V/S, Respiration

Function of the Lungs

• Provide transfer of Oxygen form air to blood• Inhaled=21%• Exhaled=16%

• Provide transfer of carbon dioxide out

What is the Respiration?

It is the act of breathing through inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation.

External respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w alveoli and pulmonary blood.

Internal respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w circulating blood and cells of body tissues.

• Costal (thoracic) breathing :

Involves external inter-costal

Muscles and accessory muscles

(sterno-cleido-mastoid)

The chest moved upward and outward

• Diaphragmatic (abdominal)

respiration : contraction and

relaxation of diaphragm.• Observed by abdominal

movement

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Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing

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Figure 29-15 Respiratory inhalation. Lateral view

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Figure 29-15 (continued) Respiratory inhalation. Anterior view.

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Figure 29-16 Respiratory exhalation. Lateral view

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Figure 29-16 (continued) Respiratory exhalation. Anterior view.

Respiratory control• Respiratory center in medulla

oblongata and the pons of the brain

• Chemo-receptors located in medulla and carotid artery and aorta

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Factors Affecting Respiration

Factors ↑ Resp.• Exercise • Stress• ↑ environmental temp.• Lowered O2 concentrations at increased altitudesFactors ↓ Resp.• Certain medication e.g. narcotics• ↑ ICP

Respiratory rates

• 15-20 Breaths/m (teen ages- above 70 years)

• 15-25 B/m (5 - 10 years)

• 20-40 B/m (1 year)• 30-80 B/m (new born)

Assessing respiration

• Complete cycles of respiration for one minute.

• Consider influences and factors affecting respiration and medications

• Don’t tell the client when counting respiration

Description of respiratory rate

• Normal respiratory rate and depth= eupnoea• Slow resp. = bradypnea• Fast resp. = tachpnea (polypnea)• Absence breathing = apnea

Respiratory volume

• Hypoventilation

• Hyperventilation

Respiratory Rhythm

• Cheyne-stokes breathing : very deep to very shallow and temporary apnea.

Ease and Efforts

• Dyspnea

• Orthopnea : ability to breath only in upright sitting or standing positions.

Breathing sounds

• Stridor (laryngeal obstruction)• Stretor (snoring)(partial obstruction of

URT)• Wheeze (whistling) (narrowed or partial

obstruction of airways)• Bubbling (gurgling) (moist secretions in

respiratory tract)

Chest movements

• Intercostal retraction (b/w ribs)• Substernal retraction (beneath breast bone)• Suprasternal retraction (above clavicles)

Secretions and coughing

• Hemoptysis

• Productive cough

• Non-productive cough