w1v6-origin of hydrocarbon resources2-v2016_handout.pdf

8/17/2019 W1V6-Origin of hydrocarbon resources2-V2016_Handout.pdf

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W1V6 – Origin of hydrocarbon resources 2– p. 1

© IFPEN - IFP School 2016 / © TOTAL SA 2016

© IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / © TOTAL SA 2015 / © IFP Training 2015

Oil & Gas

From exploration to distribution

Week 1 – V06 – Origin of hydrocarbon resources

– part 2

Jean-Pierre Deflandre


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Introduction

Last tim !as intro"#c" th "o!n!ar" $art o% th stor&' %rom s#r%ac s"imnt "$osit to th ($#lsion

o% h&"rocar)on %l#i"s %rom th so#rc roc*+ O#r o),cti !as to #n"rstan" ho! s"imnts gnrat

h&"rocar)on %l#i"s+

In this lsson ! !ill %oc#s on th #n"rgro#n" migration o% h&"rocar)on %l#i"s' ths %l#i"s )ing not so

"ns as !atr that th& !ill aim to mo #$!ar"+

Thr%or' loo*ing at migration $ath!a&s !ill allo! #s to #n"rstan" an" inntor& th !i" s$ctr#m o%

nat#ral h&"rocar)on rso#rcs+

O#r main o),cti !ill ) to #n"rstan" th origin o% th "i%%rnt t&$ologis o% h&"rocar)on !hich

in"" r%lct th "i%%rnt #n"rgro#n" %l#i" %lo! storis+

Anothr o),cti !ill ) to intro"#c r& )asic notions o% %l#i" %lo!s in $oro#s m"ia+

Geological scenarioFor o#r tral in th #n"rgro#n"' ! !ill #s this $artic#lar schmatic gological sction to commnt on

(am$ls o% h&"rocar)on migration scnarios an" to ill#strat !hr th "i%%rnt t&$ologis o%

h&"rocar)on rso#rcs can ) %o#n"+

At %irst ! can consi"r %o#r main "omains. th atmos$hr' th sa' th continntal )asmnt an" %inall&

th s"imntar& roc* "omain !hr h&"rocar)ons ar gnrat" an" "is$lac+

I% ral' s#ch a sction !o#l" ) a tstimon& o% a #it com$l( an" long gological stor& "#ring !hich larg

scal tctonics an" rosion $rocsss strongl& rsha$ th Earth. tilting %ormations' %a#lting thm !hil

ro"ing othrs an" crating n! ons in a $rmannt !a& "#ring h#n"r"s o% millions o% &ars+

Fa#lts' "$n"ing on thir saling' $la& an im$ortant rol in %l#i" migration' isolating or conncting th

"i%%rnt com$artmnts not" hr. A' ' an" +


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In o#r cas ! !ill ass#m th %a#lt s$arating com$artmnts A an" to ) $rma)l 3%l#i"s can circ#lat

in th %a#lt4 an" th t!o othrs as im$rma)l' )ing sal" )& som minrals+

In"" in ach location it is a $artic#lar stor& gologists !ill aim to #n"rstan" !hn a""rssing oil an" gas

$ro"#ction+

Lt #s loo* in "tail at ths s"imntar& %ormations com$os"' in o#r s$ci%ic cas' o%.

t!o so#rc roc*s' mainl& shals' coal an" "i%%rnt t&$s o% cla&s an" san"stons+ Ths "i%%rnt *in"s o%

roc*s r$rsnt mor or lss $oro#s an" $rma)l matrials !hr h&"rocar)on %l#i"s can or cannot

"is$lac thro#gh or acc#m#lat into+


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Th $orosit& r$rsnts th amo#nt o% oi" in a m"i#m s#ch as hol ol#ms in a $ic o% s!iss chs+

Th $rma)ilit& r%lcts th a)ilit& o% a matrial to allo! %l#i"s to "is$lac thro#gh it+ It r$rsnts th

!a& $ors an"/ or o$n %ract#r nt!or*s ar connct"+

Prma)ilit& is r$ort" in arcis or mor gnrall& in milli"arcis+

Th mor th com$action o% th roc* th lss th $orosit& an" $rma)ilit& o% it+


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Lt #s no! %oc#s on th gological s#nc in com$artmnt A+

Th "$st an" ol"st s"imntar& la&r' a so#rc roc*' in )ro!n' is %irst orla$$" )& a tight san"ston

%ormation' in light &llo!' thn a thin coal "$osit' in )lac*' a scon" tight san"ston %ormation an" a

scon" so#rc roc* "$osit+ All ths %ormations corrs$on" to (trml& lo! $rma)ilit& %ormations+Fl#i" migration in s#ch %ormations is not as& "# to ca$illar& $rss#r %%cts+

A)o' t!o $oro#s an" $rma)l san"ston la&rs in &llo! an" orang rs$ctil& cor" )& an

im$rma)l cla& %ormation ha )n mor or lss ro"" or tim %rom on com$artmnt to th

othr+

S#ch san"stons ar (cllnt carrir s&stms %or %l#i" migration' an" on th contrar& cla& is an %%icint

)arrir s#ch as th so#rc roc*s thmsls+

Th r" lin corrs$on"s to th gological rosion limit o% ths ol"st s"imnts+ It is call" #ncon%ormit&

an" "limits t!o main gological stags+


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Not on th l%t $art o% th %ig#r all ths s"imnts o#tcro$+ This is r& hl$%#l %or th st#"& o% )#ri"

s"imnts+

On th right $art o% th %ig#r' ths s"imnts rmain )#ri" )#t th& ha )n #$li%t" "#ring tctonics

$hass+


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This mans th& !r )#ri" "$r at a highr tm$rat#r an" $rss#r som millions o% &ars ago

ma*ing th mat#ration o% organic mattr $ossi)l+

ac* to o#r gological sction no!+ Th rcnt s"imntar& la&rs corrs$on" to anothr t&$ o% cla& in

light grn an" to t!o r& "i%%rnt $rma)l an" $oro#s san"stons+


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Migration of hydrocarbon fluids

No! lt #s consi"r th "i%%rnt scnarios o% migration o% th h&"rocar)on %l#i"s ta*ing into acco#nt

$tro$h&sical roc* $ro$rtis s#ch as $orosit& an" $rma)ilit&' in sit# strsss' $rss#r gra"ints'

tm$rat#r' tc an" so#rc roc* mat#ration+

Last tim ! sa! that h&"rocar)on %l#i"s !r ($ll" %rom th so#rc roc* i% it !as mat#r no#gh+

ost %l#i"s rmain !ithin th so#rc roc*+


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No! lt7s start o#r inntor& o% th h&"rocar)on rso#rcs+

ypologies of hydrocarbon resources

First lt #s consi"r th 8 rmaining tra$$" !ithin th So#rc roc* !hich r$rsnts h#g rso#rcs

!orl"!i"+

Th& ar no!a"a&s ($loit" in North Amrica "liring light oil' con"nsats or gas' )ttr *no!n as

shal oil an" shal gas+


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Oil or gas !ill $ntrat th tight san"stons an" !ill ) tra$$" "# to th r& lo! $rma)ilit& %%cts+

8&"rocar)on rso#rcs $rsnt in tight %ormations can ) "issminat" in !i" s"imntar& aras+ Th&

r$rsnt h#g rso#rcs an" can ) $ro"#c" in a similar !a& as so#rc roc*s+

To ) (ha#sti ! ha also to consi"r th gas gnrat" %rom anothr *in" o% so#rc roc*. th coal

)"s+

than is tra$$" !ithin th coal itsl% an" is $ro"#c" than*s to th nat#ral %ract#r s&stm+


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8&"rocar)ons !ill also asil& $ntrat th high $orosit& 9 high $rma)ilit& san"stons locat" a)o'

starting thir long-trm #$!ar" migration+

At this stag' thr ar t!o main scnarios !hn consi"ring migration+

-Nothing )loc*s th migration o% h&"rocar)on %l#i"s allo!ing thm to rach th s#r%ac+

-It is )loc*" or a%%ct" )& a )arrir o% $rma)ilit& 3s#ch as a cla& %ormation or a sal" %a#lt4 !hich !ill

)loc* thm or !ill a%%ct thir $ath!a&+

:hn nothing )loc*s th migration o% h&"rocar)on %l#i"s as in com$artmnt A' th& rach th s#r%ac as

oil an" gas s$s+


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At shallo! "$ths oil can ) )io"gra"" crating tar san"s an" )it#mn or (tra ha& oil "$osits s#ch

as in ana"a an" ;n


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It is th com)ination o% a $oro#s an" $rma)l roc*' !hich ! call a rsroir roc*' ca$$" !ith an

im$rma)l on. a ca$roc* or sal )& "%inition+

Th $ro"#ction o% h&"rocar)on %l#i"s locat" in str#ct#ral tra$s is th most common !a& to $ro"#c oil

an" gas to"a&+ In othr !or"s it is conntional+

& com$arison all th othr scnarios ar call" #nconntional ons+

O#r last cas corrs$on"s to immat#r rich-organic so#rc roc*+ This is th cas in com$artmnt A %or

so#rc roc* locat" at shallo! "$ths+

Pro"#cing oil %rom s#ch rso#rcs is $ossi)l ( sit# a%tr mining an" hating+Ths h#g h&"rocar)on rso#rcs ar *no!n as oil shal rso#rcs+

w1v6-origin of hydrocarbon resources2-v2016_handout.pdf

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