w2- definition, terminologies. concept of place and space

7/21/2019 W2- Definition, Terminologies. Concept of Place and Space

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Definition and

Terminologies:

Concept of place and

space

BUEU 3108-WEEK 2

By Miss Nur Rasyiqah Abu Hassan


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INTRODUCTION

Urban design can be defined as the art of place makingin cities and towns (Walton, 2000).

Urban design is an integral part of the process of city

planning and dealing with three dimensionalaspect ofcities.

It is a multidisciplinary activity of shaping andmanaging urban environment where it concerns withthe process of shaping the space ad the space is beingshape. (Madanipour, 1996)


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Through history, urban design has been used to/for:

1. Demonstrate mans power over fellow man and

nature

2. Economic growth

3. Defence from militaristic attack and:

4. To compensate for loss of nature


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It is the interphase between architecture andtown planning. Both skills are required for itspractice.

Distribution of resources and theorganization of Land uses,

transport and infrastructure

Concern with the design andconstruction of individual or a small

group of buildings having a client withclear sets of requirement& objectives

TOWN

PLANNING

ARCHITECTURE

URBAN DESIGN


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URBAN DESIGN .. ?

Fill the gap which concentrates mainly on the external spaces

that support the activities outside in relation to the activities

inside the individuals building.

Dealing with non visual aspect: Noise, smells or feelings that

contribute to the character of the place.

The main objective of Urban design is to provide an urban form

that facilitateand maintainsa functional balance between the

human needs, environmental factors and financial constrains. .


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Urban design can be enhanced by the geographical

understanding of place as a process (Massey, 2005).

Agreed by Berdoulay and Massey (in Amdur and Epstein 2012)

who stated that place is considered as a process.

Stenberg, E (2007) mentioned that urban design comes into its

own as the field that engages the human experience of the

built environment.

Depriest-Hricko and Prytherch, (2008) also stated that if a place

is defined by perception and stories, planning and urban design

can play a key role in engaging and articulating them spatially.


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Amdur and Epstein (2012) defined urban design as the

experience of place which marks the beginning and the end of

a project.

Irvine (2012) stated that a good urban design will consider a

few aspects including making place for people.

Most definitions of place is sharing two fundamentals which

is (i) a place is a geographical entity; and (ii) a place carries

meaning.


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Urban Design Theory

Harland Barthholomew, 1930.

Design in an urban context, public environment andlargescale architecture

Physical aspect of city planning

New separate profession between fields ofArchitecture and Planning.

Urban design is the art of designing large parts ofthe built environment a general level prior to thedesign of a particular building or other component

in detail.


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Urban Design Theory

Jonathan Barnett, 1970s.

Part of the process whereby society achieve the

creation, renewal and maintenance of the urbanfabric and urban infrastructure

Designing of cities without designing buildings;.

Writing rules for significant choices that shape the

city within an institutional framework that can bemodified as times and needs change.


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Urban Design Theory

Ali Madanipour, 1997. Urban design can be defined as the multi-

disciplinary activity of shaping and managing urban

environments, interested in both the process of this

shaping and the spaces it helps shape.


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identified 7 areas of confusion and ambiguity that contributed to

difficulties in understanding urban design.

1. The scale of urban fabric which urban design addresses;

2. The visual or the spatial emphases of urban design;

3. The spatial or the social emphases of urban design;

4. The relationship between process and product in the city

design;

5. The relationshipbetween different professionals and their

activities;

6. The public or the private sector affiliation of urban design, and

7. The design as an objective-rational or an expressive-subjective

process


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Contemporary Urban Design Theory

Wall and Waterman, 2010. Concern on how people function

with shaping city and urban spaces to:

1. Encourage social activities within the urbanfabric

2. Create positive social interactions

3. Satisfy ecological needs

4. Mitigate negative effects of urbanisation

5. Promote economic growth


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In 1900-1950sThe rise of Urban Planning :Civic Design

1960s-1070sScope of planning widens atexpense of Urban Design

1980s-1990sRise of Urban Design

NOW?

Why urban design then?

Hi f h h d d l


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Metaphor Disposition Priority Key Figures

c.

1890

ART Pro-street learning from

the past

AESTATHIC Sittle

Unwin

Hagemann

&Peets

c.

1920

MACHINE Anti-street learning

from the past

Function Howards

Corbusier

Wrightc.

1960

TEXT/LANGUAGE

(critics and

investigation)

Pro-street locality/Place

Heritage

Learning from past

Meaning

Legibility

Lynch

Jacobs, J

Cullen

c.

1985

Primers for practice Bentley et all

AlexanderTrancik

c.

2000

RECENT Multiple strands : New Urbanism,

Infrastructure and movement, ecology,

Sustainability etc

Calthorpe

Hillier

Koolhaas

Arida

History of theory, concept, approach and models.


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Why urban design then?

The need for Urban design is derived from the decline of the

public realm.

In the 90s, the city centers is become a threatening place.

Tompkins Square Park in the 1980s and 90s


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Space left after planning is visually unattractive, and

functionally useless, awkward, expensive to maintain

and then become neglected and unkempt. Achievements of good design is not part of the

fundamental objectives of the planning system.

Planning should be more than a short-term

expediency in land sales and subsequent

development.

Planning process cannot be divorced from issues of

architectural quality and maintenance of builtenvironment.


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urban design as the art of making a place for

people.

urban design is seen as a key to create a

sustainable environment and a good design may

help in creating a lively place with distinctive

character, streets and public spaces are safe,accessible, pleasant to use, suited to human scale,

and place that inspire because of the imagination

and sensitivity of the designer

Irvine (2012) stated that a good urban design will

consider a few aspects including makingplacefor

people.


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PLACE

&

SPACE


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Place matters more than individual building and

vehicular traffic. We must exploit individuality,

uniqueness anddifferences between places.

Main objective of urban design is to achieve sense of

place.


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Low and Altman (1992) used the term place

attachmentto refer to the phenomena of human

place bonding. While they stressed that affect,

emotion and feeling are central to the concept, theyalso indicated that these emotional elements are

often accompanied by cognition (thought,

knowledge and belief) and practice (action and

behaviour)


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PLACE

=Geographical + Architectural + social connection

Identity + Character = Sense of place

General atmosphereof a place

Visual image thatreflects unique

qualities


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PLACEgeographical, architectural & Social

Connotation


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PLACEgeneral atmosphere that respond to

human emotions


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PLACEGenius Loci


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PLACEidentity and unique qualities


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PLACEThe concept of sense of place

creating somewhere that is recognisably distinct but

simultaneously unique will strengthen local identity.

Urban Design Compadium, 2003


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Lynch (1981), sense is the interactionbetween

person and place depends on spatial form and

quality, culture, temperament, status, experienceand current purpose of the observer.

Steele define sense of place as, a creation from the

pattern of reaction that a setting stimulates for aperson.

Lopez (2009) added that the specific experience a

person has in a particular setting, and how thatsetting causes him or her to feel, is what directs and

moulds an individuals sense of place.


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What do you all feel

about today places?


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Places are created by attribution of meanings to the

physical form.

Place is affected by people and people is affected by

place.

Time is a major component of place Longer

existence, deeper meanings.

Lack of sense of continuity creates uncomfortableenvironments that can lead to environmental

numbness and society that dontvalue its heritage.


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Steele (1981) claimed that new development

nowadays lacks sensitivity towards the diversity of

place which creates a place which has no variety,

surprising elements or even a trace of its history.This enigma has caused a place to loose its sense of

place and value.


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PLACEThe components of sense of place

Topics related to the sense of place are physical

elements, meaning, activities and place

attachment.Depriest-Hericho and Psytherch (2008)


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Physical Environment

1. Physical environment - Natural and Man Made

Building and

Vegetation

Building- Height

- colour

-Location

-appearance

Tress- View

- Comfort

Level

-Aestathic

- Public transport

-Private vehicle- walking

Structure Urban space

Street

- Activities

- Character

- Function

- Saftey

- Comfort

Square

- Location

- Character

- Uniqueness

- Safety

Spatial Organization

and Structure View and Movement


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Physical context of place

Natural setting : rivers, forest, trees, hills,

mountains etc.

Utilized to create places such as gardens,

parks and recreation area.

Man made: settlements, and buildings


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Natural setting and urban setting that are disrespected


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Location factors: aerial location, geog setting, topo,

spatial relationship, prominence, visibility, coverage,

activity, associated features, presence of water, sign

and markers


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Physical environment of place

Features of the physical environment associated with

identity

Building : size, scale, proportion, shape, contour,skyline, surface, quality, sign, age, design, materials,

condition, faade and arrangement of buildings

Townscape qualities : Openness, spaciousness,

enclosure, level of orientation, and territorial

definition, quality of views, spatial organization and

structure


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Town scape qualityProminece and visibility


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Hong Kong


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Asakusa Japan


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Location and Juxtaposition


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2. Activities

Function

The component of

activities :

1. the activity proper,

2. the specific way,3. the associate activities

&

4. the symbolic aspect


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Human and Cultural Context:

Human Activities

Can be analyzed by looking at four components:

activity proper, specific way of doing it,

additional, adjacent, or associated activities

The higher the density the more pronounce it is.Location, the time, and the profile of a person

engage in the activities and the way activities

accured must be considered Attributes of physical forms are more meaningful

when they reinforce usage of activity patterns


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Human activities

3 distinct activities that take place in thepublic spaces: necessary, optional and socialactivities

Necessary activities will happened regardlessof the quality of physical environment. Theother two are fostered by a high quality designof the physical environment

These activities enrich cultural significant ofthe city centre.


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Human activities create place by injecting life and

sensory experience


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Streets posses by human activities create meaningful

places that stimulate senses and emotion


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3. Meaning and association

-Manifested at both the

psychological and sociocultural level.

- Place reflection of cultural

and individual identity

(Kyle, G and Chick G , 2012)

- Memory experience

- Heritage elements- Architecture

- Religious value

- Familiarity of place


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Symbol : something that stands for, represent or

denotes something else. It imparts meanings to thebrain without having a relationship to its

phenomenology.

The concept of symbolism embodies abstraction

which is understood when the idea is presents is

understood.

Townscape not built as symbols but accquire

meaning overtime and thereby become symbols.


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It influence perception when it is understood by the people.

This happened when meaning attached to the physical

elements.


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Different culture understand different symbols

or attachment.

Names and familiarity are important for

identity.

Familiar buildings have value because of its

historical association. Urban form will only be

remembered because they marked the path.

Th t f id tit f l


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The concept of identity of place

Identity is quality of being the same in substance,

composition or properties . i.e . Sameness or

oneness.

Components of identity: physical environment +activities + meaning.

Difficult to define because it refers to the

relationship of self to the environment. Part ofpeoples total identity involves identification of

place.


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In urban design identity relates to a visual image of

the environmentthat reflects special or unique

qualities (Characteristic that make it distinct fromothers)

LynchThe extent to which a place being distinct

from othersas having a vivid or unique or at least a

particular character of its own.

Identity is a manifestation of the genius loci of

place to achieve sense of place. To determine and

maintain identity is to respect its genius loci.


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Genius Loci is the spirit of place that gives life to

places and develops over time. It can only be fully

grapse by identifying the existing character of placeand to be in keeping with this character.

w2- definition, terminologies. concept of place and space

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