w w1
TRANSCRIPT
1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
1914-1914-1918:1918:
The The WorldWorldat Warat War
Susan Pojer
Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints
“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”
“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”
“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”
“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
CausesCausesof theof theWarWar
There had been relative peace in Europe for 100 years prior to WWI.
But……..
CAUSES
Alliances– Like the nation’s buddy system– When one country goes to war then many
countries become involved.
**Triple Alliance/Central Powers – Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy (Changes sides)
**Triple Entente/Allied Powers – France, Russia, Britain, Serbia, Belgium and USA
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
CAUSES
Militerism– Rivalry between Britian and Germany – both
sides build up military– Russia doubles size of army
***When countries build up their militaries war is inevitable!!!
2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
CAUSES
Imperialism– Nations competed with one another for
colonies and raw materials– Britain and France VS Germany
***This constant competeing caused tension and unrest.
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
CAUSES
Nationalism – Intense feelings of pride for one’s
country/nationality– Some wanted lands back where they had a lot
of people living– Some wanted independence from countries
that engulfed their culture
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
BALKANS
Powder Keg of Europe Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
– This infuriated the Serbs
Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) is assassinated and Serbia is held responsible.
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
TheThe
“Spark“Spark””
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
WWI BEGINS
Austria-Hungary and Serbia go to war Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
because they are allied with Serbia (Czar Nicholas does not believe that Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm (cousin of the Czarina) will declare war on Russia.
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
WWI BEGINS
Germany – supporting Austria Hungary declares war on Russia and France because France is allied with Russia.
In order to get to France Germany invades Belgium which causes Britain to declare war on Germany
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
Germany’s grand plan to avoid a 2 front war.– Attack France fast before Russia has time to
mobalize
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
MobilizationMobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go;It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary,It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know!To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly,Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square,Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary,It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!But my heart's right there!
Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Home by Christmas!Home by Christmas! No major war No major war
in 50 years!in 50 years! Nationalism!Nationalism!
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says
Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother
New French RecruitsNew French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Millions
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
WomenWomenand and thetheWarWar
EffortEffort
Financing the WarFinancing the War
For RecruitmentFor Recruitment
Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
SpiesSpies
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan
dada
Posters:Posters:
WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan
dada
Australian PosterAustralian Poster
American PosterAmerican Poster
Financing the WarFinancing the War
German PosterGerman Poster
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
The The Western Western Front:Front:
A “War of A “War of
AttritionAttrition””
WESTERN FRONT
3 year stalemate Trench warfare
– Huge casualities – Example – Battle of Verdun – Germans lost
330,000 – took 11 months– By 1916 there were 2 million casualities
The Western FrontThe Western Front
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
TheTheEasternEastern
FrontFront
EASTERN FRONT
Russians and Serbs VS Germans, Austrians and Turks
Millions died Germans had to fight on 2 fronts but they
began to freeze to death in Russia. Russia Pulls out because of Revolution
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,
1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The Tsar with General Brusilov
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
TheThe“Colonial“Colonial
””FrontsFronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
COLLAPSE OF EASTERN FRONT
With Russia out the Central Powers put all of their resources into western front.
Situation looks grave until Italy and the US join forces with the allies.
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
AmericAmericaa
JoinsJoinsthethe
AlliesAllies
US NUETRALITY
Woodrow Wilson want to reamain neutral– Wilson secrectly gives aide to Brits
LUSITANNIA
Germans had declared unrestricted sub warfare
Lusitania is sunk – carrying 128 Americans – 1000 dead– Germans say the passenger ship is carrying
munitions – Brits deny– Ship sinks in under 20 minutes– Germans also sink the Sussex
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
Secret message from Germany to Mexico– If Mexico allies with the Central Powers it
could gain New Mexico, Arizona and Texas• Land lost in 1848
**Telegram intercepted – Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany to “Make the World Safe for Democracy”
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
The War of The War of thethe
Industrial Industrial Revolution:Revolution:
NewNewTechnologyTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
““Art”Art”ofof
WorldWorldWar IWar I
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
German Cartoon:“Fit for active service!”,
1918
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
END OF WAR
1. Germans lost millions of soldiers – running out of reserves
2. With the help of Americans – allies have many reserves
END OF WAR
3. 1918 – Arabs fight against the Turks/Ottoman Empire
4. Italy changes sides and defeats Austria-Hungary
5. November 1918 – Germany signs armistice (agreement to end fighting)
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead
The Somme American Cemetary, France
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800
AFTERMATH AND PEACE
Wilson comes up with plan called 14 points– No secret treaties– Freedom of the seas– Countries need to reduce arms– Colonial powers should consider feelings of
the people living there– ***League of Nations
AFTERMATH AND PEACE
Europe accepts but the US denies and does not join the League of Nations
VERSAILLES TREATY
VERSILLE TREATY
Conference of leaders – Big four– US, Britain, France and Italy
Central Powers not invited
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1. Reduce size of German army
2. Germany to return Alsace Lorraine to France
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
3. Troops would occupy Rhineland (German border) for 15 years
4. Poland became independent
5. War guilt clause – Germany had to pay reparations (war damages) to the allies
6. Other Boundry changes1. Austria-Hungary broke apart
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
3. Became countries1. Czechoslovakia2. Yugoslavia3. Romania4. Poland5. Lithuania6. Latvia7. Estonia8. Ottoman Empire broke apart – Iraq, Palestine, Syria,
Lebanon
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
**Huge problems with treaty – no one truly happy
**Germany could not pay
**World wide depression
**Treaty of Versailles leads to WWII