v.s.skandakkumar rohde & schwarz middle east & africa · 2014-11-11 · rohde & schwarz...

Transmission Solutions for Migration

from Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV

and Budgetary Costs

V.S.Skandakkumar

Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa

Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) Group At a Glance

ØHistory Established 1933 in Munich, Germany

ØType of enterprise Independent family-owned company

ØGlobal presence In over 70 countries, approx. 60 subsidiaries

ØNet revenue Approx. EUR 2 billion (FY 12/13, July through June)

ØExport share Approx. 90 percent

ØEmployees 9000 worldwide, with approx. 5500 in Germany

ØSuccess A leading international supplier in all of its fields of business

DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs 2

Worldwide Solutions of R&S

ØWireless communications Development and production test solutions

for every second mobile phone in the world

ØBroadcasting Transmitters for more than 80 countries

ØAir traffic control Radio communications for more than 200 airports and

ATC centers

ØSecure communications Radios in use worldwide for all branches of the armed forces

ØManagement of the frequency spectrum Instruments and systems for radio monitoring

and radiolocation for about 150 countries

ØServices To be as close to the customer as possible, nearly 70

locations worldwide

3 DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs

Rohde & Schwarz around the World

Development

Production

Service

Sales


Hanover

Rohde & Schwarz DVS GmbH

Hamburg

Naval Communications Systems

Cologne

Cologne Service Center

R&S Systems GmbH

Mainhausen (Frankfurt)

HAMEG Instruments GmbH

Memmingen

Rohde & Schwarz Messgerätebau GmbH

Berlin

Rohde & Schwarz SIT GmbH

Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG

GMIT GmbH

Kiel

GEDIS GmbH

Munich


(Headquarters)

Rohde & Schwarz Vertriebs-GmbH

Other subsidiaries

Teisnach

Teisnach Plant

Stuttgart-Weilimdorf

Rohde & Schwarz SIT GmbH


Leipzig

Ipoque GmbH

Rohde & Schwarz in Germany

i i

i

Duisburg

Integrated Circuit Design


Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa

ØHistory Established 2009 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

ØType of enterprise Free zone company fully owned by Rohde & Schwarz

ØResponsibility Responsible for the region - Middle East & Africa

ØOther offices Abu Dhabi UAE, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, Johannesburg

South Africa & Algeria

ØEmployees more than 100 all over Middle East & Africa

ØSuccess A leading solution provider in the region for all of its

fields of business

6

DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs

Rohde & Schwarz in Africa, Middle East & Asia


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration Sequence of Planning & Considerations

ØSelection of standard (DVB-T, DVB-T2, ISDBT, ATSC, DTMB)

ØFrequency coordination between neighboring countries

Ø Network Planning

Ø System Planning

Ø System and equipment specifications

Ø Budgets for the Network

ØRFP, evaluation and contract with vendors

Ø Project implementation & management

Ø Initial verification of coverage and quality of the network

Ø Gap filler planning & implementation

Ø Final verification of coverage and quality of the network


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 Network Planning – DVB-T2 - Important Considerations

ØSingle Frequency Network (SFN) or Multiple Frequency Network

(MFN) or Mix of SFN & MFN

ØNumber of services (HD / SD services) including future services

Ø Coverage by geography or by population

ØReception Mode: Ø Fixed Outdoor,

Ø Fixed light indoor using non active receive antenna,

Ø Fixed light indoor using active indoor receive antenna

Ø Mobile reception

ØModulation parameters based on the above

Ø Link budget calculations based on the selected modulation

parameters

ØSelection of suitable sites and determination of antenna heights

9

ØSelection of suitable antenna configuration / directivity / gain and transmitter power to

achieve the required coverage for the calculated field strengths and maintaining the

specified inteference level into neighboring countries.


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning (Core Systems) ØHeadend

Ø Input Interface

Ø Encoding & Multiplexing

Ø Statistical Multiplex

Ø T2 Gateway

Ø EPG

Ø CAS

Ø Headend Management

System

Ø Subscriber Management

& Billing System

Ø Monitoring & TS analysis

ØDistribution Network Ø Fiber Network

Ø Microwave Network

Ø Satellite

ØTransmission Network Ø Transmitters

Ø Transposers (Repeaters)

Ø Transposers (Gap fillers)

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ØNetwork Management

System & Central Video

Monitoring Ø SNMP driven

Ø Non SNMP Digital &

Analogue outputs

Ø Centralised video

monitoring

ØTest & Measurement

Equipment Ø Transport Stream analysis

Ø RF & Power measurements

Ø SFN Synchronisation

Ø Antenna measurements

Ø Electrical measurements

ØElectrical Systems Ø AVR

Ø UPS

Ø Generators

Ø Power Distribution Systems

ØTransmission Site

Monitoring Ø Input TS monitoring

Ø Output TS monitoring

Ø RF monitoring

ØCoaxial Systems Ø Mask Filters

Ø Directional Couplers

Ø Power meters

Ø Channel Combiners

Ø RF Patch Panels

Ø Dummy Loads

ØAntenna & Feeder

System Ø Panel Antenna

Ø Super turnstile Antenna

Ø Log periodic Antenna

Ø Yagi Antenna

Ø Semiflex feeders

Ø Dehydrators


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning (Infrastructure)

ØEquipment building Ø Shelters / Port cabins

Ø RCC buildings

Ø Roads

Ø Fence

Ø Furniture

ØElectrical System Ø Transformers

Ø Main Electrical distribution system

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ØCooling System Ø Air conditioning

Ø Air handling units

ØStructures for Antenna Ø Self Supporting Towers

Ø Guyed Masts

Ø Mono poles

Ø Roof Top Poles

Ø Rapid Deployment Units


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Headend - Important Consideration

ØWhat is preferred – Software based or hardware based

headend and why?

ØHow many services (how many HD & how many SD), future

expansions? Redundancy concept: Is a 1+1 system preferred

or a n+1 encoding sufficient?

Ø IP output (IP platform) or ASI output? MPEG 2 or MPEG 4?

Ø Is 4K and HEVC an option for future?

Ø Is SFN required? How many PLPs?

ØVariable bit rate or Constant bit rate?

ØConditional Access System

ØAny other features such as EPG, Ad insertion, Subscriber

Management System & Billing

Ø Is re multiplexing a requirement?

ØAre satellite receivers required?


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Headend - Typical 5HD (1+1) System


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Distribution Network - Important Consideration

Most cost effective network: Fiber, Microwave Or Satellite?

DVB-T2 Multicast TSoIP Distribution Network System Requirement

Ethernet / STM-1 / SDH (Copper Fiber)

14

Description Parameters

Different independent main & back up paths Differential delay below 200 – 300ms, (ideally lower than 20

– 50ms)

Signal propagation delay from headend to transmitter site Overall signal propagation delay below 600ms (ideally way

below 200ms)

Error correction Network error corrections needs to be handled by the

service provider

Required bit error rate 10-13 or better (Ideally 10-15)

Network Jitter 5ms or lower

IGMP Version 2

IGMP Snooping Enabled


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Distribution Network - Typical 4 Site (1+1) System


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Important Consideration

ØTransmitter power at various sites and How many multiplexes?

ØRedundancy concept: Dual exciter or 1+1 system or n+1 system (in

case of more than 1 multiplex)?

ØEfficiency consideration: Standard 24%, Boosted: 35%. Higher the

efficiency lower the operational cost.

Ø Liquid or air cooled transmitters? (analyse the advantages of the two

systems case to case basis)

ØMultiple transmitters in single rack in locations where floor space is

restricted?

ØOther Options:

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Ø IP input or ASI input

Ø Overvoltage & lightening protection

Ø SNMP enabled or just parallel

interface

Ø Internal or external GPS

Ø Multiple Input Single output

(MISO)

Ø DVB-T2 Tone reservation

Ø Enhance group delay

Ø Crest factor reduction

Ø Single PLP or MPLP


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Important Consideration

ØMISO Ø The multiple input single output uses the "modified alamouti" technique of using conjugated symbols

to be sent at different time and frequency. So it reduces the possibility of collisions and the receiver

can resolve the symbols in an easy way.

Ø This is very important in the application of SFN. In the DVB-T spectrum you can see a lot of

oscillations on the signals. And when using MISO in DVB-T2, you will see the spectrum is much

smoother.

ØDVB-T2 Tone Reservation Ø One of the techniques used in T2 to reduce crest factor (increasing efficiency).

Ø The technique uses some of the unused carriers in the Spectrum to reduce the crest factor and thus

improves efficiency. This can improve efficiency ~ 2%

ØEnhanced Group Delay Ø This is an option in case the RF path has a long delay and you need to have a better group delay

compensation in the transmitters.

ØCrest Factor Reduction Ø This another technique to improve the efficiency added to other techniques like Doherty, envelope

tracking, tone reservations.


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Dual Exciter System (2 Muxes)


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Typical 2+1 System (2 Muxes)


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Typical (1+1) System (2 Muxes)


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring – Important Consideration

ØASI Platform or IP platform?

ØSimple monitoring system or comprehensive monitoring

system with multiviewer?

Ø Input output transport stream monitoring and analysis

ØRF parameter monitoring

ØSFN Monitoring at site

ØCo sited with headend or independent of headend?

Ø Low bit rate stream of the multiviewer screen to be

streamed back to the central monitoring location

Ø LCD monitor size depending on the number of services

monitored

21

Multiviewer

Switch

TS & RF Analyser

T2 Decoder


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring – Simple Monitoring


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring–Comprehensive Monitoring


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Coaxial Systems – Important Considerations

ØMask Filters: Ø 6 cavity mask filters essential for digital TV

Ø 8 cavity mask filters may be considered in case of adjacent

channels

Ø Medium and low power uses convection cooled filters and

high power filters use liquid for cooling. Liquid used from

transmitter cooling system.

24

Ø External Power Measurement Ø External power meters are generally used at the output of

the filters to track the power lost in the filter and also at the

input to the main feeders in case of dual antenna system to

confirm the actual power reaching the antenna.


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Coaxial Systems

Ø 6 port Splitter U Link Patch Panel Ø Required in case of dual antenna / feeder system. The Tx or combiner out

put is split into two and fed equally to the upper and lower half antenna. In

the event of a failure of upper half antenna, it is possible to re route the full

power to the lower half antenna using the 6 port U link patch panel. The

system could be also automated by using coaxial switches.

25

Ø Channel Combiners

Ø Channel combiners will be required in case more than one

multiplex is designed with two or more operating transmitters.

Combiners could be stretched, star point or Constant

Impedance combiners. The selection of the type of the

combiner depends on the particular requirement and future

expansions.


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations

ØThe antenna pattern, gain, beam tilt & null fill will need to

be derived from Network Planning

ØThe directivity and the aperture of the antenna directly

influences the gain of the antenna

ØAntenna and feeder power rating needs to take into

consideration any future expansions

Ø It is always advisable to design the main sites and sites

that are prone to lightening strikes with dual antenna /

feeder system (upper & lower antenna)

ØSelection of antenna type will depend on the pattern and

the capability of the existing structure to carry the

antenna load.

Ø It is mandatory to check the existing structure (tower /

Mast) capability to carry the new antenna loading

ØPolarisation: Horizontal, vertical of Elliptical

26

Panel Antenna

Super turnstile

Antenna

Log Periodic

Yagi



Antenna Array Gain

ØThe gain of an antenna array describes the increase of signal in the main radiation

direction which is produced by reducing radiation in all other directions and

concentrating it in the main beam.

ØThe gain of a broadcast antenna system is normally increased by using a larger

number of vertical bays (increasing the vertical aperture) and thereby forming a more

narrow vertical radiation pattern. In the case of a directional antenna system the gain

is increased by reducing or eliminating radiation towards azimuth segments and

redirecting it toward the areas where coverage is desired.

ØWhen calculating the gain of an array the losses in the feeder cables and the power

splitters must be taken into account.



28

Null Fill

ØPanel arrays with multiple vertical antennas will exhibit deep nulls in the vertical radiation

pattern if all antennas are fed with equal phase and amplitude.

ØIt is important to fill these nulls for proper signal coverage.

ØThere are three methods of introducing null fill in a panel array:

Ø Mechanically tilting some panels downward

Ø Using a non-linear phase taper between bays

Ø Using an unequal power split between bays



29

Down tilt in Panel Arrays

Ø When transmitting antennas are located on elevated sites it is often beneficial to tilt

the main beam of the vertical radiation pattern downward to provide higher signal

levels in the areas to be served.

Ø There are two ways to accomplish down tilt (also known as “beam tilt”). Ø The panels can be mechanically tilted to direct the beam downward

Ø Phase differences can be introduced into the array feeder system to achieve electrical tilt.



30

Mast or Tower Dimensions for Panel Arrays

Ø The radiation pattern of a panel array depends on the relative

positions of the individual panels in space and the relative

amplitude and phase of the RF energy fed to each panel.

Ø Therefore it is necessary to have exact dimensional information

about the supporting tower or mast if one is to optimize an array

design.

Ø The cross section of the mast, tower or spine should be less than

one wavelength for a good omni pattern. As when the cross

section increases beyond one wavelength, the nulls in the

horizontal radiation pattern will become deeper.

Mast face width 1500mm

Mast face width 550mm


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - HRPs Considered in Networks

31

Usually antenna

manufacturers would

specify a typical

exactness of +/-8% of

the predicted

horizontal radiation

pattern


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Network Management System & Central Video Monitoring

32

Ø Large scaled networks are usually un manned and will

require the deployment of a network management system

Ø What do one consider when selecting a network

management system Ø WEB based GUI fronted (configurable)

Ø Event log, site diagrams, Central network view & fault

management view

Ø Interface via built-in SNMP-agent (configurable)

Ø Automation, System-logic & Correlation, all fully configurable

Ø Quality of Service monitoring

Ø Fault Management

Ø SMS & Email alerts

Ø Support of non-SNMP devices

Ø Hardware independent, should run on almost any WINDOWS

platform

Ø Scalable solution with flexible license scheme

Ø Open for any device or equipment

Ø Flexible: Anything can be logically combined with Everything

Ø Built-in configuration tool


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Network Management System – Typical 10 Site Diagram


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Central Video Monitoring – Typical 10 Site Diagram


Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Test & Measurement Equipment

35

ØAny network will require the necessary test &

measurement equipment to maintain the network

ØA DVB-T2 network shall require the following as a

minimum to maintain and operate the network

Ø DVB-T/T2 RF Measurements

Ø Transport Stream Analysis and Monitoring

Ø DVB-T2 Video Audio Decoding

Ø Spectrum Analyser with Tracking Generator

Ø DVB RF Power measurement

Ø SFN Frequency Offset measurement

Ø Network Analyser


THANK YOU

For further queries, please contact:

V.S.Skandakkumar

Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa Fz LLC

Office No: 206 & 210

Building No One

Dubai Media City

Dubai

United Arab Emirates

Email: [email protected]

Mobile: +971 55 6092711


v.s.skandakkumar rohde & schwarz middle east & africa · 2014-11-11 · rohde & schwarz...

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