[w] rebeliao de taiping

8/12/2019 [W] Rebeliao de Taiping

1/11

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion was a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian

convert Hong Xiuquan, who, having received visions, maintained that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ,[1]

against the ruling Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. About 20 million people died, mainly civilians, in one of the deadliest

military conflicts in history.[2]

Hong established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom with its capital at Nanjing. The Kingdom's army controlled large

parts of southern China, at its height containing about 30 million people. The rebels attempted social reformsbelieving in shared "property in common"

[1]and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk

eligion with a form of Christianity. The Taiping troops were nicknamed "Longhairs" (simplified Chinese: ;

raditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Chngmo) by the Qing government. The Taiping areas were besieged by Qing

orces throughout most of the rebellion. The Qing government crushed the rebellion with the eventual aid of French

and British forces.

n the 20th century, Sun Yat-sen, founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party, looked on the rebellion as an inspiration,

and the Chinese paramount leader Mao Zedong glorified the Taiping rebels as early heroic revolutionaries against a

corrupt feudal system.[3]

More recently, some in China have questioned the destruction that the rebellion caused to

he Chinese nation, plus the dangers of radical religiosity.

History

Origins

China, under the Qing Dynasty in the mid-19th century, suffered a series of natural disasters, economic problems

and defeats at the hands of the Western powers; in particular, the humiliating defeat in 1842 by the United Kingdom

n the First Opium War. The Qing government, ethnically Manchu, were seen by much of the Chinese population,

who were mainly Han Chinese, as ineffective and corrupt foreign rulers. Anti-Manchu sentiment was strongest in theouth among the laboring classes and it was these disaffected who flocked to join the charismatic visionary Hong

Xiuquan, a member of the Hakka ethnic group which had emigrated to the south in the Song dynasty. Having arrived

oo late to acquire the best land, they were engaged in constant conflicts.[4]

Among these serious problems were the

prevalence of female infanticide, creating massive imbalances with shortages of women being worst in the primary

Taiping centers.

Contemporary drawing of

Hong Xiuquan, dating from

about 1860

At the age of thirty-seven, after failing on multiple occasions to pass the imperial

examinations (about 5 percent of those who attempted the examinations passed them),

which would have allowed access to the ranks of the ruling scholarly elite, Hong

experienced a lengthy illness. After spending many days in bed, he recovered with achanged personality. He had received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary

in 1836 after his last failed attempt at the imperial examination, and his cousin Li

Ching-fang noticed the pamphlet on a bookshelf inside Hong's house. After reading it Li

suggested that Hong should read the material. After studying the material, Hong Xiuquan

claimed that the illness he had following his imperial examinations was in fact a vision

to the effect that he was the younger brother of Jesus,who was sent to rid China of the

"devils," including both the corrupt Manchu rulers and Confucius. After this vision, he

elt it was his duty to spread Christianity (in the form that he developed) and overthrow the foreign rule of the Qing

government. Hong's associate Yang Xiuqing was a former firewood merchant from Guangxi, who claimed to be able

o act as a voice of God, in order to direct the people and gain political power.[5]


2/11

he sect's power grew in the late 1840s, initially by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates; persecution by Qin

thorities spurred the movement into a guerrilla rebellion and then into widespread, bloody civil war.

arly years

he revolt began in Guangxi province. After a previous small-scale battle resulting in a rebel victory in la

ecember 1850, in early January 1851, a ten thousand-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and We

hanghui routed government troops stationed in the town of Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). Taiping force

ccessfully drove back the imperial reprisal against the Jintian Uprising.

Middle years

Royal seal of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

1853 Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies

d administration, ruling exclusively by written proclamations

at often had religious content. Hong disagreed with Yang

uqing in certain matters of policy and became increasingly

spicious of Yang's ambitions, his extensive network and spies,

d his declarations when "speaking as God". Yang and his family

ere put to death by Hong's followers in 1856, followed by the

ling of troops loyal to Yang.[6]

ith their leader largely out of the picture, Taiping delegates tried

widen their popular support with the Chinese middle classes and

rge alliances with European powers, but failed on both counts.

he Europeans decided to stay neutral. Inside China the rebellion

ced resistance from the traditionalist middle class because of the

bels' hostility to Chinese customs and Confucian values. The

nd-owning upper class, unsettled by the Taipings' peasant mannerisms and their policy of strict separation of thxes, even for married couples, sided with government forces and their Western allies.

1859 Hong Rengan, a cousin of Hong Xiuquan, joined the Taiping forces in Nanjing and was given considerabl

wer by Hong Xiuquan. He developed an ambitious plan to expand the Kingdom's boundaries. In 1860 the Taipin

bels were successful in taking Hangzhou and Suzhou to the east (see Second rout of the Jiangnan Daying), bu

led to take Shanghai (Battle of Shanghai (1861)), which marked the beginning of the decline of the Kingdom.

all of the Kingdom

n attempt to take Shanghai in August 1860 was repulsed by a force of Qing imperial troops and European officerder the command of Frederick Townsend Ward.

[7]This army would later become the "Ever Victorious Army", le

"Chinese" Gordon, and would be instrumental in the defeat of the Taiping rebels. Imperial forces wer

organized under the command of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, and the imperial reconquest began in earnes

y early 1864 imperial control in most areas was well established.

Retaking of Suzhou city by Qing troops.

ong Xiuquan declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June

64, with Qing imperial forces approaching, he died of food

isoning as a consequence of eating wild vegetables when the city ran

w on food supplies. He was sick for 20 days before succumbing and

few days after his death Qing forces took the city. His body was

ried in the former Ming Imperial Palace where it was later exhumed


3/11

by Zeng Guofan to verify his death, and then cremated. Hong's ashes were later blasted out of a cannon in order to

ensure that his remains have no resting place as eternal punishment for the uprising.

Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favour of Hong

Tianguifu, his eldest son who was 15 years old. Hong Tianguifu was unable to do anything to restore the Kingdom,

o the Kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after vicious

treet-by-street fighting. Most of the princes were executed by Qing forces in Jinling, Nanjing.

Aftermath

Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. There

were still several hundred thousand Taiping rebel troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million

Taiping rebels fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. It would take more than half a decade to

inally put down all remnants of the Taiping Rebellion: it was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping rebel army

ed by Shi Dakai's commander, General Li Fuzhong () was completely wiped out by the governmental

orces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.

Death toll

A historic monument to the Taiping Rebellion inMengshan town, in Wuzhou, Guangxi, which was

an early seat of Government of the Taiping

Most accurate sources put the total number of deaths during the 15years of the rebellion at about 20-30 million civilians and soldiers.

[2][8]

Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. At the Third

Battle of Nanking in 1864, more than 100,000 were killed in three

days.

The rebellion happened at roughly the same time as the American Civil

War. Though almost certainly the largest civil war of the 19th century

in terms of numbers under arms), it is debatable whether the Taiping

Rebellion involved more soldiers than the Napoleonic Wars earlier in

he century, and so it is uncertain whether it should be considered the

argest war of the 19th century.

Other rebellions

The Nien Rebellion (18531868), and several Muslim rebellions in the southwest (Panthay Rebellion, 18551873)

and the northwest (Dungan revolt, 18621877) continued to pose considerable problems for the Qing Dynasty.

The Panthay Rebellion's leader Du Wenxiu was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was not aiming

his rebellion at the Han Chinese, but was anti-Qing and wanted to destroy the Manchu government.[9][10]

Du's forces

ed multiple non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples.[11]

They were assisted by

non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt.[12]

The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt was the reverse: It was not aimed at overthrowing the Qing Dynasty

ince its leader Ma Hualong accepted an imperial title. Rather, it erupted due to inter-sect fighting between Muslim

actions and Han Chinese. Various groups fought each other during the Dungan revolt without any coherent goal.[13]

According to modern researchers,[14]

the Dungan rebellion began in 1862 not as a planned uprising, but as a

coalescence of many local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes. Among these were false rumours spread that

he Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. However, the Hui Ma Hsiao-shih claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim

ebellion was connected to the Taiping.[15]


4/11

he Heavenly Kingdom's policies

Miniature of the Palace of Heavenly Kingdom in

Nanjing

The Heavenly King's throne in Nanjing

he rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of

e sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialization and

uppression" of private trade. In religion, the Kingdom tried to

place Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion with a

rm of Christianity, holding that Hong Xiuquan was the younger

other of Jesus. Troops were nicknamed "Longhairs", because

ey sported a traditional Confucian hairstyle which was differentom the Qing queue. Qing government papers refer to them as

airy rebels" (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese:

, pinyin:fzi).

ithin the land it controlled, the Taiping Heavenly Army

tablished a theocratic and highly militarized rule. However, the

le was remarkably ineffective, haphazard and brutal; all efforts

ere concentrated on the army, and civil administration was

n-existent. Rule was established in the major cities and the landtside the urban areas was little regarded. Even though polygamy

as banned, Hong Xiuquan had numerous concubines. Many

gh-ranking Taiping officials kept concubines as a matter of

erogative, and lived as de facto kings.

he military

aiping Heavenly Armyhe army was the rebellion's key strength. It was marked by a high

vel of discipline and fanaticism. They typically wore a uniform

red jackets with blue trousers, and grew their hair long so in

hina they were nicknamed "Longhairs". The large numbers of

omen serving in the Taiping Heavenly Army also distinguished

from other 19th-century armies.

ombat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little

illery but huge forces equipped with small arms. The Taiping Army's main strategy of conquest was to take majoies, consolidate their hold on the cities, then march out into the surrounding countryside to recruit local farme

d battle government forces. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping Heavenly Army varied from 1,000,000 t

000,000.

he organization of a Taiping army corps was thus:

1 general

5 colonels

25 captains

125 lieutenants

500 sergeants

2,500 corporals

20,000 infantry


5/11

These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes. In addition to the main Taiping forces organized along the

above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars.

Ethnic structure of the army

Ethnically, the Taiping Heavenly Army was formed at the outset largely from these groups: the Hakka, a Han

Chinese subgroup, the Cantonese, another Han Chinese subgroup that were the local residents of Guangdong

province and the Zhuang (a non-Han ethnic group), which were minority groups as compared to the Han Chinese

ubgroups that form dominant regional majorities across south China. It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and

he other Taiping royals were Hakka.

As a Han sub-group, the Hakka were frequently marginalized economically and politically, having migrated to the

egions they inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. For example, when the Hakka settled

n Guangdong and parts of Guangxi, speakers of Yue Chinese (Cantonese) were already the dominant regional Han

group there and had been for some time, just as speakers of various dialects of Min are locally dominant in Fujian

province. The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to

establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringe of the local majority groups

ettlements. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers,

often subject to hostility and derision from local majority Han populations. Consequently, the Hakka, to a greater

extent than other Han Chinese, have been historically associated with popular unrest and rebellion.

The other significant ethnic group in the Taiping army were the Zhuang, an indigenous people of Tai origin and

China's largest non-Han ethnic minority group. Over the centuries Zhuang communities had been adopting Han

Chinese culture. This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a great deal of linguistic

diversity, so the Zhuang could be absorbed as if the Zhuang language were just another Han Chinese dialect (which

t is not). As Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction

between Han and Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest on occasion leading to armed uprisings.[16]

The second

ier of the Taiping army was an ethnic mix that included many Zhuang. Prominent at this level was Shi Dakai, who

was half-Hakka, half-Zhuang and spoke both languages fluently, making him quite a rare asset to the Taipingeadership.

n the later stages of the Taiping Rebellion, the number of Han Chinese in the army from Han groups other than the

Hakka increased substantially. However, the Hakka and the Zhuang (who constituted as much as 25% of the Taiping

Army), as well as other non-Han ethnic minority groups (many of them of Tai origin related to the Zhuang),

continued to feature prominently in the rebellion throughout its duration, with virtually no leaders emerging from

any Han Chinese group other than the Hakka.

Social structure of the Taiping Army

Socially and economically, the Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lowest classes. Many of theouthern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang. Very few Taipings, even in

he leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. Almost none were landlords and in occupied territories

andlords were often executed.

Generals

n fact, the military ability of the generals of the Taiping Rebellion was higher than that of the Qing government's

generals, for example:

Early (18511854): Xiao Chaogui, Wei Changhui, Shi Dakai, Qin Rigang, Lin Qirong, Lai Hanying, Zeng

Tianyang, Li Kaifang, Luo Dagang, Tang Zhengzai

Middle (18551859): Li Xiucheng, Chen Yucheng, Yang Fuqing, Wei Jun, Li Shixian, Ye Yunlai, Huang

Chengzhong, Liu Chunlin


6/11

te (18601864): Li Rongfa, Lai Wenguang, Chen Kunshu

mperial Army

pposing the rebellion was an imperial army with a size of two to five million regulars along with hundreds o

ousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. Among the imperial forces was the elit

ver Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a European officer corps (see Frederick Townsen

ard and Charles Gordon), backed by British arms companies like Willoughbe, Willoughbe & Ponsonby.

rticularly famous imperial force was Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army.

though keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralize

ture of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefor

ry chaotic meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

so meant that any records it possessed were destroyed.

uo Zongtang from Hunan province, who was also known as General Tso, was another important Qing general wh

ntributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion.

otal war

Extent of Taiping control in 1854 (in red).

he Taiping Rebellion was the first

stance of total war in modern China.

most every citizen of the Taiping

eavenly Kingdom was given military

ining and conscripted into the army

fight against Qing imperial forces.

uring this conflict both sides tried to

prive each other of resources to

ntinue the war and it became

andard practice to destroy

ricultural areas, butcher the

pulation of cities and in general

act a brutal price from captured

emy lands in order to drastically

eaken the opposition's war effort.

his war was total in the sense that

vilians on both sides participated to agnificant extent in the war effort and in the sense that armies on both sides waged war on the civilian population a

ell as military forces.


7/11

In art and popular culture

In art

The rebellion is featured on the Tiananmen Square's Monument to the People's Heroes and many other public places

n Beijing and Nanjing.

On the pedestal of the tablet there are eight huge bas-reliefs carved out of white marble covering the revolutionary episodes, which are

depictions of Chinese struggle from the First Opium War in 1840 to the founding of the People's Republic in 1949. The reliefs can be read in

chronological order in a clockwise direction from the east: 1) Burning opium during the Opium War in 1840. 2) The Jintian Uprising during

the Taiping Rebellion in 1851.

In popular culture

Robert Elegant's 1983 novelMandarin depicts the time of the Taiping Rebellion from the unusual point of view

of a Jewish family living in Shanghai at the time.

Flashman and the Dragon (1986) A portion of the memoirs of the fictional Harry Paget Flashman recount his

adventures during the Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion.

In 1988, Hong Kong's TVB produced Twilight of a Nation, a 45 episodes television drama about the Taiping

Rebellion.

Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion

(Puffin, 1995, ISBN 0140376100).

Robert Carter's historical novelBarbarians (Orion, 1998, ISBN 0-75281-339-0), deals in detail with the rebellion

and the politics surrounding it.

In 2000, China's CCTV produced Taiping Tianguo, a 46 episodes television series about the Taiping Rebellion.

Christopher West's novel The Third Messiah (2000) features a cult whose leader believes himself to be a

reincarnation of Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Taiping rebels.

The Consumer Goods' song "Taiping Riverboat" from their 2006 album "Pop Goes the Pigdog!" tells of the

construction of Nanjing and the subsequent defense of the Heavenly Kingdom through a first-person narrative.

The Warlords, a 2007 historic legend film set in the 1860s and concerning the Taiping Rebellion, presents one

General Pang Qinyun, leader of the Shan Regiment, as the man responsible for the capture of Suzhou and

Nanjing.

The Hong Kong TVB television drama,Rosy Business made references to the Taiping Rebellion.

A strategy computer game based on the Taiping Rebellion has been made in China, and is primarily available in

mainland China and Taiwan. The player can play as either the Qing government or the Taiping rebels.

Taiping society, in some sources the Heavenly King himself, is given credit for developing the popular Chinese

game of Mahjong.

Lisa See's novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan takes place in China during the reign of Emperor Xianfeng; the

title character is married to a man who lives in Jintian and the characters get caught up in the revolution.

Amy Tan's novel The Hundred Secret Senses takes place in part during the time of the Taiping Rebellion.

Richard Berg's boardgame,Manchu, covers the entire rebellion.

Li Bo's Tienkuo The Heavenly Kingdom, an historical novel set during the Taiping period and written by a

professional historian of China.

Dean Barrett's novel,Mistress of the East, (Blue Moon Books, NY) in which one of Frederick Ward's lieutenants

is captured by an all-female unit of Taipings and eventually falls in love with a Taiping woman warrior and joins

them in their doomed struggle against the Manchus.


8/11

eferences

Britannica, Taiping Rebellion (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580815/Taiping-Rebellion)

Taiping Rebellion - Britannica Concise (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380148/Taiping)

Collected Writings of Chairman Mao Politics and Tactics p.125 (2009)

Jonathan Spence, God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996), pp. 25-26.

Jonathan Spence, God's Chinese Son, pp. 97-99.

Spence 1996, p. 243

Spence (1996)

Userserols. " Userserols (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars19c. htm)." Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth

Century. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects(http://books. google. com/

books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC& pg=PA59& dq=du+ wenxiu+ han#v=onepage& q=du wenxiu han&f=false). Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 59.

ISBN 0700710264. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.

0] David G. Atwill (2005). The Chinese sultanate: Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in southwest China, 1856-1873(http://books.

google. com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC& pg=PA139& dq=du+ wenxiu+ anti+han#v=onepage& q=du wenxiu anti han&f=false). Stanford

University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0804751595. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.

] International Arts and Sciences Press, M.E. Sharpe, Inc (1997).Chinese studies in philosophy, Volume 28(http://books. google. com/

books?id=GEW6AAAAIAAJ& q=The+ great+Yunnan+ uprising,+launched+ by+Du+ Wenxiu+ in+conjunction+ with+ members+ of+

the+Han,+Li,+Bai,+Hani& dq=The+ great+Yunnan+ uprising,+launched+ by+Du+ Wenxiu+ in+conjunction+ with+ members+of+the+

Han,+Li,+Bai,+Hani). M. E. Sharpe. p. 67. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.

2] Albert Fytche (1878).Burma past and present(http://books.google.com/books?id=K28oAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA297& dq=panthay+

burma#v=snippet& q=joined by hill tribes of shans&f=false). C. K. Paul & co.. p. 300. . Retrieved 2010-06-28.

] Garnaut, Anthony. "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals" (http://www.ouigour.fr/

recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93. pdf). Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University). . Retrieved 2010-07-14. Page 98

4] Lipman (1998), p. 120121

] Sir H. A. R. Gibb.Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1-5(http://books. google. com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA849& dq=hui+

muslims+chinese+ new+ year#v=onepage& q=hui muslims chinese new year&f=false). Brill Archive. p. 849. ISBN 9004071644. . Retrieved

2011-03-26.

6] Ramsey, Robert, S. (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 167, 232236. ISBN 0-691-06694-9.

urther reading

ontemporaneous foreign accounts

Thomas H. Reilly, The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire (2004) ISBN

0-295-98430-9

Lindley, Augustus, Ti-ping Tien-Kwoh: The History of the Ti-Ping Revolution(1866, reprinted 1970)

OCLC 3467844 Google books access (http://books.google.com/books?id=E9UNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&

dq=Ti-ping+Tien-Kwoh:+The+History+of+the+Ti-Ping+Revolution)

Hsiu-chng Li, translator, The Autobiography of the Chung-Wang (Confession of the Loyal Prince) (reprinted

1970) ISBN 9780275027230

Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and Their Rebellions, Viewed in Connection with Their National

Philosophy, Ethics, Legislation, and Administration. To Which Is Added, an Essay on Civilization and Its Presen

State in the East and West. (London: Smith, Elder; Bombay: Smith, Taylor, 1856). American Libraries eBook tex

(http://www.archive.org/details/chineseandtheir02meadgoog)


9/11

Documents

Franz H. Michael, ed.The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Seattle,: University of Washington Press,

1966). 3 vols. Volumes two and three select and translate basic documents.

Modern monographs and surveys

Jonathan Spence, God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996) ISBN

0-393-03844-0

Jonathan D. Spence The Search for Modern China. New York: Norton (1999). Standard textbook.

Jack Gray,Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to the 1980s (1990), ISBN 0-19-821576-2

Ian Heath. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1866. London ; Long Island City: Osprey, Osprey Military Men-at-Arms

Series, 1994. ISBN 185532346X (pbk.) Emphasis on the military history.

Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (1999), ISBN 0-19-512504-5. Standard textbook.

Youwen Jian, The Taiping Revolutionary Movement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973). Translated and

condensed from the author's publications in Chinese; especially strong on the military campaigns, based on the

author's wide travels in China in the 1920s and 1930s.

Philip A. Kuhn,Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China; Militarization and Social Structure,

1796-1864 (Cambridge, Mass.,: Harvard University Press, 1970). Influential analysis of the rise of rebellion andthe organization of its suppression.

Philip A. Kuhn, "The Taiping Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank, ed., Cambridge History of China Vol Ten Pt One

(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 1970): 264-350.

Stephen R. Platt.Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War.

New York: Knopf, 2012. ISBN 9780307271730. Detailed narrative analysis.

Fiction

Caleb Carr, , The Devil Soldier: The American Soldier of Fortune Who Became a God in China (1994) ISBN

0-679-76128-4

Hosea Ballou Morse,In the Days of the Taipings, Being the Recollections of Ting Kienchang, Otherwise Meisun,

Sometime Scoutmaster and Captain in the Ever-Victorious Army and Interpreter-in-Chief to General Ward and

General Gordon (Salem, MA: The Essex institute, 1927; Reprinted: San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center,

1974).

Additional sources

In Chinese: (http://www.tecn.cn/data/detail.

php?id=7547) Google translation (http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://www.tecn.cn/data/

detail.php?id=7547& ei=tgmKSY-ELomQtQPCjeyvDw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=7&ct=result&

prev=/

search?q=%E6%BD%98%E6%97%AD%E6%BE%9C%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A

hl=en&sa=G)

In Chinese: (http://www.qjren.com/

showtopic-41918.html)

Google translation (http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&u=http://www.qjren.com/

showtopic-41918.html& ei=tgmKSY-ELomQtQPCjeyvDw&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=9&ct=result&

prev=/

search?q=%E6%BD%98%E6%97%AD%E6%BE%9C%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A


10/11

hl=en&sa=G)

TaipingRebellion.com Detailed information on the Taiping Rebellion (http://www.TaipingRebellion.com)


11/11

Article Sources and Contributorsaiping Rebellion Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=479840153 Contributors: $1LENCE D00600D, 96T, A2Kafir, Abstrakt, Academic Challenger, Adambro, Adhalanay,

AgadaUrbanit, Aj4444, Ajaxkroon, Alandeus, Alastairgbrown, Alex Shih, Alexb102072, AllanBz, Anakata, Andre Engels, Andres rojas22, AnnaFrance, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Arabani,

Arilang1234, Art LaPella, AsaRoast, Aude, Average Earthman, AxelBoldt, Balthazarduju, BaronGrackle, Beardo, Behemoth, Belligero, Benjwong, Benlisquare, Bertport, Betacommand,

ettymnz4, Billjefferys, Billposer, Blanchardb, Bnynms, Brand35, Brian0324, Brozozo, Brumski, Buddyweiser, Burninate 58, Bwithh, Bydand, CAntony, CCHIPSS, CWH, CZmarlin, Cabazap,

an't sleep, clown will eat me, Charliep8, Chika51, Children of the dragon, Chris the speller, Chrisschuch, CjDMaX, Ckg, Clarityfiend, Colfer2, Colipon, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker,

ontinentalAve, Count Of The Saxon Shore, Cowrider, Credmond, Cuaxdon, DITWIN GRIM, DTOx, Dar-Ape, DeadEyeArrow, Derek Ross, Descendall, Dimadick, Dinamisbo, Discospinster,

Djwilms, DocWatson42, Drizzit12, Duomillia, Dv82matt, Dycedarg, Dylanwhs, DynastyWarrior, EamonnPKeane, Eclecticology, Edinburgh Wanderer, Editor2020, Efghij, El C, Elizium23,

pbr123, Error, Erzengel, Ethomsen, Evertype, Everyking, Evilme, Ewulp, Fabulousfred, Filll, Flewis, Flipdog, Fratrep, Freemarket, Furl, Gelo71, Gene Nygaard, Geneisner, General Epitaph,

Gerb0131, Gisling, Glane23, Gnip, Gob Lofa, Gotipe, Grantb, Gryffindor, Hanchi, Hanfresco, Hans yulun lai, Hardouin, Harold f, Hbomberman, Hede2000, HenryLi, Herr Klugbeisser,

Hinomaru no senshi, Hmains, Horses In The Sky, Husond, Hvn0413, Instinct, Intimidated, InvictaHOG, Iridescent, J.delanoy, J04n, JLM, Jackson, Jamesontai, Jaraalbe, Jason M, Jcbos,

ean-Jacques Georges, Jedravent, Jeff G., Jellonuts, Jhinman, Jiang, Jmnage, Joelnackman, John, JohnI, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jp, Jpcollin, Jpta, Jusdafax, KNHaw, Kai.Standard, Kaiba,

Kaihsu, Kamran ali, KarlM, Keesiewonder, Kelvinc, Kent Wang, Keyi, Khanthemanyo, Kieranian2001, Kirpak, Kowloonese, Kozuch, Kross, Ksyrie, Ktsquare, Kungming2, Kusunose,Kwamikagami, La goutte de pluie, Labnoor, Leandrod, LibLord, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lilfosterdog, LlywelynII, Lonelydarksky, Lorddrink, Lotvas, Lowellian, Luigi30, Lujustin, Lupin, Luwilt,

Madalibi, Mailman9, Malerin, Maximus Rex, Mboverload, Mccready, Menchi, Merrittsse, Michael T. Richter, Mikendusey, Milesli, Mission9801, Misterx2000, Motorneuron, Mplsray, Mr Tan,

Myrvin, Nandodick, Neddyseagoon, Nickson Cordeta, Night of the Big Wind Turbo, Nirvana2013, Norm mit, NoychoH, Okoleo, Oldie, Olir, Olivier, Oneworld25, Orphic, Otterfan,

OwenBlacker, P0lyglut, Paedia, Patman2648, Pavel Vozenilek, Pawyilee, Pecasux27, Per Honor et Gloria, PericlesofAthens, Peyre, Phaulkon, Philip Trueman, Pibwl, Pinkville, Poindexter

ropellerhead, Popoonfofo, PowerNova987, Princess Lirin, Psychoneko, Publicus, Python eggs, Qrk, Radon210, Ran, RandySavageFTW, Ratagonia, Ray Chason, RedWolf, Rettetast,

evolverOcelotX, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard75, Richi, Rigadoun, Rio4tense, Rit7starz, Rjwilmsi, Rolfmueller, Ronaldo16, RoyalBlueStuey, Rthrelfall, Rwtheisen, SDC, Sam Hocevar,

am Spade, Sam8, Samwingkit, Sdevlin, Searcher 1990, SecretAgentMan00, Seekadet, SelfQ, Shanes, Shanster66, Shawnc, Shii, ShootingStarTP, Shuipzv3, Signalhead, Silas S. Brown, Sintaku,

ir Kenny, Siroxo, Skier Dude, Slivester, Snottily, Snowolf, Sole Soul, Sonic99, Sophie means wisdom, SpecMode, Spencer195, Stephensuleeman, Stevenmitchell, Stevertigo, Str1977,

twalkerster, SwisterTwister, T. Anthony, Tangotango, Tarheel95, Tavilis, Tesscass, The Anonymous One, The Evil IP address, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheStarter,

heelf29, ThierryVignaud, Thingg, Tobby72, Totoroisahamster, Tracker1312, Tubten, Tympg, Unschool, Valerie.steinberg, VanishingUser, Varlaam, Vclaw, Vikingboy1927, Vmenkov, WAS

250, WadeSimMiser, Wareware, Wayne Slam, WhisperToMe, Wiki Raja, Wikipeditor, Woohookitty, Xgu, Yakushima, Zirgaq, Zotlan, , , , 628 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsmage:Hong Xiuquan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hong_Xiuquan.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AxelBoldt, Dr. Meierhofer, 1 anonymous editsmage:TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TaiPingRevolutionSeal.png License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown

ile:Occupation of Suzhou city.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Occupation_of_Suzhou_city.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Wu Youru

ile:Mengshan.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mengshan.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Meumo

mage:Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Model-of-palace-of-heavenly-kingdom.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation

icense Contributors: AxelBoldt, Cwbm (commons), Gil-Ggalad, Gryffindor, MtBell, Ryuch

mage:Heavenly king's throne.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Heavenly_king's_throne.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Gisling

mage:Taiping2.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taiping2.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Zolo

License

reative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedcreativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/