 3

.!f.l.~~!!.!~.l ..... ~~-~.9.~ ........... MG SI-OZ-BR 35 2 ................. ·············H.············· ········Ci"······· ·········--i ·········· finishin_g_ GY

. !~~~r~~-1.!.E~.~.9.~ ........... CA OZ-SI 40 2 ................. ................................ ······.10······ ........... f ......... finishin_g_ CA OZ-SI

external, rough CA- OZ-SI 50 1

··················riil-ish"f '!9.:······· ----'-~-~.P. ... ................................ ······55······ ··········T········· CA OZ-SI

external one coat CA OZ-SI 50 5 . !r.i.~~r.~~.1.l..~~~.9.~ ........... CA OZ-SI-CR 20 1 ................. ................................ ······-.10 .. ···· ···········2···········

finishi'!.9_ CA OZ-SI-CR

-~-~~-~-~~.1 .... E~-~.9.~ ........... MG OZ-SI 40 1 ................. ·············n ············· . ................. ························ finishi'!Q_ MG 0 1

external one coat MG-GY OZ-SI nd 1 external, one coat CA OZ-SI-CR 40 2

internal, one coat CA SI-CR-OZ 40 4 external, one coat MG OZ-Sl-{_BRl 30 1 external, one coat MG OZ-SI 45 1

LOCATION BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE

- -~~~!!.!~.1 .... !.~.~.9.~ ........... --~~Y..Y. .............. ~::§! ................. D~---···· ............ 1... ...... . finishing CA OZ-SI-CR 60 2

. !!:J.t~ff.l.~.1.! .. ~~-~.9.~---········· --~~Y..Y. ... ··········-~-~§! ................ }? ....... .......... 1.?. ........ . fin ishi'!.9_ CA M 30 11

.!.r.i.!~~-r.i.~.1 ..... ~~-~.9.~ ............ --~~::<:?.Y. .............. ~.~§! .................. ?.9. ...... ········· · · -~---······· · finishin_g_ CA M 50 2

.!r.i.!~r.r.i.~_1 ..... ~9-~.9.~-- -- ········ ___ __ g~-- -· ·· ········ · ·-~-~§! .................. ?.9. ................. ? .......... . finishin_g_ CA M 16 2

--~~~r.~~-1 .. J9_~g~---·· ······ _____ g~---··· ........... ~::§! ........... ···· -- -~~---··· ............ 1... ....... . finishin_g_ CA oz-s1 25 1

--~~~t~~-1.! .. ~~-~.9.~ ........... ····--~~--···· ··········-~-~§! ........... ....... ~~---··· ........... ? ......... . finish in_g_ CA M 38 2

. !!:1.!~~-~~-1 ..... ~~.~.9.~ ............ ..... g~---··· ... ~::~~~~~-<~-~) ... ....... ?.9. ................. ? .......... . finishin_g_ CA OZ-CR 15 2

internal, finishill9_ CA oz 30 2

.. !!:l.!~r.~~-1 .. ·ri~~~~-·- ···· ······ci$······ ··· · ·· · ·~l1~!3. ....... ······-~09. ...... ·········{········· internal finishi'!.9_ GY oz-s1 40 3 internal finishil}g GY :Ioz} nd 3 internal, finishil!.9_ GY-CA lOZl nd 1 internal finishi'!.9_ GY H O 6

.!~~~.r.r.i.~_1 .... !.~.~.9.~ ............ ··- - -~~-- - ··· ...... ~.1.-:9?.::l~~.L. .......... ~9. .................. ~-·-········ finishil}g MG M 40 1

-~-~~t~~-1.\ .. ~9-~.9.~ ........... ····-~---· · · ········ --~~-~---······· ....... ~9 ....... ······ · · ··-~---······ · finish in_g_ MG CR 12 7

-~-~~-~n~.1 ..... ~~-~g~---········ ···---~~······ ···· · · ·· --~~-~---······· ....... ?.~---··· ··········-~-·-········ finishi'"!.9_ MG oz 15 4

. !.r.i.!~!!.!~.1.!..~~-~.9.~ ............ ····-~·-···· ........... ~::§! .................. ~9 ....... ···· ····--·~·-········· finishi'l9_ MG oz 1 O 10

.! f.l.~~~-~~_l_t.E~-~.9.~ ................. g~·-···· ·····---~-~~~~~---···· ....... ~9. ................. ? ......... . finishi'!Q_ MG M 40 2

Fillin[m ortar

'ToWN ~ilano(L)

rpavia (L)

Verona (V)

Mosaic ~ication TOWN Milano (L)

BUILDING

Church St Paolo Converso Fa~ade Certosa - Church fai;ade

Mastino II tomb

BUILDING

Chapel St Vittore in Ciel d'Oro - Vault

1501

DATE KIND BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE

19th cent. filling CA SI-OZ 45 1

fi lling CA-GY SI-OZ 20 1 19th cent. remodelling organic M 65 4

fi lling GY oz 20 1 filling CA M nd 1

20th cent. fi lling, remod. epoxy r. M 65 4 19th cent. remod. fill ing PC M 20 7

fill ing PC OZ-M 10 2 remod. filling PC OZ-SI 10 2 fi lling PC OZ-SI-CR 50 2 remodelling PC oz 25 7 re-g_lueiQg PC (oz) 10 4 filling GY-PC OZ-CR nd 4

DATE COAT BINDER AGGREGATE RATIO SAMPLE

19th cent. First GY-CA BR-OZ-CR 40 6 ·50c;;;;Ci························· ·······MG········ ········cR·.:oz···· .... · ·· · · ··~10······ ···········:f ········· ·r iifr"dliTiosaiCi·········· ....... MG ........ ········Oi.:cR ........ ·······1·s-····· ···········r ·········

1502

A - Sketch of rendering, external use (two coats) B - Sketch of rendering, external use (one coat) C - Sketch of rendering, internal use (two coats with painting) D - Sketch of graffito (two coats)

1503

G

E - Sketch of masonry bedding F - Sketch of decorative plaster, external use (two coats) G - Sketch of complete moulded frieze H - Skecth of moulded frieze with evidence of the finishing coat

H