w stein good 53p

8/6/2019 w Stein Good 53p

1/53

ENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Australia and Europe

Partnerships for Sustainable Energy R&D

Solar Thermal Developments in Australia

Wesley Stein

Sponsored by The Australian Academy ofTechnological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE) and

CSIRO, Australia's National R&D organisation.

30 June 2002


2/53


DriversDriversDriversDrivers

Renewable and sustainable energyincentives

Solar is pure green

Abundance of solar energy resource

Compatibility with both existing and

advanced energy technologies Distributed or large scale centralised

New investment opportunity


3/53


Aust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat ory

Renew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy Target

9500GWh/yr of renewable energyrequired by 2010

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Year

GWh


4/53ENERGYENERGYENERGYENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Aust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat oryAust ra l ia s Mandat ory

Renew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy TargetRenew able Energy Target

9500GWh/yr of renewable energyrequired by 2010

Liability on electricity retailers

Certificate trading system

$40/MWh penalty for non-compliance


5/53

1100

1400

1950

1700

1950

1700

1400

1100

2200

2200

1950 1950

1950

1950

1950

17001700

170019502200

2200

2200

2200

Solar Global Radiation > 2200 kWh/ma very good qualified

Qualification for Solar Electricity Generation

Solar Global Radiation > 1950 kWh/ma good qualified

Global Solar Radiation


6/53


7/53


Solar t herm al t ec hnologiesSolar t herm al t ec hnologiesSolar t herm al t ec hnologiesSolar t herm al t ec hnologies

Solar hot water Solar tower

Solar ponds

Solar-assisted chilling

Solar steam/ Rankine cycle

Solar dish - Stirling or Brayton cycle Central Receivers

Solar reforming or dissociation


8/53


Solar t herm al /b iom assSolar t herm al /b iom assSolar t herm al /b iom assSolar t herm al /b iom ass

hybr idshybr idshybr idshybr ids

Bioenergy and solar thermal both utilisethe same thermodynamic cycles

Each fuel offers advantages to the other

Solar unlimited, biomass low cost(sometimes)

No exotic material breakthroughsrequired

Transitional


9/53


10/53

Solar Tower ProjectSolar Tower Project


11/53


12/53


13/53


14/53



15/53


ENERGY LOSSES UNDER TYPICAL OPERATION

at 475degC, 900W/m2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Insolation

Interceptedbyrec

Stea

mproduced@

rec

D

eliveredatLRJ

DeliveredatEngine

Gros

sengineoutput

Ne

tengineoutput

kW

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Percentage

Energy, kW

Percentage


16/53

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 100 200 300 400

Solar direct radiation into dish aperture, kW

Thermalp

oweroutpu

t,kWth

Measured data,

480

o

C

Model data for improved dish

SOLAR COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE DATA

Wesley Stein, March 2000


17/53


The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or


18/53


19/53



20/53


Mul t iMu l t iMu l t iMu l t i ----t ow er so lar ar rayt ow er so la r a rrayt ow er so la r a rrayt ow er so la r a rray

(Univers i t y of Sydney)(Univers i t y of Sydney)(Univers i t y of Sydney)(Univers i t y of Sydney)

ReceiverInsolationReceiver

Reflector orientation patterns set up to allow avoidance of blocking ofreflected radiation under close packing. This diagram applies schematically tothe MTSA along two axes. Courtesy of Philippe Schramek and David Mills.


21/53

CARNOT CYCLE EFFICIENCY AND SOLAR CONCENTRATION RATIO

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature, deg C

Carnotcy

cleefficiency

10

100

1000

10000

Solarconcentrationratio,

Aa/A

r

1


22/53


Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Condenser

Solar Field

SolarSteamGenerator

Fuel

Heat RecoverySteam Generator

Stack


23/53

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% heat transferred

Temperatur

e,oC

Single pressure

Dual pressure

Infinite ressure sta es eva oration external to HRB

Flue gas profile


24/53

20%

22%

24%

26%

28%

30%

32%

34%

36%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% of peak solar steam input

Intern

alandoverall

steam

cycleefficienc

y

73%

74%

75%

76%

77%

78%

79%

80%

81%

82%

HRBefficiency

Internal steam cycle efficiency* Overall steam cycle efficiency*

HRB efficiency

Solar topping/ solar evaporation performance with

increasing solar input

Wesley Stein, March 2000


25/53



26/53


Process heat

OrganicRankine cycle

Chiller

Reverse cycleair conditioning

Electricity

CO/TRI-GENERATION FORDISTRIBUTED ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Solar gas or Solar HTF

preheated air


27/53


ThermochemicalThermochemical EnergyEnergy


28/53

ThermochemicalThermochemical EnergyEnergy

StorageStorage

NH3 + 66.8kJ/mol 1/2N2 + 3/2H2

H2 / N2gas

liquid

NH3

Heat Exchangers

Power Generation(Steam Cycle)

Ammonia Synthesis(Exothermic Reactor)

Ammonia Dissociation(Endothermic Reactor)

Separation and Storage

Tow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab le


29/53


Tow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab leTow ards Sust a inab le

EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy CSIRO so la rCSIRO solarCSIRO solarCSIRO solar

re formingre formingre formingre forming

Aim: demonstrate a solar thermal fossil energy hybrid concept for high

efficiency / low CO2 powergeneration and appropriate forAustralian conditions


30/53


Projec t Dr iversPro jec t Dr iversPro jec t Dr iversPro jec t Dr ivers

Deregulation of electricity and gas supply industries

Move towards smaller-scale power generation based on gas

By 2010 an additional 9,500 GWh pa to be sourced from newrenewable energy

Introduction of renewable energy accreditation schemes by which

electricity generated from renewable sources attracts a premium Legislation requiring distributors to sell electricity with reduced

Greenhouse gas emissions

Need for Greenhouse gas mitigation strategies to go beyondmore efficient fossil energy technologies and fuel substitution


31/53


Projec t Dr iversPro jec t Dr iversPro jec t Dr iversProjec t Dr ivers (c ont .)(cont . )(cont . )(cont . )

No exotic material breakthroughs required

Thermal and chemical processes well understood

Simple integration with existing thermodynamic cycles and energyprocesses

Coincidence of high levels of solar and gas

Storage of solar energy in chemical form


32/53

O t i l M d /O t i l M d /O t i l M d /O t i l M d /


33/53


Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /

Produc t s 1Produc t s 1Produc t s 1Produc t s 1 Green syngas for electricity generation

Production of synthesis gas as precursorfor gas-to-liquids production (potential

bottled sunshine)

Closed loop heat generation

(methanation) (zero GHG emission)


34/53


The Conc eptThe Conc eptThe Conc eptThe Conc ept

FossilFuel (CH4)

Water

water

CO/H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2 - fuel

CO2 to disposal /sequestration

Fuel cells Gas turbines Cogeneration etc

CH4 + H2O(llll) + 250 KJ CO + 3H2

CO + H2O(llll) H2 + CO2 + 3 KJ

SolarThermal

Fuel

Reforming

Solar Thermal

Water GasShift

Conversion

CO2Recovery

AdvancedPower

Generation~

O t i l M d /O t i l M d /O t i l M d /O t i l M d /


35/53


Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /Operat ional Modes /

Produc t s 2Produc t s 2Produc t s 2Produc t s 2 Hydrogen production with CO2

capture/sequestration Fuel cell electricity generation from

hydrogen

Hydrogen for refining of heavier crude

oils


36/53


The Conc eptThe Conc eptThe Conc eptThe Conc ept

FossilFuel (CH4)

Water

water

CO/H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2 - fuel

CO2 to disposal /sequestration

Fuel cells Gas turbines Cogeneration etc

CH4 + H2O(llll) + 250 KJ CO + 3H2

CO + H2O(llll) H2 + CO2 + 3 KJ

SolarThermal

Fuel

Reforming

Solar Thermal

Water GasShift

Conversion

CO2Recovery

AdvancedPower

Generation~

The CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ion


37/53


The CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ionThe CSIRO Dem onst rat ion

Fac i l i t yFac i l i t yFac i l i t yFac i l i t y A 107m2 twin axis tracking solar dish

Catalytic gas reforming reactors Receiver and flux modifier at focal point

Absorption-based H2/CO2 separation units A 10 kWe polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

(unavailable)

Complete integrated operation has been

successfully demonstrated - H2 has CO levels low

enough for PEM fuel cell operation


38/53


The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or The Dish and Col lec t or


39/53

CSIRO MARK 2 SOLAR REFORMERWATER

PRODUCT

GAS

NATURAL GAS / CO2

SOLAR ENERGY

PREDICTED THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CSIRO MARK II SOLAR REFORMER WITH 900W/M2 DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY


40/53

112 MIRROR PANELS

48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

43.2kW (900W/m2) INCIDENT ON MIRROR SURFACE AREA

40.6kW REFLECTED FROM 48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

94% DISH REFLECTIVITY

8.6kW LOST BY ABSORPTION

OR RERADIATION

32.0kW USED

FOR REFORMING

SS20T

DISH

FEED

NATURAL GAS

(95.7kW HHV)

PRODUCT GAS

(120.2kW HHV)

11.9 kW RECOVERED IN PRODUCT GAS

THROUGH WATER PREHEATING

FEED

WATER

7.5kW LOST TO STEAMAND SENSIBLE HEAT IN PRODUCT GAS


Methane conversion @ 850C, 1MPa and steam-to-methane molar ratio of 2.5 = 87.1%

Solar-to-chemical energy conversion (HHV)= 60.3%

Increase in chemical energy of feed natural gas (HHV) = 25.6%

Fut ure Plans & Out look forFut ure Plans & Out look forFut ure Plans & Out look forFut ure Plans & Out look for


41/53


Fut ure Plans & Out look for Fut ure Plans & Out look for Fut ure Plans & Out look for Fut ure Plans & Out look for

CSIRO so la r re fo rm ingCSIRO so la r re fo rm ingCSIRO so la r re fo rm ingCSIRO so la r re fo rm ing Commercial prospects being evaluated

Demonstration facility establishing proof ofconcept being pursued

Appropriate solar concentrator is required

Industrial partners being sought to move intoa commercial implementation phase


42/53


0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Equivalent gas price, $/GJ

Total

installedcostofsolararray

,$/m2(aperture)

6000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

4000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

5000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

6000MJ/m2, 3% O&M

4000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

Estimated costs for

Tennant Creek

25 yr life, 7% discount rate

Gas boiler avge efficiency = 83%

0%/yr gas price escalation

5000MJ/m2, 0% O&M

Greenhouse gas em issions


43/53

12 21 15 18 1684

442

980

0

200

400

600

800

1000

SEGS

Parab

olicTrough

Dish/S

tirling

PHOE

BUSP

owerTower

SolarT

ower

WindT

urbine

Photov

oltaics

Combine

dCycle

CoalPl

ant(Au

stralia)

G

reenhouseGa

semissionsin

CO2equivale

nts

[g/kWhel]

Source: Weinrebe, G.: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation with Solar Thermal Power Plants, Proceedings of the PowerGen Europe 1999 Conference, Frankfurt, Germany, June 1-3

In te rna t iona lIn te rna t iona lIn te rna t iona lIn te rna t iona l


44/53

Oppor tun i t iesOppor tun i t iesOppor tun i t iesOppor tun i t ies

ABENGOA

Solel

KfWFICHTNER

EEA/NREA

KJCSMA

World BankBECHTEL

ONE NEPCO

LOCATIONLOCATION TYPETYPE solar MWsolar MWAus traliaAus tralia CLFRCLFR FresnelFresnel 1313CreteCrete SEGSSEGS TroughTrough 5252EgyptEgypt ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 30-8030-80IndiaIndia ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 3535

IranIran ISCCS/SEGSISCCS/SEGS TroughTrough 30-8030-80JordanJordan PHOEBUSPHOEBUS TowerTower 3030MexicoMexico ISCCSISCCS TroughTrough 30-8030-80MoroccoMorocco ISCCS/SEGSISCCS/SEGS TroughTrough 30-8030-80SpainSpain SEGS, SP10SEGS, SP10 Trough,TowerTrough,Tower 10-5010-50

USAUSA SEGSSEGS TroughTrough 354354

BOEING DukeSolar

GamesaGhersa

AGOESTIAEuropean Solar Thermal Power

Industry Association

Slide courtesy of:


45/53


Where t o f rom here?Where t o f rom here?Where t o f rom here?Where t o f rom here?

A number of technology types opening up many

different opportunities. Major hurdle at present is capital cost of the

collector / concentrator.

Apart from mirrors, manufacturing and civilworks similar to wind turbines so could followsame cost reduction curve.

Opportunity to link the best technologies ofEurope and Australia to produce flexible solarthermal driven packages that can becustomised for specific applications.


46/53


Required st epsRequired st epsRequired st epsRequired st eps

Demonstration plants at pre-commercial level

are critical. Problem-free operation is possiblymore crucial to technology confidence than costat this time.

Such plants should be installed in hybridconfigurations (with reliable back-up fuel suchas gas) and in parallel so that seamlessoperation can be demonstrated

They should operate in a commercialenvironment (whether or not they are producingcommercially-competitive energy) so that realexperience is gained and investors see realsolutions emerging


47/53


Col laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t ies

Alliance with European partners soughtfor various aspects

Collaboration could be:Technical R&D

ModellingProduct development

Product demonstration and testing

C l l b i i iC l l b i i iC l l b i i iC l l b i i i


48/53


Col laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t iesCol laborat ive opport un i t ies

Some immediate areas of interest: Solar/gas hybrid Brayton cycle

Solar thermal supplementation of distributedgeneration plants, especially cogen and trigen

Solar steam Rankine cycle integration

Solar reformed methane

Solar biomass hybrids Work also required on associated equipment,

for example: Small heat engines utilising medium temperature

steam Organic Rankine Cycles

Absorption cycle chilling


49/53


THANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOUTHANK YOU

M k 2 S l C i R i P di d P f (N di h l ) i h R f @ 8 0C & 000kP


50/53

Mark 2 Solar Cavity Receiver Predicted Performance (No dish louvers) with Reformer @ 850C & 1000kPa,

LT WGS @215C, Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2), Gas Engine Efficiency = 40% & Fuell Cell Efficiency = 60%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50

Water-to-Methane Molar Ratio

OverallSolar-To

-ElectricalEnergy

Convers

ion(LHV),%

0.0

15.0

30.0

45.0

60.0

S

olar-To-ChemicalEn

ergyconversion(LH

V),

%

Overall Conversion

with Heat Recovery @300C,

LT WGS@215C & Fuel Cell Unit

Overall Conversionwith Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine

CO2/CH4

ratio

= 0

= 1.0

= 0.5

Chemical energy

conversion (LHV)

reforming only

Chemical energy

conversion (LHV)

with LT WGS

M k 2 S l C it R i P di t d P f (N di h l ) ith R f @ 850C & 1000kP


51/53


LT WGS @215C, Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2), Gas Engine Efficiency = 40% & Fuell Cell Efficiency = 60%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50


Ov

erallSolar-To-Electr

icalEnergyConvers

ion,

%

10.0

35.0

60.0

85.0

110.0

Feednaturalgas(LHV),kW

Conversion with Heat Recovery @300C,


Conversionwith Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine

CO2/CH4

ratio

= 0

= 1.0

= 0.5

Feed natural gas (LHV)

reforming only


with LT WGS

M k 2 S l C it R i P di t d P f (N di h l ) ith R f @ 850C & 1000kP


52/53


LT WGS @215C and Solar Energy @43kW (900W/m2)

10.0

20.0

30.0

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50


Increaseinchemicalenergy(LHV),kW

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

Feednaturalgas(LHV),kW

Feed natural gas (LHV)reforming only

CO2/CH4

ratio

= 0

= 1.0

= 0.5

Increase in Chemical Energy (LHV)

with Heat Recovery @300C,


Increase in Chemical Energy (LHV)

with Heat Recovery@200C

& Gas Engine


with LT WGS



53/53

112 MIRROR PANELS

48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

43.2kW (900W/m2) INCIDENT ON MIRROR SURFACE AREA

40.6kW REFLECTED FROM 48 ACTIVE MIRRORS

94% DISH REFLECTIVITY

8.6kW LOST BY ABSORPTION

OR RERADIATION

32.0kW USED

FOR REFORMING

SS20T

DISH

FEED

NATURAL GAS

(86.4kW LHV)

PRODUCT GAS

(105.6kW LHV)

11.9 kW RECOVERED IN PRODUCT GAS

THROUGH WATER PREHEATING

FEED

WATER

7.5kW LOST TO STEAM

AND SENSIBLE HEAT IN PRODUCT GAS

Methane conversion @ 850C, 1MPa and steam-to-methane molar ratio of 2.5 = 87.1%

Solar-to-chemical energy conversion (LHV) = 47.4%

Increase in chemical energy of feed natural gas (LHV) = 22.3%

w stein good 53p

Documents