voting and elections. u.s.a. 50% mexico 60% canada 70% voter participation across the globe france...
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VOTING and ELECTIONS
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U.S.A.
50%
Mexico60%
Canada70%
Voter ParticipationAcross the Globe
France80%
U.K.77%
Russia55%
India53% Australia
95%Japan67%
Brazil100%
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Voter ParticipationAcross the Globe
Belize90%
Denmark85%
Malta96%
South Africa92%
Venezuela64%
Austria58%
Greece99%
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1870 15th Amendmentsuffrage extended to African American men
1920 19th Amendmentsuffrage extended to women
1961 23rd AmendmentD.C. granted 3 electoral votes
1964 24th Amendmentpoll tax declared unconstitutional
1971 26th Amendmentsuffrage extended to 18 year-olds
Expanding the Electorate:“The Voting Amendments”
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CONVENTIONAL vs. UNCONVENTIONAL POLITICAL
PARTICIPATION Conventional Methods• Registering to vote• VOTING• Writing letters or emails to your
representative or senator• Making a phone call to your
representative or senator• Forming an interest group• Joining an interest group• Making financial contributions
to campaigns or interest groups
Unconventional Methods• Boston Tea Party• Shay’s Rebellion• participating in boycotts or protests (WTO, World Bank)• camping outside President Bush’s ranch to protest the Iraq War• throwing red paint on those who wear fur coats to protest animal cruelty
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
• applied to ALL elections held anywhere in this country--local, state, and national
• suspended the use of any literacy tests or similar device in any state or county where less than half of the electorate had been registered to vote in the 1964 presidential election
• authorized the Attorney General to appoint voting examiners to serve in any of those states or counties
• gave federal officers the right to register voters and otherwise oversee the conduct of the elections in those areas
• this Act provided for major changes in voter registration and elections in six states--Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, and VIRGINIA, and 40 counties in North Carolina
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Voter Turnout in the United StatesYear % Turnout of Voting Age Population
2008 62.00 2006 37.10
2004 55.302002 37.002000 51.201998 33.901996 49.001994 36.601992 55.101990 33.101988 50.301986 33.501984 53.301982 38.001980 52.801978 34.901976 53.501974 35.901972 55.201970 43.501968 60.90
* Presidential election years in bold; off-year (mid-term) elections in plain type
U.S. Census Bureau
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Registered Voters
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Voting Behavior
Voting is the most common form of conventional political
participation
Turnout is the proportion of the electorate who votes
States regulate voter eligibility
Voters are more educated and make more money
Voters are likely to be middle-aged, women, and white
The South traditionally has the lowest voter turnout rate
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Turnout of Eligible Voters
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Voting in the South v. Non-South
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Voter Eligibility
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Why Is Turnout so Low?
In 2008, 62 percent of eligible voters turned out
Most common reason for not voting is being too busy
Registration can also be an unclear process
Absentee voting can be difficult
There are a lot of elections
People are apathetic
Political parties have less influence than in earlier
years
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Why People Don’t Vote
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What are the majorfactors that influencevoters’ decisions?
• personal background
• loyalty to political parties
• campaign issues
• voter’s image of a candidate
• propaganda
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Purposes of Elections
Legitimize government, even in authoritarian
systems
Organize government
Choose issue and policy priorities
Electorate gives winners a mandate
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Party Conventions
Each party has its own rules about delegates
Delegates tied to candidate, except superdelegates
Require representation of women and minorities
Republicans do not bind delegates to candidate
Media extensively cover happenings
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The Electoral College
Representatives from each state who select president
Electors equivalent to senators plus representatives
Framers favored system to remove power from people
Originally president and vice president selected alone
Changed after 12th Amendment
1876 and 2000 elections demonstrate concerns
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The Electoral College
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Reforming the Electoral CollegeThree major proposals have been made:
Select the president by popular vote
Each congressional district has a vote
Keep the College, abolish the electors
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Congressional Elections
In Congress, incumbency has its advantages
Support from a paid staff
Media and travel budgets
“Scaring off” other challengers
Redistricting and gerrymandering to protect
incumbents
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Gerrymandering
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2008 Congressional Elections Democrats advantaged by momentum and money
Used these to make gains in House and Senate
Victories in South and West were particularly
notable
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Why Incumbents Lose
Redistricting can pit incumbents against one
another
Scandals or personal misconduct
Presidential coattails
Midterm elections;
president’s party usually loses seats