Unit 5- Skeletal System Objectives: Identify structures and functions of the skeletal system.

IMPORTANT: You will have a test and a lab practical with this unit. YOUR BOOK WILL BE A GREAT RESOURCE

The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system

o _____________________ o _____________________ o _____________________ o _____________________

Functions of Skeletal System

Support the body Protect soft organs

o __________________________________ o __________________________________

Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles Store minerals and fats

o ___________________________________ o ___________________________________

Blood cell formation (_______________________)

Types of Bone Cells ______________—mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue ______________—bone-forming cells by depositing salts and collagenous fibers. ______________—giant bone-destroying cells

o Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has _____bones Two basic types of bone tissue (living)

o Cortical ______________________ Dense, Smooth, Homogeneous, Higher mineral content

o Trabecular ______________________ made up of an irregular network of thin plates of bone with lots of intercellular space called

____________________ (Spicules) spaces between trabeculae filled with ____________________________ responsible for Hematopoiesis

Classification of Bones Large variety of sizes and shapes of bones in the human skeleton, so divided into 4 categories.

Long bones o ________________ than they are wide o bones of the _________ (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones)

Short Bones o ________________-shaped o ____________________________________________

Flat o Thin, flat, curved o ____________________________________________

Irregular o ____________________________________________

ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE:

Long Bone Structure Bone is living tissue, so it needs to receive nourishment and get rid of waste. The tissue is organized to allow blood vessels, capillaries, and nerves access to the bone cells.

o concentric ring structure called ________________ o hollow central canal within Lamellae that house blood vessels and nerves called __________________________ o __________________ embedded within the concentric ring structure of compact bone in spaces called ________ o radiating in all directions from _____________ are minute canals called ____________________ o connect to other Lacunae and eventually with Central or Perforating Canals

This entire structure or network of Lamellae, Cells, Canals, and Bone Matrix is called an ____________ or ___________________ System

Homeostasis and Bone Remodeling Bone remodeling is performed by both ____________________________ and __________________________

o bones are constantly undergoing ____________________ (forming bones) and ___________________ o replacing old bone ______________ with new bone ________________

o bone resorption (osteo_________________) o bone deposition (osteo_________________)

o allows injured or worn out bone to be replaced o compact bone tissue is formed by the ____________________ of spongy bone tissue o Amount of Ca+, Phosphate ,Vitamins D, C, A, and B12 can all influence bone remodeling. o Also regulated by hormones.

Repair of bone fractures (know these steps)

Bone Markings Surface features of bones

Sites of ___________________ for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels

Categories of bone markings Projections or processes—________________________________________

Terms often begin with “T” Depressions or cavities—____________________ Terms often begin with “F”

Markings

______________ = “Knuckle” - a large rounded prominence on a bone ______________ = a large blunt process found only on the femur ______________ = a small rounded process ______________ = an elevated, rounded, usually roughened area of a bone ______________= an opening or hole in a bone ______________ = a depression or grove on a bone ______________ = a tube like passageway running within a bone ______________ = a space within a bone lined with a mucus membrane that reduces the weight of a bone

Do you understand? 1. What are the steps to bone remodeling?

2. Where is red bone marrow found?

3. Where does hematopoiesis occur?

4. What are the 4 classifications of bones?

5. Give an example of each type?

6. Why do bones have markings?

7. What is yellow bone marrow and where is it found?

The skeletal system Two subdivisions of the skeleton _______________________ skeleton (skull vertebral column,

sternum, and rib cage). _______________________ skeleton (limbs and girdle)

The Axial Skeleton o Forms the ______________________axis of the body o Divided into three parts

o _________________ o _______________ o _______________

The Skull o Two sets of bones

o __________________________ o __________________________

o Bones are joined by _____________________ o Only the ____________________ is attached by a freely movable ______________

Paranasal Sinuses o Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity o Functions of paranasal sinuses

o ______________________________________________ o ______________________________________________

Hyoid Bone

• The only bone that does not ___________________________ with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue • Aids in _____________________ and __________________

Do you understand? 1. What is the only joint in the skull?

2. What is special about the hyoid?

3. Practice naming the bones of the skull. I will point and you name.

The Vertebral Column o _____________ the spinal cord and ________________ the head. o Each vertebrae is given a name according to its ____

o There are ______ single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral __________ _________ cervical -neck _________ thoracic -chest region _________ lumbar -the lower back

o _____ vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones o _________________ and ________________

Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine o __________________ = lateral curvature of the spine

o usually in thoracic and lumbar region o ___________________ = hunchback/humpback

o exaggeration of thoracic curvature o ___________________ = swayback (sprinters butt)

o exaggeration of lumbar curvature A Typical Vertebrae

o Body o Vertebral ____________________ o Vertebral ____________________ o _________________ processes o _________________ process o Superior and inferior articular ___________________

TYPES OF VERTEBRAE Cervical Thoracic

Lumbar

The Bony Thorax o Forms a _______________ to protect major organs o Consists of _________________ parts

o Sternum o Ribs

________ribs (pairs 1–7) (directly attached to sternum) ________ ribs (pairs 8–12) (indirectly attached to sternum, or not at all) ________ ribs (pairs 11–12)

o Thoracic vertebrae

Do you understand? 1. What are the 3 types of vertebrae?

2. How many of each type are in the body?

3. Name at least 2 structures that are found in all vertebrae?

4. What is the name of C1?

5. What is the name of C2?

The Appendicular Skeleton Composed of 126 bones

___________ (appendages) ___________ girdle Composed of 2 bones: _________________ _________________ ___________ girdle

Bone disorders and fractures Objectives:Summarize the characteristics of disorders and injuries to bones.. Describe the changes that occur in the bones and joints during aging. Types of Fractures

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints _______________—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction _______________—inflammation of tendon sheaths _______________—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

o Over 100 different types o The most widespread crippling disease in the United States o Initial symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of the joint

Clinical Forms of Arthritis ________________________

o wearing down of articular cartilage in weight bearing joints. o Most______________ chronic arthritis o Probably related to normal aging processes

________________________ arthritis o An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints o Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints o Often leads to _________________

___________________ arthritis o Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid _______________ from the blood o Can usually be controlled with _______________ o More common in men

Rickets Low vitamin D, Ca, or P lead to bone deformities

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

_______________________ o Bone-thinning _______________ afflicting

___________ percent of women over age 65 ___________ percent of men over age 70

o Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture (_________________________) o Vertebral collapse results in __________________ (also known as dowager’s hump) o ______________________ aids in health and normal _____________________ of a female skeleton

Do you understand?

1. Describe at least 3 kinds of fractures? 2. What is the most crippling disease in the US? 3. What is the difference between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis? 4. What is gout? 5. What is the fracture most commonly seen in patients with osteoporosis?