w4_summarising paraphrasing
TRANSCRIPT
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and
Paraphrasing
TWO SIDES OF THESAME COIN
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Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you should beable to :
Understand the techniques of summarising
Apply the techniques of summarising
Understand the techniques of paraphrasing
Apply the techniques of paraphrasingUnderstand the importance of paraphrasing
Introduce an outside source
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What is a summary?
A shorter ersion o! a piece o!in!ormation which
Presents the main ideas or most importantinformation
Demonstrates understanding of the material in acondensed form
eports without personal interpretation or opinion
In!ol!es Writing, eading and "ritical #hin$ing
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%etting started
ead until you understand the te&t and feelyou can e&plain in your own words
ecall the information using the ' question
words: Who? What? Where? When? Why?(ow?
emember to cite the writer of the te&t e)g)
(anlon * +-./ states00 or
According to (anlon *+-./
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1anguage use
Write in the present tense and omit personalpronouns e)g) 2I3 and 2me3
Use !erbs to indicate summari4ed information
e)g) suggests, states, writes, argues, etc)Use transitional words for a smooth, logical
5ow of ideas)
Paraphrase using your own !ocabulary and
sentence structure) 6a$e the tone and styleyour own)
If quotations are used, remember quotationmar$s
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7ummary 8 e&le +
7ource:
Amphibians, which is the animal class or frogsand toads, were the 9rst creatures to crawl
from the sea and inhabit the earth)
7ummary:The frst animals to leave the seaand live on dry land were amphibian.
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7ummary 8 e&le
7ource:
People whose professional acti!ity lies in the9eld of politics are not, on the whole,
conspicuous for their respect for factualaccuracy)
7ummary : Politicians often lie)
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7ummary 8 e&le ;
7ource:
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7ummary 8 e&le .
7ource:
#he climatic conditions pre!ailing in the =ritishIsles show a pattern of alternating and
unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather,accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle oftemperature change
7ummary: =ritish weather is changeable)
7 i h h i l i
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7ummari4e the short article on sa!ingboo$s
Authors: >li4abeth ohnson, dinburgh BB;
7ome people sa!e boo$s to ma$e a goodimpression) 7ome thin$ that a library full of theliterary classics, dictionaries, and boo$s about art,science, and history ma$es them loo$ well read andtherefore, sophisticated) Cf course, this impressionmay be inaccurate) 7ome ha!e ne!er bothered toread the maority of those boo$s at allE In fact, a few
people e!en ha!e libraries with fa$e boo$s) Also,some people li$e to re!eal to !isitors their widerange of tastes and interests) #hey can subtlyre!eal their interests in economics, art, politics,
philosophy, or animals without saying a word)
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Paraphrasing
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1earning outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, youshould be able to
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De9ning paraphrase
estate what has been said, orwritten, in a diFerent way)
Use your own words to e&press
another writerGs words or ideas)
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paraphrasing
#o a!oid plagiarism
#o report ideas andinformation which belongto someone else
As an alternati!e toquoting
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paraphrase
#he use of diFerent words to con!ey the sameideas and information as the original writing)
#he grammar and !ocabulary are not thesame with the e&ception of technical terms)
#he use of multiple paraphrasing techniques
simultaneously)
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paraphrasing
Use
synonyms
Use !ariedsentence
patterns
"hange theorder of
ideas
=rea$ longsentences
into shorterones
7implify
abstractideas
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synonyms
Criginal
7tress
Primaryapplication
At least 'BB
Paraphrased
An&iety
6ain use
About si&hundred
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#echnique arying sentence structure
Criginal
Although at least'BB of the de!icesare used in the U7,there areapparently only
three in =ritain)
Paraphrased
=ritain has ustthree de!ices,whereas Americauses around 'BB)
#echnique ; changing the order of
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#echnique ; changing the order ofideas
Criginal
De$tor claims that themuscle tightening
occurs !ery quic$ly,and can change fromone word to the ne&t,so that it is possible
to pic$ out a word orphrase that causesstress)
Paraphrased
An an&ietyHinducingword or phrase may
be ob!ious, as themuscles can tightenbetween words,according to De$tor
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#echnique . =rea$ing long sentences intoshorter ones
Criginal
In the U7, the P7> de!ice isused for preHemploymentinter!iews, with questions such
as 2(a!e you e!er usedmariuana?3 and for monthlychec$s with branch managers,as$ing questions li$e, 2Do yoususpect any present employeesof cheating the company?3 8
which at least pre!ents amanager from setting his ownpace to in!estigate possiblesuspicious beha!ior)
Paraphrased
#he P7> de!ice is used inAmerica to as$
prospecti!e employees ifthey ha!e a!er ta$ennarcotics and to question9nancial managers aboutpossible fraud in the
company) #his is apre!ention against branchmanagers conductingtheir own in!estigations)
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#echnique : simplifying abstract ideas
Criginal
Jormally, but notunder stress, these
!oluntary muscles!ibrate at -H+ (4,and this adds aclearly noticeable
frequencyHmodulatedcomponent to the!oice) #he P7> wor$sby analy4ing this
infrasonic analyses!ibrations of muscles
in the mouth andthroat which usually!ibrate at -H+(4)(owe!er, under
stress, these musclestighten and the P7>can identify thechange in the !oice)
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Introducing an outside source
Always ac$nowledgethe writer of the te&te)g)
(anlon *BBB/ states Kwrites K maintains K
According to (anlon
*BBB/ the P7>00Cr
#he introduction of theP7> *De$tor/ to =ritain
is a cause for concernas no law e&ists toprohibit its use *(anlon,BBB/)
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>&le of a good summary
An accepta"#e summar$%
When writing the 9nal
research paper, studentsare ad!ised to limit directquotations ta$en fromsources *1ester, +L'/)
Origina# te&t% 7tudentsfrequently o!eruse directquotation in ta$ing notes, and
as a result they o!erusequotations in the 9nalMresearchN paper) Probably onlyabout +BO of your 9nalmanuscript should appear asdirectly quoted matter)#herefore, you should stri!e tolimit the amount of e&acttranscribing of sourcematerials while ta$ing notes*1ester, +L'/)
A p#agiari'ed ersion%7tudents often use too many directquotations when they ta$e notes,resulting in too many of them in the9nal research paper) In fact, probablyonly about +BO of the 9nal copy
should consist of directly quotedmaterial) 7o it is important to limitthe amount of source material copiedwhile ta$ing notes)
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A good paraphrase
1esterGs *+L'/ ad!ise is forstudents to limit directquotations and a good
guide is to only ha!e atleast +BO of quoted te&t inthe 9nal paper)
Origina# te&t% 7tudentsfrequently o!eruse directquotation in ta$ing notes,and as a result theyo!eruse quotations in the9nal MresearchN paper)Probably only about +BO ofyour 9nal manuscriptshould appear as directlyquoted matter) #herefore,you should stri!e to limitthe amount of e&act
transcribing of sourcematerials while ta$ingnotes *1ester, +L'/)
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Cn a 9nal note:
Use a !ariety of paraphrasing
techniques)
Always ensure informationparaphrased is true to theoriginal)
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"onclusion
THIS IS THEEND OF
TODA()SLECT*+E