waam mechanical properties · cast ti-6al-4v (mmpds) 14 all data is property of cranfielduniversity...

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Mechanical properties

waammat.com

Updated 15th November 2017

®

WAAM is a registered trademark of Cranfield University

2All data is property of Cranfield University unless specified differently

The deposition strategies

Single pass

Parallel passes

Oscillation

Single pass

Parallel passes

Oscillation

Single pass

Parallel passes

Oscillation


Ti64 // Cutting plan for static properties

a)

85

8 22

600

500

150

substrate

deposit

Z

XY

Z

YX

b)

locations of coupons


Ti64 // Static properties

Directionality

750 800 850 900 950 1000Proof strength (MPa)

850

900

950

1000

1050

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Wrought AMS 4928

Vertical Additive AMS 4999

Horizontal Additive AMS 4999

Single Vert.Single Horiz.Par. Vert.Par. Horiz.Oscill. Vert.Oscill. Horiz.Plate


6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Wrought AMS 4928

Vertical Horizontal Additive AMS 4999

Single Vert.Single Horiz.Par. Vert.Par. Horiz.Oscill. Vert.Oscill. Horiz.Plate


Ti64 // Static properties

Average values


860

880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

SinglePar.Oscill.Plate


6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

SinglePar.Oscill.Plate


Ti64 // Static properties with in-process cold work

Directionality

750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050Proof strength (MPa)

850

900

950

1000

1050

1100

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928Additive AMS 4999

Unrolled Vert.Unrolled Horiz.50 kN Vert.50 kN Horiz.75 kN Vert.75 kN Horiz.75 kN plasma Vert.75 kN plasma Horiz.Plate


6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

Unrolled Vert.Unrolled Horiz.50 kN Vert.50 kN Horiz.75 kN Vert.75 kN Horiz.75 kN plasma Vert.75 kN plasma Horiz.Plate


Ti64 // Static properties with in-process cold work

Average values


850

900

950

1000

1050

1100

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928Additive AMS 4999

Unrolled50 kN75 kN75 kN plasmaPlate


6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

Unrolled50 kN75 kN75 kN plasmaPlate


Ti64 // Comparison against other processes

Directionality


850

900

950

1000

1050

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Wrought AMS 4928

Vertical Additive AMS 4999

Horizontal Additive AMS 4999


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Wrought AMS 4928

Vertical Horizontal Additive AMS 4999

WAAM Single V.WAAM Single H.WAAM Par. V.WAAM Par. H.WAAM Oscill. V.WAAM Oscill. H.Norsk Ti V.Norsk Ti H.Sciaky V.Sciaky H.Blown powder V.Blown powder H.Laser + wire V.Laser + wire H.Plate

• Norsk Ti from norsktitanium.com; Sciaky from Structure-property correlations for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components produced using directed energy deposition processes, 2016 Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium

• Blown-powder from IREPA lasers

• Laser + Wire from “Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V: Relationship between Microstructure, Defects and Mechanical Properties”, Pia Akerfeldt, PhD Thesis, Lulea


Ti64 // Comparison against other processes

Average values

• Norsk Ti from norsktitanium.com; Sciaky from Structure-property correlations for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components produced using directed energy deposition processes, 2016 Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium

• Blown-powder from IREPA lasers

• Laser + Wire from “Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V: Relationship between Microstructure, Defects and Mechanical Properties”, Pia Akerfeldt, PhD Thesis, Lulea

800 850 900 950 1000Proof strength (MPa)

860

880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

1020

1040

1060

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

WAAM SingleWAAM Par.WAAM Oscill.Norsk TiSciakyBlown powderLaser + wirePlate

800 850 900 950 1000Proof strength (MPa)

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Cast ASTM F1108

Wrought AMS 4928

Additive AMS 4999

WAAM SingleWAAM Par.WAAM Oscill.Norsk TiSciakyBlown powderLaser + wirePlate


Ti64 // Fatigue durability

High cycle fatigue, Kt = 1 and Kt = 2.3

103 104 105 106 107 108

Cycles to failure

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Max

stre

ss (M

Pa)

R = 0.1, Kt = 1

As-dep Vert.As-dep Vert. (run-off)As-dep Horiz.As-dep Horiz. (run-off)Wrought measured by PetersWrought measured by Peters (trendline)Lamellar by Peters Property of Airbus


Ti64 // Damage tolerance

Fatigue crack growth rate (single bead, without and with cold-work)

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

da/d

N(m

/cy

cle)

R = 0.1

No in-process cold-work

WAAM: crack across layersWAAM: crack along layersWrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T measured)Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (T-L measured)Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS)Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS)

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

da/

dN

(m/c

ycle) In-process cold-worked at 75 kN

WAAM: crack across layers 1 (R = 0.5)WAAM: crack across layers 2 (R = 0.5)WAAM: crack along layers 1 (R = 0.5)WAAM: crack along layers 2 (R = 0.5)Wrought NASA CR2319 (R = 0.5)



Fatigue crack growth rate (parallel and oscillated)

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

da/d

N(m

/cy

cle)

R = 0.1


Parallel dep. strategy

WAAM: crack across layers Test 1WAAM: crack across layers Test 2WAAM: crack along layers Test 1WAAM: crack along layers Test 2Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS)Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS)

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

da/d

N(m

/cycle)

R = 0.1


Oscillation dep. strategy

WAAM: crack across layers Test 1WAAM: crack across layers Test 2WAAM: crack along layers Test 1WAAM: crack along layers Test 2Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS)Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS)



Recap FCGR

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

da/dN

(m/cycle) No in-process cold-work

R = 0.1

All dep. strategies

Single, crack across layers Test 1Single, crack along layers Test 1Parallel, crack across layers Test 1Parallel, crack along layers Test 1Oscill., crack across layers Test 1Oscill., crack along layers Test 1Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS)Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS)



Fracture toughness

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

K Q o

r KIC

(MPa

m1/

2 )

Across the layersAlong the layers

Grade 5parallel

Grade 5oscillated

Grade 23parallel

WroughtRef: MMPDS

thickness > 25 mmplane strain cond.

Wroughtthis research


Ti64 // Properties at the interface

• Case 3: symmetric structure

• Case 2: plate at the bottom

• Case 1: fully sacrificial


Ti64 // Crack growth trajectory at the interface

AM

SubstrateCrack trajectory

maintains almost a straight line

AM

Substrate

Crack trajectory maintains almost a

straight line

substrate

buildingdirection40

87.5 84

60

120

445

40

33

WAAM material

interface

A B CD

E


Ti64 // Crack growth trajectory at the interface

substrate

buildingdirection40

87.5 84

60

120

445

40

33

WAAM material

interface

A B CD

E

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

da/

dN

(m/cy

cle)

Type AType BType CType DType EWrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T)Cast Ti-6Al-4V

10 100"K (MPa m1=2)

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

da/dN

(m/c

ycle)

Type AType BType CType DType EWAAM: crack across layersWAAM: crack along layers


“Other” titanium alloys (tensile test in progress)

• Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (5553)• à UTS up to 1300 MPa

• Ti64 with 2000ppm O2• à + 500ppm O2 = + 70 Mpa

• Ti64 coated with TiB2• à grain refinement

• Timetal 407• à medium strength, high ductility• à energy absorption = 1.6 x Ti64• à machinability = 2 x Ti64

352.1 367.3 353.0

416.22

270.09

Vickers HardnessTi 64 Ti 64 high O2 TiB2 coated Ti 5553 Ti 407


Aluminium


Aluminium 2024

All values measured in the horizontal direction


250

300

350

400

450

500

Ultim

ate

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)

Unroll.Unroll. T615 kN30 kN45 kN45 kN T6Wrought T6


7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Elon

gatio

n (%

)



Aluminium 2319

Average values

120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320Proof strength (MPa)

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

Ultim

ate

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)


120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320Proof strength (MPa)

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Elon

gatio

n (%

)



Aluminium Safra 66 / ZL205A

Thin walls (single beads)

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450Proof strength (MPa)

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Desirable

Safra 66 Vert.Safra 66 Horiz.Safra 66 Rolled Vert.Safra 66 Rolled Horiz.ZL205A Vert.ZL205A Horiz.ZL205A Rolled Vert.ZL205A Rolled Horiz.ZL205A + T6 Vert.ZL205A + T6 Horiz.ZL205A Rolled + T6 Vert.ZL205A Rolled + T6 Horiz.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

DesirableSafra 66 Vert.Safra 66 Horiz.Safra 66 Rolled Vert.Safra 66 Rolled Horiz.ZL205A Vert.ZL205A Horiz.ZL205A Rolled Vert.ZL205A Rolled Horiz.ZL205A + T6 Vert.ZL205A + T6 Horiz.ZL205A Rolled + T6 Vert.ZL205A Rolled + T6 Horiz.


Aluminium Safra 66 / ZL205A

Thick walls

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450Proof strength (MPa)

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Desirable

Safra 66 Oscill. Vert.Safra 66 Oscill. Horiz.Safra 66 Parallel Vert.Safra 66 Parallel Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. Vert.ZL205A Oscill. Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Vert.ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Vert.ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Horiz.ZL205A Parallel Vert.ZL205A Parallel Horiz.ZL205A Parallel + T4 Vert.ZL205A Parallel + T4 Horiz.ZL205A Parallel + T6 Vert.ZL205A Parallel + T6 Horiz.

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450Proof strength (MPa)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Desirable

Safra 66 Oscill. Vert.Safra 66 Oscill. Horiz.Safra 66 Parallel Vert.Safra 66 Parallel Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. Vert.ZL205A Oscill. Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Vert.ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Horiz.ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Vert.ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Horiz.ZL205A Parallel Vert.ZL205A Parallel Horiz.ZL205A Parallel + T4 Vert.ZL205A Parallel + T4 Horiz.ZL205A Parallel + T6 Vert.ZL205A Parallel + T6 Horiz.


Aluminium 4043 and 5087

Average values

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240Proof strength (MPa)

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

404350875087 + rolling


19

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

22

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

404350875087 + rolling


Picking the right alloy

Average values


200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)


6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

2024 Single 2024 Single T6 2024 15 kN 2024 30 kN 2024 45 kN 2024 45 kN T6 2024 Wrought T6

2319 Single 2319 Single T6 2319 15 kN 2319 30 kN 2319 45 kN 2319 45 kN T6 2319 Wrought T6

5087 Single 5087 Rolled


Steels


Steels (work in progress)

Average values


500

1000

1500

2000

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

ER70S-6ER80S-Ni1ER90S-B3ER120Mar. steel 250Mar. steel 250 HTMar. steel 350Mar. steel 350 HT


5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

ER70S-6ER80S-Ni1ER90S-B3ER120Mar. steel 250Mar. steel 250 HTMar. steel 350Mar. steel 350 HT


Stainless steels

Directionality


500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

17-4 PH Vert.17-4 PH Horiz.316L Vert.316L Horiz.


10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

17-4 PH Vert.17-4 PH Horiz.316L Vert.316L Horiz.


Inconel


Inconel® 718

CMT (brushed = mechanical cleaning of surface prior to successive layer)


700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

CMT

AMS 5662 and 5663 Bars, Forgings, & Rings

As-Dep Vert.As-Dep Horiz.As-Dep Vert. (diff. wire)As-Dep Horiz. (diff. wire)As-Dep (brushed) Vert. (diff. wire)As-Dep (brushed) Horiz. (diff. wire)Solutionised Vert.Solutionised Horiz.HT Vert.HT Horiz.


10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

CMT


As-Dep Vert.As-Dep Horiz.As-Dep Vert. (diff. wire)As-Dep Horiz. (diff. wire)As-Dep (brushed) Vert. (diff. wire)As-Dep (brushed) Horiz. (diff. wire)Solutionised Vert.Solutionised Horiz.HT Vert.HT Horiz.


Inconel® 718

Plasma (including cold-work)


600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

Ulti

mat

e te

nsile

stre

ngth

(MPa

)

Plasma


As-Dep Vert.As-Dep Horiz.Solutionised Vert.Solutionised Horiz.HT Vert.HT Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN + solut. Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN + solut. Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN + HT Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN + HT Horiz.


10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Plasma


As-Dep Vert.As-Dep Horiz.Solutionised Vert.Solutionised Horiz.HT Vert.HT Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN + solut. Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN + solut. Horiz.Rolled @ 75 kN + HT Vert.Rolled @ 75 kN + HT Horiz.

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waam mechanical properties · cast ti-6al-4v (mmpds) 14 all data is property of cranfielduniversity...

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