w. schufft: challenges for electrical power engineering ip 2007, pernink challenges for electrical...
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W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Sunrise or sunset ?
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Factors for the reproduction of the human society
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Figures of electrical energy generation (Germany 2001)
Consumption(= generation)
515 TWh (515 109 kWh)
+ 2 % /a(1973)
- per capita 5,9 103 kWh
Total capacity 120 GW
Sales volume 60“ EURO slightly increasing
Investments 4“ EURO slightly increasing
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Share of primary energies for electrical energy generation Germany 2004
Nuclear energy 28 %
Lignite (CO2) 26 %
Coal (CO2) 24 %
Oil & gas (CO2) 11 %
Renewable 11 %
60 % of electrical energy generation with CO2-emission.
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Primary energy balance for energy generation
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Kyoto-Protocol (1987)
Reduction of CO2-emission
Commitment: 1990 – 2010 by 21 %
Internal target: 1990 – 2005 by 25 %
reached: 1990 – 2000 by 15 %
CO2-emission/a: ca. 800 Mio. t (ca. 10 t per capita)Additionally nuclear get-off till 2030,
i.e. 30 % of electrical energy (160 TWh) must be provided by renewable energy sources (or import ?)
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Electrical energy system
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Price for electrical energy
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Load profiles- describe the typical energy demand for certain customer groups, in the case the demand cannot be measured
- used for the determination of mains rent
- base for mains operation
There are standard profiles for entire Germany.
Utilities need most exact load profiles.
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Example for a load profile
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Average interruption
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Investments of the utilities
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Questions for condition assessment
- Latest date for replacement (investment) ?
- Optimum maintenance strategy ?
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Development of transmission voltages
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
380 kV HV cable connection for European capitals
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
HVDC connections
- HVDC-overhead transmission lines, e.g. in China + 500 kV; 1800 MW via 960 km
- great importance for sea cable links, because HVAC is impossible
- typical voltages 400 ... 500 kV
- conventional oil-paper cable, but research to apply also extruded cables
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
HVDC-sea- connections in Northern Europe
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Future HVDC connections
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Tendencies of development- mains are completed- no higher transmission voltages- emphasis in the medium-voltage range
- growing importance of power electronics
Future developments:
- Silicon power switches
- Powerformer (Generator with 200 kV)
- Current limiters by polymeric compounds and liquids
- growing importance of information technologies
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Sun – the future energy source
Incoming solar energy:1,54 1018 kWh/a
World primary energy demand:100 1012 kWh/a (0,006 %)
- Water power- Wind energy- Photovoltaic- Solarthermical
Renewable energy sources are distributed ones !
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Wind power in Germany
Installed power ca. 18 000 MW (2005)(30 % of world-wide installed wind power capacity)
Wind power plants with 0,5 ... 1,5 MW power
in wind parks with 5 ... 30 ... 50 MW power
Problems:
- forecast difficult
- storage desirable but until now impossible
- no commitments between wind park owners and utilities
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Wind records
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Development of wind power
year 2000 2030
Wind power 9 000 MW 42 000 MW, incl.25 000 MW Off-shore
Wind plant power 0,5 … 1,5 MW 5 MW
Rotor diameter 30 ... 70 m 100 ... 120 m
Wind park power 5 ... 30 ... 50 MW 200 ... 1 500 MW
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Wind speed distribution
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Off-shore wind park
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Erection of an off-shore wind plant
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Inverter concepts
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Transmission technologies
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Solar radiation in Europe
Germanyca. 1 000 kWh/m2a
South EuropeCa. 1 800 kWh/m2a
Sahara:
ca. 2 500 kWh/m2a
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Fluctuating photovoltaic energy
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Concept for short-time storage
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Renewable energy management
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Heat and power couplingNuclear power plant Grafenrheinfeld
Pel = 1 345 MW, = ca. 35 %
Cooling power: 2 100 MWEquivalent heating powerof a big city !
Conclusion:
- Heat cannot be distributed economically over long distances.- Heating power must be generated decentralised, electrical energy becomes a „waste product“ of electricity generation.- Heat generation will determine future energy politics mainly.
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Energy consumption in Germany
30 % of the final energy consumption of private customers is used for heating and warm water generation !
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
PEM fuel cell (PEM – Proton Exchange Membran)
Electrical power: 212 kWHeat power: 240 kWOperating temperature: 75 °CDimensions L/W/H: 7,3 m / 2,4 m / 2,7 m
ηel = 34%ηtot = ηel + ηth = 76 %
- high-efficient, clean, low-noise- optimised partial load behaviour
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Energy generation today
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Virtual power station - energy generation tomorrow
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering1. Introduction - figures and facts
2. Deregulation of energy markets
3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation
4. Condition assessment for energy system components
5. Developments for energy transport
6. Distributed energy supply technologies
7. Outlook
W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink
Blooming landscape