Voluntary Migration

• (pre-1945) 75 million Europeans migrated to the America’s

• (post 1945) Jewish immigrants to Israel

• German migration after World War II

• From/Through Mexico to the United States

• Global migration to Europe to help rebuild after WWII

• Cuban immigrants arrived and stayed in Greater Miami area (“Little Havana”)

Major voluntary migration cont…• Eastward migration within Russia

– Migration from heartland to the Pacific

–  RR’s and feeder line established Vladivostok as a major port.

– Migration rapidly declined following Soviet collapse

Internal or Intranational migrations

• Current US Migration trend: westward and southward (Sunbelt)

• African-Americans moved northward during World War’s & then south again after 1970’s….why?

• Can you think of another large-scale example in the US?        

International Voluntary Migration

• Guest workers

• Foreign workers

• Overseas Contract Worker program

(Asians in Africa & Mid-East)

Forced migrations• Transatlantic Slave Trade

•More than 30 million Africans removed •Majority to the Caribbean and South

America•United States in far fewer numbers

• Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia

• Native Americans were forced onto reservations.

Forced migration cont…

• Uganda expelling all Asians in 1970’s.

• Stalin's rule in the former Soviet Union–    Sent millions to Central Asia and Siberia–   Accused of treason or obstruction of the

communist grand design

• Forced migration also exists today in the form of counter-migration, when governments send back migrants caught entering their countries illegally.

BW ?’s: On a ½ sheet, answer & return

1- What is the diff. bet. Voluntary & Forced migration?2- List 2 examples of each

3- What are 2 ways that governments can limit immigration?

4- There are 2 major immigration waves in US history: what major group of people immigrated in each time period: 1850-1930 & 1970 - present

How government effects migration

• Immigration laws – laws that restrict or allow certain groups into a country. (Exclusion Acts)

• Selective immigration –-‘head-tax’ for entry (Visa)- quotas to limit the # of migrants from

each region into a country.• Physical Barriers – walls and/or fences (examples? past and present)

Waves of Immigration into the US

Changing immigration laws and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

Waves of Immigrant Groups to the United States

• English, Irish, Scottish (from the British Isles – 1600s - 1900s)

• African Slaves (forced from their homelands – 1600s - 1700s)

• Scandinavians, Germans, Poles, Italians… (N & E Europeans – 1700s - 1900s)

• Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Syria (late 1800s - early 1900s)

• Latin America, Asia, Africa (post-1965)

BW?’s

1- Define immigrant & refugee2- What are 3 ways that they differ from each other?3- What is an IDP?4- What is asylum?

• Between 1911- 1920, over 4 million people came to the US from Europe.

• In 1921 to 1930, almost 2.5 million European people came to the US

What’s the Difference

between an Immigrant and a

Refugee?

An immigrant arrives in a host country seeking better economic opportunities

Ellis Island,

New York

A refugee feels compelled to leave his/her country of origin because of persecution by the government of that country

World Refugees

An Overview

What is a Refugee?

• Any person who…is outside the country of his or her origin because of a well-founded fear that s/he will be persecuted because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, membership of a particular social group if s/he returns to that country; and because of that fear is unable or unwilling to return to that country.

Key Phrases in the Definition of “Refugee”

• …outside the country of his or her origin…

• …well-founded fear…• …persecuted because of race, religion,

nationality, political opinion, membership of a particular social group

• …because of that fear is unable or unwilling to return to that country.

How many refugees are there?

• Worldwide, 12 million officially recognized by as refugees by UNHCR

• Unofficial numbers of refugees may be as high as 40 million with IDP #s.

• Internally Displaced People – displaced in their own country

Where do the majority of the world’s refugees come from?

Green: more than 20% popl.Darkpink:Less than 20% popl.

Where Do Refugees Seek Asylum?

Countries with Asylum Applications

Internally Displaced Persons(Exiled within their own country) 2008

Internally Displaced PersonsNOTE: Gray circles are protected by UNHCR : Beige ones are not.

North Africa and Southwest Asia:

1-Israel and the displaced Arab populations that surround it 2-The Kurdish population after the Gulf War—a stateless nation 3-Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion during the 1980s4-Taliban rule in Afghanistan created even more refugees

For more than 20 years Afghanistan has had the world’s largest refugee population

Afghan and Iraqi refugees in an Australian camp

Afghan refugees in Pakistan

More than 150 camps in Pakistan, around Peshawar and Islamabad. Since 9-11, 100’s of 1000’s more Afghanis fled their homes and their country.

2000 + refugees were crossing into Pakistan daily

Map of Kurdistan region: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria

Regions of dislocation: Sub-Saharan Africa=

1-Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda and The Congo 2-Problems in Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda 3-Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Angola

Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa

100,000 Liberians fled to Guinea

25,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees voluntarily repatriating from Tanzania, where they had been living

Congolese refugee camp in Rwanda

Refugees were forcibly repatriated back to the Congo

Lost Boys of Sudan

Daniel

Joseph

Mathiang

Lost Boys of Sudan• Young boys separated from

their families at ages from 6 - 9 when villages in southern Sudan were attacked

• The boys fled into the bush & began walking to Ethiopia

They were in refugee camps in Ethiopia until the government was overthrown.

The boys were forced to leave at gunpoint. When they returned to Sudan, they were met with hostility

Thus began another long walk - this time to Kenya

Lost Boys of Sudan…

Lost Boys..• Since the early 1990s, the boys have been in

Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya

• Some education was provided

• Food was six kilograms (approximately 13.2 pounds) of ground maize, and oil for 15 days

• When relief trucks couldn't get to the camp because of strife, there was no food

Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya

Daily life in the refugee camp in Kenya

* Note the house types and the water vessels

Central America: the Lost Decade

Civil Wars in Nicaragua, El Salvador & Guatemala

1980 - 1990

Many of Nicaragua’s refugees returned home, and still found it hard to get by

El Salvador – 75,000 people killed by military between 1980-1992

FMLN – guerilla army turned political party

Guatemala – 250,000 people killed by military forces from 1954-1992

Guatemala’s indigenous people – the Maya